Caring Behaviors Inventory Research Articles

A Comparative Study of Nurses' and Patients' Perceptions of Caring Behaviors in Oncology Departments

Background: Patients undergoing chemotherapy experience a wide range of physical and psychological symptoms due to the treatment they receive. The quality of care for these patients is primarily influenced by the caring behaviors of nurses. Objectives: Given that differences in the perception of caring behaviors between patients undergoing chemotherapy and nurses may leave patients' needs unmet, this study was conducted to compare the perceptions of oncology nurses and patients undergoing chemotherapy regarding nurses' caring behaviors. Methods: In this descriptive-comparative study, 97 patients undergoing chemotherapy in the Oncology Departments of Imam Hossein (AS) and Taleghani Hospitals in Tehran were selected through convenience sampling. Sampling was conducted daily from 8 a.m. to 6 p.m. until the required sample size was achieved. A census was performed on 39 nurses working in these hospitals. Data were collected using a demographic information form and the Caring Behavior Inventory. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS 24 and statistical tests, including t-tests, one-way ANOVA, and Spearman's correlation coefficient. Results: Nurses had significantly higher perceptions of the assurance of human presence, respectful deference to others, and positive connectedness subscales than patients (P = 0.007). However, there was no significant difference in the perception level for the knowledge and skill subscale between nurses and patients (P = 0.72). Overall, nurses assigned higher scores to caring behaviors than patients (P = 0.011). The experience of previous hospitalization among patients was significantly associated with their perception of overall caring behaviors (P < 0.001) and all subscales. Among nurses, gender had a positive correlation with their perception of assurance of human presence (P = 0.02) and overall caring behaviors (P = 0.04). Conclusions: Given the differences in how oncology nurses and patients undergoing chemotherapy perceive caring behaviors, it is essential for oncology nurses to incorporate patients' perceptions when prioritizing their caring behaviors and to strive to provide patient-centered care at all times.

The current status of primipara’s childbirth experience and its correlation with their reproductive intention: a cross-sectional survey study

BackgroundThe childbirth experience of primipara profoundly impacts her future physical and mental health, reproductive intention, and choice of childbirth mode. This study aimed to explore the current situation of primipara’s childbirth experience, to analyze the factors influencing negative childbirth experience, and to explore the relationship between childbirth experience and reproductive intention.MethodsA cross-sectional survey of a convenience sample of 522 primipara 1–5 days postpartum was conducted at five hospitals in Guangdong Province (May to July 2024). Data were collected using the General Information Questionnaire, the Social Support Rating Scale, the Childbirth Readiness Scale, the Caring Behaviors Inventory Scale, the Wijma Delivery Experience Questionnaire, and the Questionnaire on Reproduction Intention of Primipara.ResultsThe mean score of fear of childbirth was 68.86 ± 17.68. A total of 137 respondents met the clinical criteria for fear of childbirth (≥ 85 points), indicating that 26.2% of primipara had a negative experience of childbirth. Binary logistic regression model showed that elderly primipara [odds ratio (OR) (95% confidence interval (CI)): 11.167 (2.737–45.559)], pregnancy comorbidities or maternal childbirth complications [OR (95%CI): 6.596 (3.046–14.287)], childbirth intervention [OR (95%CI): 6.168 (2.869–13.258)], and severe pain [OR (95%CI): 4.660 (2.197–9.882)] were risk factors for negative childbirth experience. Childbirth accompaniment [OR (95%CI): 0.081 (0.018–0.368)], high level of social support [OR (95%CI): 0.768 (0.704–0.839)], and high level of childbirth readiness [OR (95%CI): 0.878 (0.812–0.950)] protected against a negative birth experience. There was a negative correlation between the fear of childbirth score and reproduction intention scores.ConclusionsChildbirth accompaniment and high levels of social support and childbirth readiness can reduce primipara’s perception of negative childbirth experience. Negative childbirth experience can reduce reproduction intention.

Spirituality, Religiosity, Caring Behavior, Spiritual Care, and Personalized Care Among Student Nurses: A Descriptive Correlational Study in the Philippines.

This study sought to determine the student nurses' spirituality, religiosity, caring behavior, spiritual care, and personalized care. Further, it sought to determine the relationship between spirituality, religiosity, and caring behavior in student nurses' spiritual care and personalized care. The study used a descriptive correlational design using convenience sampling to collect data from 1248 student nurses in the Philippines from December 2023 to February 2024. We collected data using the Spirituality and Spiritual Care Scale rating scale and the Caring Behaviors Inventory. The study revealed that the mean scores of the students in their "spirituality" and "religiosity" were 4.08 (SD = 0.98) and 2.99 (SD = 1.26), respectively. Student nurses had sufficient confidence and skills in spiritual care, caring behavior, and personalized care. The students' age had a weak and negative association with the students' spirituality and religiosity. Students from University A had higher levels of spirituality and religiosity than students from University B, University C, and University D. Students in the 4th year level were more religious than 3rd year students. Students who had their last clinical exposure in the Admission and emergency room reported poorer caring behaviors than those who had previous clinical exposure in the Medical-surgical ward, Obstetrics and gynecology, Intensive Care Units, and Community. There is no significant relationship between a student nurse's spiritual care and caring behavior. This trend is similar to caring behavior and personalized care. The students' age predicts their personalized care.

Nurse caring in Iran and its relationship with patient satisfaction

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between patients’ reports of nurse caring and patient satisfaction with nursing care. Design: The study used a cross sectional design. The Persian versions of the Revised Caring Behaviors Inventory (CBI) and the Patient Satisfaction Instrument (PSI) were used to establish the strength of association between nurse caring and patient satisfaction with nursing care. Data were analysed using SPSS version 10. Setting: The setting was the educational hospitals affiliated to Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS). Heavy workloads and severe staff shortages are common characteristics of Tehran educational hospitals and the time that nurses previously allotted to direct care has been reduced. Subjects: Two hundred and fifty patients who were hospitalised for medical conditions or surgical procedures were selected through a quota sampling method during 2007. Results: The findings indicated a statistically significant relationships between patient reports of nurse caring and satisfaction with nursing care (r=0.72, p=0.000; CI 95%; 178.31‑189.99 for the CBI and 82.81‑86.71 for the PSI). Male patients were more satisfied with nursing care than female patients. Admissions to hospital during the last five years were positively correlated with patients’ perceptions of nurse caring and satisfaction with nursing care. Conclusion: This study which was carried out in Tehran, Iran supports earlier western evidence that nurse caring is associated with patient satisfaction with nursing care. It is important to reflect on the impact of the current health care environment and cultural religion of Iran on caring behaviors of nurses and patient satisfaction with nursing care. Heavy workloads and severe staff shortages are common characteristics of Tehran educational hospitals and the time that nurses previously allotted to direct care has been reduced which may contribute to changes in patients’ perceptions of nurse caring and satisfaction with nursing care possibly reducing the effects of nursing care services. Iranian nurse managers need to consider the religious and cultural barriers to nurse caring and recompense it by providing more human resources.

Does fear of compassion effect nurses' caring behaviours? a cross-sectional study.

Aims: The aim of this study is to determine the levels of nurses' fear of compassion for others, fear of compassion from others, and fear of self-compassion and to examine the effect of fear of compassion on caring behaviors. Design: A cross-sectional, quantitative design was used. Participants and research context: The study was conducted between October 2022 and April 2023 with 304 nurses working in two public hospitals. Data collection tools were the "Fears of Compassion Scales" and the "Caring Behaviors Inventory." Data were analyzed using a t test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson correlation analysis, and stepwise multiple regression model. Ethical considerations: Ethics committee approval of the research was obtained from the non-invasive ethics committee of Kütahya Health Sciences University (Reference No: 25.05.2022/2022/06-19). The principles of the Declaration of Helsinki were followed in the study. The purpose of the research was explained to all participants, and their verbal/written informed consent was obtained. Results: The mean scores of nurses on fear of compassion for others and from others were at a moderate level, and their scores on fear of self-compassion were close to a moderate level. It was found that the level of nurses' fear of compassion was related to their sociodemographic and professional variables. Fear of self-compassion, fear of compassion for others, and fear of compassion from others explained 33.5% of the total variance in caring behaviors. Conclusions: Nurses' caring behaviors were shown to be more associated with fear of self-compassion than fear of compassion for others. Fear of compassion may be one of the barriers to compassionate care. Interventions that will reduce nurses' fear of compassion may be one way to provide compassionate care. It is recommended to conduct awareness studies on self-compassion and accepting compassion from others in nurses.

The impact of work environment on caring behavior among Chinese hospice nurses: the chain mediating effect of psychological capital and empathy.

The caring behavior of hospice nurses toward patients positively impacts their professional careers and significantly improves the quality of hospice services. A positive and supportive work environment may protect nurses against negative emotions that may affect the humanistic care they provide, and their job satisfaction. This study aimed to explore the impact of the nursing work environment on caring behavior. We also investigated the chain mediating effect of psychological capital and empathy on this relationship among Chinese hospice nurses. The Practice Environment Scale (PES), the Psychological Capital Questionnaire (PCQ), the Empathy Ability Scale for Hospice Nurses, and the Caring Behaviors Inventory (CBI) were used to survey 393 Chinese hospice nurses. SPSS 27.0 and Mplus 8.0 were used for statistical processing to analyze the mediating effects. The nursing work environment positively predicted caring behavior. Furthermore, it was found that psychological capital and empathy jointly mediate the relationship between the nursing work environment and caring behavior. This study reveals how the nursing work environment affects the caring behavior of hospice nurses. Hospital managers need to provide hospice nurses with a favorable working environment from the perspective of positive psychology, continuously monitor their psychological state, improve their caring behavior, and provide references for developing intervention plans to promote the caring behavior of hospice nurses in the future.

Moral sensitivity and caring behavior in nursing interns: the mediating role of empathy.

The main purpose of this study is to analyze the relationship between moral sensitivity, empathy, and caring behaviors and to explore the mediating effect of empathy on moral sensitivity and caring behaviors of nursing interns. A cross-sectional survey was conducted from August to September 2022 in which 261 nursing interns from two Grade 3A Hospitals in Xi'an participated. The questionnaires used in the survey include the General Information Questionnaire (GIQ), the Moral Sensitivity Questionnaire-Revised Version translated into Chinese (MSQ R-CV), the Chinese version of the Jefferson Empathy Scale (JSE), and the Chinese version of the Caring Behavior Inventory (C-CBI). The obtained data were analyzed through descriptive statistics, a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and Pearson's correlation coefficient, and the mediating effect of empathy was tested through structural equations. The overall mean of moral sensitivity of nursing interns in two Grade 3A Hospitals in Xi'an is 40.84 ± 8.73, the overall mean of empathy is 100.51 ± 21.56, and the overall mean of caring behavior is (113.81 ± 21.05). Statistical analysis showed that there is a positive correlation between moral sensitivity and caring behavior of nursing interns (r = 0.376, p < 0.01), between their empathy and moral sensitivity (r = 0.336, p < 0.01), and between their empathy and caring behavior (r = 0.394, p < 0.01). The empathy of nursing interns has a mediated effect on the relationship between moral sensitivity and caring behavior. The mediated effect value was 0.14, accounting for 31.82% of the total effect. The moral sensitivity of nursing interns can have a direct impact on predicting the caring behavior and indirect influences their caring behaviors mediated by empathy, with the latter effect being mediated by empathy. Therefore, nursing educators and hospital administrators should adopt targeted interventions to improve the moral sensitivity and empathy of nursing interns, which can further prove to be beneficial in improving their caring behaviors, leading to enhanced quality of nursing care and reduced nurse-patient conflicts and finally to a stabilized nursing team.

The Association between Nursing Students' Happiness, Emotional Intelligence, and Perceived Caring Behavior in Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia.

Caring behavior is a major focus of the nursing profession and an important dimension of nursing practice that sets nurses apart from other healthcare professionals. Effective patient-centered care requires ensuring nurses have the emotional intelligence and happiness to address the daily demands of practice. The purpose of this study is to examine the emotional intelligence and happiness among nursing students and their relationship with caring behaviors. A cross-sectional, descriptive correlational study was conducted on nursing students (n = 363) from Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, via an online survey. Measures include demographic data survey, Oxford Happiness Questionnaire, Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire, and Caring Behaviors Inventory scale. Descriptive and multiple regression analyses were conducted for this study. Nursing students reported their highest degree of caring was in terms of 'respectful differences to others', while their lowest was in 'knowledge and skills'. Emotional intelligence and happiness were significant predictors of caring behaviors and explained the variance in assurance of human presence (17.5%), knowledge and skills (17.5%), respectful differences to others (18%), and positive connectedness (12.9%). In the final regression model, emotional intelligence and happiness were significant predictors of caring behaviors and explained 19.5% of the variance. Emotional intelligence and happiness among nursing students were found to be important factors to improve their caregiving behaviors. Therefore, nursing educators should consider integrating emotional intelligence and happiness interventions for students into their curriculum.

Examining the Relationship Between Nurses' Fear of COVID-19 and Nursing Care Behavior.

It is clear that COVID-19, and especially its highly infectious nature, has caused fear, anxiety, and worry for nurses performing active duty during the pandemic. It has thus been a matter of interest to investigate into how care behaviors have been affected by the various emotions that continue to be felt in this period. This study aimed to examine the impact of nurses' fear of COVID-19 on their nursing care behavior during the pandemic. The data of this descriptive and cross-sectional designed study were collected from 450 nurses providing one-on-one care (at university, public, or private hospital) to COVID-19 patients from January to March 2021 and who had consented to participate in the study. A Personal Data Form, the "Caring Behaviors Inventory-24 (CBI-24)," and the "Fear of COVID-19 Scale" were used in the data collection. The overall mean score of the nurses on the Caring Behaviors Inventory was 5.08 ± 0.59. An examination of the subscales showed that the nurses' highest scores were in the knowledge and skills subscale, whereas they scored the lowest in the loyalty subscale. The overall mean score of the nurses on the Fear of COVID-19 Scale was 18.52 ± 5.43. A negative, significant, and very weak relationship was found between the nurses' levels of fear of coronavirus and their care behaviors ( r = -0.107, P < 0.05). Data show that nurses providing care to patients during the COVID-19 pandemic feared COVID-19, that their care behaviors were generally at a good level, and that the care behaviors of nurses with a high degree of fear of COVID-19 were negatively and significantly impacted.

The mediating role of moral reasoning in spiritual intelligence and caring behaviors in Iranian emergency nurses.

Moral reasoning is necessary to the nursing profession. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the mediating role of moral reasoning in spiritual intelligence and caring behaviors among Iranian emergency nurses. In this descriptive-analytical study structural equation modeling (SEM) is employed for the data analysis. the minimum required sample size determined by the number of parameters of the model was 18. Considering that 5 to 15 samples were required for each of the parameters; the required sample size was 272. Nurses working in the emergency department of all hospitals in Qom, Iran, were selected by convenience sampling. Demographic characteristics inventory, King's Spiritual Intelligence Self-Report Inventory, Crisham's Nursing Dilemma Test, and Wolf's Caring Behaviors Inventory used for data collection. SPSS (V20) and Mplus were used to analyze the data. The results showed that a significant direct relationship was observed between moral reasoning and caring behaviors. According to SEM results, direct and indirect effects were observed of spiritual intelligence on caring behavior It is therefore recommended managers and hospital officials pay meticulous attention to spiritual intelligence and the power of decision-making in nurses to improve their caring behaviors.

The mediating role of psychological capital on the relationship between authentic leadership and nurses’ caring behavior: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundCaring behavior among nurses would have an impact on patient outcomes. External organizational job resources and personal internal psychological resources are correlated to nurses’ caring behavior. Authentic leadership and psychological capital were shown to be correlated with nurses’ caring behavior in previous studies. However, the relationships among the three are nevertheless unclear. This study aimed to examine if psychological capital could act as a mediator between nursing managers’ authentic leadership and nurses’ caring behavior.MethodsIn December 2021, a total of 3,662 nurses were recruited from 37 hospitals in Anhui Province, China. They filled out online surveys, including general demographic information, the Authentic Leadership Questionnaire, the Psychological Capital Questionnaire, and the Caring Behavior Inventory. Structural Equation Modeling and the bootstrapping procedure were used to examine the mediating role of psychological capital.ResultsThe scores of authentic leadership, psychological capital, and caring behavior of 3,495 nurses were 52.04 ± 13.24, 96.89 ± 17.78, and 104.28 ± 17.01, respectively. Psychological capital significantly mediated the relationship between authentic leadership and nurses’ caring behavior (β = 0.378, p < 0.001, 95% confidence interval: 0.350 ~ 0.402), which made up 78.75% of the total impact (0.480).ConclusionThe findings of this study suggested that nursing managers should develop an authentic leadership style, which can effectively improve nurses’ caring behaviors toward patients in clinical practice. Meanwhile, nursing leaders should strengthen nurses’ psychological evaluation and training, and promote nurses’ caring behavior in clinical settings.

Recognition In Asean Free Trade

Palliative care is aimed at the patient's recovery process in accepting the illness he is suffering from, and palliative care is to reduce the suffering experienced by the patient. This study aimed to determine nurses' level of knowledge and caring behavior in palliative care. This type of research is quantitative with a cross-sectional approach. The sampling technique uses convenience sampling. The sample of this study is nurses finding 63. The measuring instruments used in this study are Palliative Care Quiz For Nursing (PCQN) and Caring Behaviors Inventory (CBI). Statistical analysis using Spearman rank correlation test. The study results obtained a 2-tailed Sig value of 0.000 (p-value&gt; 0.005), thus indicating a relationship between knowledge and nurse behavior. This research is expected to illustrate Nurse's nursing behavior in providing care to palliative patients.

The Relationship Between Self-compassion and Caring Behaviors of Nurses Working in Selected Hospitals Affiliated to Iran University of Medical Sciences During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Background &amp; Aims Patient care is the basis of the nursing profession, and the theoretical principles of nursing are based on understanding caring behaviors. Self-compassion can be a powerful source for these behaviors. This study aims to investigate the relationship between self-compassion and caring behaviors of Iranian nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic. Materials &amp; Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted on 124 nurses working in selected hospitals affiliated to Iran University of Medical Sciences from March to May 2022. They were selected using a convenience sampling method. Data collection was done using a demographic/occupational form, Wolf’s caring behaviors inventory (CBI), and Neff’s self-compassion scale (SCS). After collecting the data, they were analyzed in SPSS software, vesion 22 using Spearman’s correlation test, Mann-Whitney U test, Kruskal-Wallis test, and linear regression analysis. Results The mean total score of CBI was 82.06±7.76, which is a relatively high score. The highest score was related to the dimension of knowledge and skill. The mean total score of SCS was 79.47±12.73. The results of the Spearman correlation test showed that the relationship between self-compassion and caring behaviors was positive and significant (P&lt;0.05). Also, the linear regression model showed a significant and direct linear relationship between the two variables. Conclusion Self-compassion of nurses has a significant relationship with their caring behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic. With the increase of self-compassion, their caring behaviors improve. It is recommended to teach nurses self-compassion skills to improve their caring behaviors.

A comparison of nurses and elderly patients’ perceptions of caring behaviors in intensive care units

ObjectiveDifferences in patients and nurses’ perceptions of caring behaviors arouse patient dissatisfaction. Continuous monitoring and assessment of caring behaviors has revealed its problems, and this in turn would promote care services by planning rational interventions and removing the problems. The present study aimed to compare nurses and elderly patients’ perceptions of nurses’ caring behaviors in intensive care units in accordance with Watson's transpersonal caring theory. MethodsIn this descriptive-analytical study, 70 nurses were selected using the census method, and 70 elderly patients over 60 years old were also selected using purposive sampling method from the intensive care units of Lorestan University of Medical Sciences during 2012–2013. Caring Behavior Inventory for Elders (CBI-E) was adopted in this research to detect the nurses and elderly patients’ perceptions of caring behaviors. In the data analysis phase, Kruskal–Wallis, Mann–Whitney U, and Pearson correlation tests were used. ResultsThe research findings revealed no statistically significant difference between the total scores of nurses’ 83.80 (22.93), 95% CI [78.40, 89.20] and elderly patients’ 80.09 (26.00), 95% CI [74, 86.20] perception of nurses’ caring behaviors (P=0.379). From the viewpoint of the nurses and elderly patients, responding quickly to a patient's call 100.00 (0.00), 95% CI [100.00, 100.00] had the highest mean scores and patient participation in caring process had the lowest mean scores among nurses 22.86 (33.71), 95% CI [15.00, 30.80] and elderly patients 14.29 (28.41), 95% CI [7.63, 20.90]. ConclusionThis study indicated the elderlies and nurses’ similar perceptions of caring behaviors in intensive care units. This finding would help nurses to recognize and prioritize the elderly patients’ care needs, thereby promoting the quality of care services.

Investigating the Caring Behaviors of Undergraduate Nursing Students: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background: Caring is a state of "feeling and demonstrating concern and empathy for others, showing or having compassion”. Care is practiced by nurses and nursing students in clinical settings, so clinical education is an essential and integral part of nursing education. Aim: To identify the caring behaviors of undergraduate nursing students of KPK. Methodology: The design was cross-sectional descriptive conducted in the private and public sector nursing institutes of KPK from august 2022 to September 2022. The sample size was 259 using simple random sampling, while the instrument used was a caring behavior inventory (CBI-24) having a Chronbach alpha of 0.96. Mean and standard deviation was calculated for continuous variables while the chi-square test was applied for the association between demographic variables and caring behaviors through SPSS 20. Results: The finding reveal that males were in the majority (86.9%) compared to female students (13.1%). The overall mean score of assurance was higher 39.5±7.6, followed by respecting 22±4.8, while the knowledge and skills mean score was 19.3±4.7, and connectedness 10.8±3.12. The overall caring behaviors of females were 95 ± 4 higher than male 91.3±1.7. The students of 8th semester caring behaviors were 98.7±1.5 higher than other semesters mean score. Implications: The study will help the nursing institutes and nursing instructor that how nursing students perceived, barriers in caring and how to improve the caring behaviors of undergraduate nursing students in clinical settings. Conclusions: Our study suggests that caring behaviors are perceived by students from the 1st semester of the nursing program. The caring behaviors of the students were significantly associated with gender and semester. Keywords: Care, nursing students, clinical duties, caring skills

Investigation of Caring Behavior and Caring Burden and Their Associated Factors among Nurses Who Cared for Patients with COVID-19 in East Guilan, the North of Iran.

Nurses experience caring burdens, which can affect their caring behaviors. Caring for highly infectious patients, in particular COVID-19, is a new phenomenon and little is known about it. Considering that caring behaviors can be influenced by various factors and cultural differences of the society, it is necessary to conduct studies about caring behaviors and caring burdens. Thus, this study aimed to determine caring behavior and caring burden and their relationship with some associated factors among nurses who cared for patients with COVID-19. This cross-sectional, descriptive design study was conducted by census sampling on 134 nurses working in public health centers in East Guilan, the north of Iran, in 2021. The research instruments included the Caring Behavior Inventory (CBI-24) and the Caregiver Burden Inventory (CBI). Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data using SPSS software version 20 with a significant level of 0.05. The mean score of caring behavior and caring burden in nurses was 126.50 (SD = 13.63) and 43.65 (SD = 25.16), respectively. There was a significant relationship between caring behavior and some demographic characteristics (education, place of living, and history of COVID-19) and between caring burden and some demographic characteristics (housing status, job satisfaction, intention to change job, and history of COVID-19) (p < 0.05). Findings showed that despite the new emergence of COVID-19, the caring burden on nurses was moderate and they had good caring behavior. Despite these results, it is necessary for the relevant managers to pay special attention to protecting health workers during a national crisis such as COVID-19 so that they experience less caring burden and improve caring behavior.

Nurse and Patient Assessments of COVID-19 Care Quality in China: A Comparative Survey Study.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, the quality of nursing care was a concern due to nurses' overwhelming workload. A cross-sectional design was conducted to compare perceptions between nurses and patients about the quality of nursing care for COVID-19 patients and to explore factors associated with these perceptions. Data were collected during the COVID-19 pandemic from 17 March to 13 April 2020 in five hospitals in Wuhan, China. Perceptions of care quality were assessed among nurses and patients using the Caring Behaviors Inventory. Nurses rated the quality of caring behaviors higher than patients. Both nurses and patients rated technical caring behaviors at high levels and rated the item related to "spending time with the patient" the lowest, while patients rated it much lower than nurses. Nurses' sex, participation in ethical training organized by the hospital, professional title, being invited to Wuhan, and length of working experience in years were significantly associated with nurses' self-evaluated caring behaviors. Moreover, inpatient setting and communication mode were significantly associated with patients' self-evaluated caring behaviors.

The effects of cultural and emotional intelligence on care in nursing

This study was conducted to find out the effects of cultural intelligence, which is one of the strategies used in managing intercultural differences, and emotional intelligence which enables individuals to understand and manage their own emotions, to understand others’ emotions and develop their self-confidence, on care behaviour, which is the basis of the nursing profession. This descriptive and cross-sectional study was conducted in a city hospital between 01.09.2019 and 01.03.2020. The data were collected from nurses in the hospital who volunteered to participate in the study within the dates above. The sample was not selected, and 225 nurses who volunteered to participate in the study were included in the study. The total mean score of the participants from the cultural intelligence scale was 47.558±12.092, while the full scores from the factors were 7.9208±2.857 (min 4-max 20) for metacognitive factor, 15.963±4.89 (min 6-max 30) for cognitive aspect, 12.004±3.656 (min 5-max 25) for motivational factor and as 11.821±3.493 (min 5-max 25) for behavioural factor. The total mean score of the participants from the Caring Behaviors Inventory was 5.053±0.819, while the total scores from the factors were 5.045±0.823 for the assurance factor, 5.208±1.240 for the knowledge and skill factor, 4.994±0.831 for respectful factor and 4.949±0.842 for connectedness factor. The total mean score of the participants from the Emotional Intelligence Scale was 141.367±18.656, while the full scores from the factors were 44.563±5.96 for optimism/mood regulation, 18.940±4.15 for the use of emotions and 33.493±7.565 for evaluation of emotions. Cultural intelligence and emotional intelligence were found to have an effect on caring behaviours of nurses. Although there was no direct significant correlation between cultural intelligence total score and caring behaviours total score, there was a significant correlation between cultural intelligence factors and caring behaviours. There was a significant correlation between caring behaviours of nurses with high emotional intelligence.

Investigating the Caring Behaviors of Undergraduate Nursing Students: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background: Caring is a state of "feeling and demonstrating concern and empathy for others, showing or having compassion”. Care is practiced by nurses in clinical settings, so clinical education is an essential and integral part of nursing education. Aim: To identify the caring behaviors of undergraduate nursing students of KPK. Methodology: The design was cross-sectional descriptive conducted in the private and public sector nursing institutes of KPK from august 2022 to September 2022. The sample size was 259 using simple random sampling, while the instrument used was a caring behavior inventory (CBI-24) having a Chronbach alpha of 0.96. Mean and standard deviation was calculated for continuous variables while the chi-square test was applied for the association between demographic variables and caring behaviors through SPSS 20. Results: The finding reveal that males were in the majority (86.9%) compared to female students (13.1%). The overall mean score of assurance was higher 39.5±7.6, followed by respecting 22±4.8, while the knowledge and skills mean score was 19.3 ± 4.7, and connectedness 10.8± 3.12. The overall caring behaviors of females were 95±4 higher than male 91.3±1.7. The students of 8th semester caring behaviors were 98.7±1.5 higher than other semesters mean score. Implications: The study will help the nursing institutes and nursing instructor that how nursing students perceived, barriers in caring and how to improve the caring behaviors of undergraduate nursing students in clinical settings. Conclusions: Our study suggests that caring behaviors are perceived by students from the 1st semester of the nursing program. The caring behaviors of the students were significantly associated with gender and semester. Keywords: Care, nursing students, clinical duties, caring skills

FORMAL CAREGIVER BURDEN IN NURSING ASSISTANTS IN NURSING HOMES: A FEASIBILITY STUDY

Abstract Formal caregivers are the direct care workforce that aid residents in nursing homes. Providing care to residents is hazardous and physically demanding. Formal caregiver burden encompasses five attributes – perceived stress, caring for another, dependency of the older adult, responsibility, and competence. Exploring the five attributes of formal caregiver burden using a mixed-methods approach will determine if the attributes are present and how the nursing home setting contributes to formal caregiver burden. The purpose of this feasibility study is to describe formal caregiver burden of nursing assistants who provide direct care to residents in a nursing home setting in the Midwest United States. Study site one was only able to enroll three participants; therefore, results were limited. However, study site two was able to recruit and enroll the desired sample size (N=9). Interviews and self-report measures (Background/COVID-19 Questionnaire, Perceived Stress Scale, Caring Behaviors Inventory, and Nursing Home Staff Competency Assessment) were completed, and the PI compared integrated mixed methods results. Results suggest all the attributes of formal caregiver burden were present, and no additional attributes were identified. The feasibility of virtual recruitment, enrollment, and data collection procedures were confirmed. Multiple challenges played a role in the unsuccessful recruitment of this feasibility study at site one; however, virtual recruitment was successful at site two. Further exploration will inform identification and measurement of formal caregiver burden to ensure support for nursing assistants, continue the vitality of the nursing assistant workforce in nursing homes/long-term care, and improve the lives of nursing assistants.