Carinata Meal Research Articles

Feeding Canola, Camelina, and Carinata Meals to Ruminants.

Simple SummaryThe world population is estimated to reach 9 billion people by 2050, which is estimated to increase the demand for food, fuel, and fiber by 60%. Domesticated ruminants play a vital role in this scenario because they can consume food byproducts that are nonedible for humans, contributing to livestock sustainability. Meals extracted from oilseed plants, such as soybean, canola, carinata, and camelina, are examples of food byproducts. Soybean meal is likely the byproduct most used worldwide, due to its availability and high-quality nutritional composition. However, the dependency on monocultures such as soybean is problematic due to price fluctuation and, in some countries, import dependency. Canola, camelina, and carinata meals have been investigated in the past two decades. Therefore, we aimed to summarize the results from studies in which canola, camelina, and carinata meal were fed to ruminants in order to evaluate how comparable these are to soybean meal and other common protein supplements in terms of animal digestion and performance. Based on this review, we conclude that canola meal is at least as good as soybean meal; and that camelina and carinata meal can be a valuable alternative feedstuff for livestock animals.Soybean meal (SBM) is a byproduct from the oil-industry widely used as protein supplement to ruminants worldwide due to its nutritional composition, high protein concentration, and availability. However, the dependency on monocultures such as SBM is problematic due to price fluctuation, availability and, in some countries, import dependency. In this context, oilseeds from the mustard family such as rapeseed/canola (Brassica napus and Brassica campestris), camelina (Camelina sativa), and carinata (Brassica carinata) have arisen as possible alternative protein supplements for ruminants. Therefore, the objective of this comprehensive review was to summarize results from studies in which canola meal (CM), camelina meal (CMM), and carinata meal (CRM) were fed to ruminants. This review was based on published peer-reviewed articles that were obtained based on key words that included the oilseed plant in question and words such as “ruminal fermentation and metabolism, animal performance, growth, and digestion”. Byproducts from oil and biofuel industries such as CM, CMM, and CRM have been evaluated as alternative protein supplements to ruminants in the past two decades. Among the three plants reviewed herein, CM has been the most studied and results have shown an overall improvement in nitrogen utilization when animals were fed CM. Camelina meal has a comparable amino acids (AA) profile and crude protein (CP) concentration to CM. It has been reported that by replacing other protein supplements with CMM in ruminant diets, similar milk and protein yields, and average daily gain have been observed. Carinata meal has protein digestibility similar to SBM and its CP is highly degraded in the rumen. Overall, we can conclude that CM is at least as good as SBM as a protein supplement; and although studies evaluating the use of CMN and CRM for ruminants are scarce, it has been demonstrated that both oilseeds may be valuable feedstuff for livestock animals. Despite the presence of erucic acid and glucosinolates in rapeseed, no negative effect on animal performance was observed when feeding CM up to 20% and feeding CMN and CRM up to 10% of the total diet.

Evaluation of Brassica carinata meal as a protein supplement for growing beef heifers1,2.

Brassica carinata is a new oilseed crop in Florida with the potential of producing high-quality jet biofuel. A high-protein meal (~40% crude protein; CP) is obtained as a byproduct of oil extraction; however, limited research is available on the utilization of this meal as a protein supplement for beef cattle. A generalized randomized block design was used to evaluate the effects of supplementation with B. carinata meal pellets on performance and attainment of puberty in growing beef heifers consuming bermudagrass hay (Cynodon dactylon) ad libitum. Sixty-four Angus crossbred heifers (240 ± 39 kg initial body weight; BW) were stratified and blocked (2 blocks: light and heavy) by initial BW and randomly allocated into 18 pens over 2 consecutive years (10 in year 1 and 8 in year 2). Within block, pens were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatments: 0 (CTL) or 0.3% of BW/d (as fed) of B. carinata meal pellets (BCM). Blood samples and BW were collected weekly for 70 d, before daily supplementation. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS with repeated measures. Model included the fixed effects of treatment, day, treatment × day interactions, block, and block × treatment interactions, with the random effect of year. Plasma was analyzed for concentrations of progesterone, triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), ceruloplasmin (Cp), and haptoglobin (Hp). An effect of treatment was observed (P ˂ 0.01) for ADG between CTL (0.14 kg) and BCM (0.42 kg). There was no treatment or block (P > 0.05) effect for concentrations of T3, T4, or Hp; however, there was an effect of day (P < 0.01) for T3, T4, and Cp. An effect of treatment (P ˂ 0.01) was observed for Cp, with CTL having greater concentrations compared with BCM. Time to attainment of puberty did not differ (P = 0.93) between treatments. Feeding B. carinata meal as a protein supplement at 0.3% of BW/d is a viable option for increasing ADG of growing beef heifers, without affecting attainment of puberty, thyroid hormone status, or eliciting an acute phase response.

Growth, feeding and thyroxine‐related responses of hybrid striped (sunshine) bass ( Morone chrysops ♀ X M. saxatilis ♂) fed de‐oiled carinata ( Brassica carinata ) meal

De‐oiled ( 400 g/kg) in protein, but its use in fish diets will likely be limited mainly by glucosinolates (GLS), sinapine and crude fibre. Two feeding experiments were conducted to determine the response of hybrid striped bass (Morone chrysops ♀ X M. saxatilis ♂, HSB) to inclusion of cold‐pressed carinata meal (CPCM) in diets. Cook extrusion reduced an average of 44% and 57% of GLS and sinapine concentrations in diets, respectively. In experiment 1, diets containing 0.71–2.71 μmoles of GLS and 0.034–0.181 mg of sinapine/g did not significantly (p > .05) reduce feed consumption, utilization or growth, resulting in similar concentrations of thyroxines and consequently no effect on deiodinase enzymes. In experiment 2, there was a significantly reduced (p < .05) feed consumption in fish fed diets containing 5.58–9.52 μmoles of GLS and 0.54–0.75 mg of sinapine/g, resulting in HSB exhibiting lethargic swimming and feeding behaviours, and consequently poor feed utilization and growth. Cook extrusion reduced about half of GLS and sinapine, and HSB tolerated ≤2.71 μmoles of GLS and ≤0.31 mg of sinapine/g of diet without affecting feed consumption and utilization, growth and thyroid metabolism.

Nutritional Utilization of Modified Carinata Brassica carinata Meals in Sunshine Bass Diets

AbstractLow amounts (approximately ≤ 10%) of raw carinata Brassica carinata meals are used in animal diets due to the negative effects of antinutrients, mainly glucosinolates. We processed carinata meal by aerobic conversion followed with a single wash (ACCM). Another portion of carinata meal was double‐washed without aerobic conversion (WCM). The objective of this study was to determine if sunshine bass (female White Bass Morone chrysops × male Striped Bass M. saxatilis) fed diets containing low (20%) animal meals could tolerate up to 30% of ACCM or 30% of WCM. Twenty randomly selected sunshine bass (19.2 ± 0.08 g) were stocked in each tank (106 L) of a 32‐tank recirculating aquaculture system, with temperature maintained at 25.6 ± 0.7°C using an inline heater. Seven and six replicates were used for the reference and test diets (10% or 30% ACCM or 30% WCM), respectively, and the fish were cultured for 106 d. Growth improved with increasing levels of processed carinata meals in diets. Survival (&gt;99%) was similar among dietary treatments. Consumption of 30% ACCM and 30% WCM diets was higher than for the reference diet. Feed conversion ratio improved in the WCM dietary treatment and was associated with a better protein efficiency ratio and apparent net protein utilization. Protein deposition was highest in sunshine bass fed 30% of processed carinata meals. Whole‐body protein also increased with increasing processed carinata meals in diets. Sunshine bass fed 30% WCM had lower liver weights and were in better condition than sunshine bass fed other diets. Hematocrit was high in sunshine bass fed ACCM diets. Although carinata meal is high in iron, the single wash in ACCM processing likely removed less iron than the two washes in WCM processing. Hemoglobin contents of sunshine bass were also increased by ACCM but not by WCM. Our results demonstrate that high levels of even moderately processed carinata meal (WCM) can be tolerated in fish diets without affecting fish performance.

Nutritive value of enzyme-supplemented carinata meal for growing pigs.

Carinata meal is increasingly available for livestock feeding. However, the effects of supplemental phytase and fiber degrading enzymes on nutritive value of carinata meal for pigs have not been reported. Objective of the study was to evaluate the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acid (AA), and digestible energy (DE) and net energy (NE) values of phytase- and fiber-degrading enzymes-supplemented carinata meal for growing pigs. Ten ileal-cannulated pigs (initial body weight = 53.9 ± 4.76 kg) were fed 4 diets in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design with two additional columns to give 10 replicates per diet. Diets included a corn-soybean meal (SBM)-based basal diet, basal diet with 25% carinata meal, basal diet with 25% carinata meal plus phytase at 2,000 FTU/kg and multi-carbohydrase at 0.2 g/kg, and in addition a nitrogen-free diet. The multicarbohydrase supplied 4 units of xylanase, 10 units of β-glucanase, and 1,000 units of pectinase per kilogram of diet. The ratio of corn to SBM and soybean oil in carinata meal-containing diets was identical to that in the corn-SBM-based basal diet to allow calculation of AA and energy digestibility of carinata meal by the difference method. On a dry matter basis, carinata meal contained 50.2% crude protein, 0.88% ether extract, 15.37% acid detergent fiber, 1.82% Lys, 0.96% Met, 1.89% Thr, and 0.64% Trp, respectively. The SID of Lys, Met, Thr, and Trp for carinata meal were 51.4%, 82.2%, 65.9%, and 85.9%, respectively. The DE and NE values for carinata meal were 3,427 and 1,828 kcal/kg of dry matter, respectively. Supplementation of a combination of phytase and multicarbohydrase did not affect the apparent ileal digestibility of AA and SID of AA for the corn-SBM-carinata meal-based diet, and for the carinata meal. However, the combination of phytase and multicarbohydrase did improve (P < 0.05) apparent total tract digestibility, and DE and NE values for carinata meal by 9.4%, 9.5%, and 12.4%, respectively. In conclusion, the enzymes used in the current study could be added in carinata meal-based diets for growing pigs to improve the energy value.

Replacement of fish meal with processed carinata (Brassica carinata) seed meal in low animal protein diets of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

A 56‐day growth trial was conducted to determine the amount of fish meal (FM) in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) diets containing 200 g/kg FM as the sole animal protein source; that could be replaced with carinata (Brassica carinata) meal (CM) processed by aerobic conversion (AC, by fungi ssp.) followed by a single wash (ACCM). ACCM replaced 50, 100 and 150 g of FM. Replacement of ≥100 g of FM with ACCM, resulted in reduced (p < 0.01) growth, due to reduced dietary lysine and diet consumption (p < 0.01). Fulton's condition factor K decreased (p < 0.01) with increased FM replacement. FCR (p < 0.01) had an inverse relationship with diet consumption. The trend in FCR was similar to the trend in PER (p < 0.01). Apparent net protein utilization was lower (p < 0.01) for the highest FM replacement diet. There was no effect of FM replacement by ACCM on whole‐body composition or viscera, spleen and liver weights. However, visceral fat increased (p < 0.01) with increased feed consumption. There was no apparent effect of ACCM on hematocrit, haemoglobin or mean corpuscular haemoglobin contents. Results of this study indicate that replacement of ≥100 g of FM by ACCM in low FM/animal (200 g/kg) RBT diets may have been achieved if feed consumption and dietary lysine were similar.

Evaluation of Brassica carinata meal on ruminant metabolism and apparent total tract digestibility of nutrients in beef steers1,2.

Brassica carinata is a new oilseed crop with the potential of producing high-quality jet biofuel. A high-protein meal (~40% crude protein) is obtained as a byproduct of hexane-solvent oil extraction; however, limited research is available on the use of this meal as a protein supplement for beef cattle. A duplicated 4 × 4 Latin square design was used to determine the effects of supplementation with B. carinata meal on ruminal fermentation, digestibility, and blood metabolites in beef cattle consuming bahiagrass hay (Paspalum notatum Flüggé), compared with frequently used protein supplements. Eight Angus crossbred steers (473 ± 119 kg initial BW) were randomly allocated to 8 pens, over 4 periods of 28-d each. Within period, steers were assigned to 1 of 4 treatments: 1) 1.62 kg/d cottonseed meal (CSM); 2) 2.15 kg/d dry distillers grains plus solubles (DDGS); 3) 1.39 kg/d B. carinata meal pellets (BCM); or 4) 1.17 kg/d soybean meal (SBM), supplemented daily, on an isonitrogenous basis. Steers had ad libitum access to bahiagrass hay and water. Intake was measured using the GrowSafe system. Following a 14-d adaptation, feed and fecal samples were collected to determine apparent total tract nutrient digestibility using indigestible NDF as an internal marker. Blood and ruminal fluid samples were collected before providing the protein supplements and then every 3 h, during a 24-h period, to analyze urea nitrogen (PUN) and glucose in plasma, as well as ruminal pH, ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), and VFA concentrations. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS with repeated measures. Model included the fixed effects of treatment, time, treatment × time, square, and period, and the random effects of steer(square) and steer(treatment). No effect of treatment (P > 0.05) was observed for pH, NH3-N, or glucose concentration. An effect of treatment (P < 0.01) was observed for PUN, with steers receiving SBM having greater concentrations. A treatment × time interaction was observed (P < 0.05) for total VFA concentration, acetate to propionate ratio, and molar proportions of acetate, propionate, butyrate, and valerate. Steers consuming SBM had greater molar proportions of branched-chain VFA (P < 0.01) compared with CSM and DDGS. There was no effect of treatment (P > 0.05) on intake or apparent total tract digestibility of nutrients. Brassica carinata performed similarly to commonly used protein supplements indicating its viability as a protein supplement for beef cattle.

62 Characterization of the dietary protein in Brassica carinata meal when used as a supplement for beef cattle.

62 Characterization of the dietary protein in Brassica carinata meal when used as a supplement for beef cattle.

Metabolic characteristics and feed milk value of blend pelleted products based on combination of co-products from bio-fuel/bio-oil processing, pulse screenings and lignosulfonate in dairy cattle

The aim of this study was to develop, and test eight different pelleted products based on a combination of co-products from new bio-fuel processing (carinata meal), bio-oil processing (canola meal), pea screenings and lignosulfonate at different levels for dairy cattle diets. The eight pelleted products were developed at different levels as a potential protein supplement for dairy cattle on dry matter (DM) and included: BPP1: lignosulfonate 0.0% + carinata meal 50.0% + pea screenings 50.0%; BPP2: lignosulfonate 4.8% + carinata meal 47.6% + pea screenings 47.6%; BPP3: lignosulfonate 0.0% + carinata meal 75.0% + pea screenings 25.0%; BPP4: lignosulfonate 4.8% + carinata meal 71.4% + pea screenings 23.8%; BPP5: lignosulfonate 0.0% + canola meal 50.0% + pea screenings 50.0%; BPP6: lignosulfonate 4.8% + canola meal 47.6% + pea screenings 47.6%; BPP7: lignosulfonate 0.0% + canola meal 75.0% + pea screenings 25.0%; BPP8: lignosulfonate 4.8% + canola meal 71.4% + pea screenings 23.8%. Comparisons were made between blend pelleted products based on carinata meal and canola meal, high and low level of inclusion of co-products or pea screenings, and inclusion or no inclusion of lignosulfonate in terms of metabolic characteristics, truly digested nutrient supply and feed milk value. The results showed that the DVE-OEB system predicted values of true protein digested in the small intestine were highest (P < 0.05) in carinata based pelleted products BPP3 and BPP4 (DVE 236 and 240 g/kg DM; respectively) than the other pelleted products, while canola based pelleted product BPP7 had the highest (P < 0.05) degradable protein balance (OEB 164 g/kg DM) than the other pelleted products. These findings were also supported by the NRC-2001 model predicted observations, the predicted metabolizable protein (MP) content was also found highest (P < 0.05) in BPP3 and BPP4 (228 and 231 g/kg DM; respectively) and the lowest values were found in BPP5, BPP6 and BPP7 (145, 145 and 151 g/kg DM; respectively). Similarly, rumen degraded protein balance (DPB) was also highest (P < 0.05) in BPP7 (177 g/kg DM) and the lowest (P < 0.05) values were in BPP2 and BPP4 (93 and 107 g/kg DM; respectively). The feed milk value (FMV) obtained from DVE-OEB system were highest (P < 0.05) in carinata based pelleted products BPP3 and BPP4 (4.80 and 4.86 kg milk/kg DM feed; respectively), while the NRC-2001 model based FMV showed similar in pattern, but slightly lower numerical values compared to DVE-OEB system based FMV (4.34 kg milk/kg DM feed for both). In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that comparing with canola meal pelleted based pelleted products; the carinata meal based pelleted products BPP3 and BPP4 have better potential for truly digested nutrient supply and feed milk values in dairy cattle. The dairy production performance and metabolic trials are needed.

Ruminal degradation and intestinal digestibility of camelina meal and carinata meal compared with other protein sources

<h2>ABSTRACT</h2> Production of reneweable feedstocks for biodiesel have drawn attention to alternative oilseed crops. Our objective was to determine DM and CP ruminal degradability and intestinal digestibility of camelina meal (CAM) and carinata meal (CAR), compared with canola meal (CAN), linseed meal (LIN), soybean meal (SBM), and distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) as controls. In situ degradability measurements were done using 3 multiparous, mid-late lactation ruminally cannulated Holstein cows. Sample bags were ruminally incubated in duplicate for each cow and feedstuff for 0, 2, 4, 8, and 12 h and in triplicate for 24 and 48 h. Eight bags of each feed were incubated at 12 h for use of the residues in determination of in vitro intestinal digestibility. Ruminal particulate passage rate averaged 6.0%/h. Rate of DM degradation was greatest (<i>P</i> < 0.05) for CAM and LIN and least for DDGS, whereas CAR and SBM were similar. Ruminally degradable DM was greatest (<i>P</i> < 0.01) in CAM, CAR, and SBM. The CAM and CAR had the greatest (<i>P</i> < 0.05) RDP and least RUP. Intestinal digestible protein was similar (<i>P</i> > 0.05) for LIN, CAM, and CAR, which was greater (<i>P</i> < 0.05) than CAN and DDGS. Intestinally absorbable digestible protein was least for CAM and CAR (<i>P</i> < 0.01) compared with the other feeds. Total digestible protein was similar (<i>P</i> > 0.05) for CAM and CAR compared with SBM and LIN. Results indicate that CAM and CAR are highly degradable and comparable to SBM and LIN for protein utilization.

The Impact of Dietary Brassica Carinata Meal Inclusion on the Growth, Feed Efficiency, Carcass Merit, and Lean Quality of Finishing Pigs

ObjectivesBrassica Carinata is an oilseed crop that shows potential to produce jet fuel. The byproduct remaining after the oil is extracted is a high quality protein meal. Carinata meal supplementation has been documented to improve the growth of developing heifers. However, protein meal inclusion is a rather small percentage of the supplementation of ruminants. If Brassica carinata oil production is to become cost effective, more opportunities to utilize this high protein meal by product will need to be identified. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact replacing soybean meal with Brassica Carinata meal (BCM) on the growth, feed efficiency, carcass merit, and lean quality of finishing pigs.Materials and MethodsOver a 42-d trial period, 30 crossbred pigs were blocked by weight and placed in 15 mixed-gender pens, each including 1 barrow and 1 gilt. Pigs were fed 1 of 3 diets: a corn soybean meal control diet (CON; n = 10), or the same diet with carinata meal replacing 25% (25; n = 10), or 50% (50; n = 10), of soybean meal. The pH of the LM and the semimembranosus muscle (SM) was measured between the 10th and 11th rib with a temperature-compensating pH meter. At 24-h postmortem, left carcass sides were fabricated into primal cuts. loins were ribbed between the 10th and 11th rib and LM area, 10th rib fat thickness, subjective marbling scores, lean color (NPPC, 2000), and lean firmness scores (NPPC, 1991) were taken at the 10th rib. Additionally, LM objective lean color (L*, a*, b*; CIE, 1978) were measured using a Minolta Chroma-Meter CR-310. LM chops were fabricated from the 10th-11th rib interface and used to record 24 h drip loss. After 7 d of storage, posterior loin section reweighed to measure purge loss. Longissimus muscle chops for Warner Bratlzer shear force analysis were cooked to internal temperatures of 71°C. LM Chops were allowed to cool then six 1.3-cm diameter cores were removed and sheared using a Warner-Bratzler shear head attached to an Instron Universal Testing machine. Longissimus muscle chops used for sensory panel evaluation were cooked using the same procedures as for Warner Bratlzer shear force. A trained sensory panel evaluated all samples for tenderness, juiciness, pork flavor intensity, connective tissue, and off-flavor and firmness.ResultsDietary treatment did not influence average daily gain (P = 0.86) or any measurement of carcass composition (P ≥ 0.17). Pigs fed 50 tended to have greater liver weights (P = 0.07) than pigs fed the CON and 25. Inclusion of BCM in the diet had no effect (P ≥ 0.15) on any measurement of intramuscular pH or fat color. Chops from CON pigs tended (P = 0.09) to have greater marbling scores than chops from pigs fed experimental diets. Loin roasts from pigs fed 25 had greater 7d loin purge loss (P = 0.04) than pigs fed the other 2 diets. Boneless loin chops from CON carcasses had more reddish pink lean color scores (P = 0.003) and had lower (darker) L* values across retail display than pigs fed experimental diets. Loin chops from pigs fed 25 or 50 had greater trained sensory tenderness scores (P < 0.01), when compared to CON.ConclusionOverall, replacing up to 50% of soybean meal with BCM is a viable option for in the diets of finishing pigs. However, more research is needed to determine BCM’s impact on lean color, water holding, and tenderness.

The Impact of Dietary Brassica Carinata Meal Inclusion on the Growth, Feed Efficiency, Carcass Merit, and Lean Quality of Finishing Pigs

ObjectivesBrassica Carinata is an oilseed crop that shows potential to produce jet fuel. The byproduct remaining after the oil is extracted is a high quality protein meal. Carinata meal supplementation has been documented to improve the growth of developing heifers. However, protein meal inclusion is a rather small percentage of the supplementation of ruminants. If Brassica carinata oil production is to become cost effective, more opportunities to utilize this high protein meal by product will need to be identified. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact replacing soybean meal with Brassica Carinata meal (BCM) on the growth, feed efficiency, carcass merit, and lean quality of finishing pigs.Materials and MethodsOver a 42-d trial period, 30 crossbred pigs were blocked by weight and placed in 15 mixed-gender pens, each including 1 barrow and 1 gilt. Pigs were fed 1 of 3 diets: a corn soybean meal control diet (CON; n = 10), or the same diet with carinata meal replacing 25% (25; n = 10), or 50% (50; n = 10), of soybean meal. The pH of the LM and the semimembranosus muscle (SM) was measured between the 10th and 11th rib with a temperature-compensating pH meter. At 24-h postmortem, left carcass sides were fabricated into primal cuts. loins were ribbed between the 10th and 11th rib and LM area, 10th rib fat thickness, subjective marbling scores, lean color (NPPC, 2000), and lean firmness scores (NPPC, 1991) were taken at the 10th rib. Additionally, LM objective lean color (L*, a*, b*; CIE, 1978) were measured using a Minolta Chroma-Meter CR-310. LM chops were fabricated from the 10th-11th rib interface and used to record 24 h drip loss. After 7 d of storage, posterior loin section reweighed to measure purge loss. Longissimus muscle chops for Warner Bratlzer shear force analysis were cooked to internal temperatures of 71°C. LM Chops were allowed to cool then six 1.3-cm diameter cores were removed and sheared using a Warner-Bratzler shear head attached to an Instron Universal Testing machine. Longissimus muscle chops used for sensory panel evaluation were cooked using the same procedures as for Warner Bratlzer shear force. A trained sensory panel evaluated all samples for tenderness, juiciness, pork flavor intensity, connective tissue, and off-flavor and firmness.ResultsDietary treatment did not influence average daily gain (P = 0.86) or any measurement of carcass composition (P ≥ 0.17). Pigs fed 50 tended to have greater liver weights (P = 0.07) than pigs fed the CON and 25. Inclusion of BCM in the diet had no effect (P ≥ 0.15) on any measurement of intramuscular pH or fat color. Chops from CON pigs tended (P = 0.09) to have greater marbling scores than chops from pigs fed experimental diets. Loin roasts from pigs fed 25 had greater 7d loin purge loss (P = 0.04) than pigs fed the other 2 diets. Boneless loin chops from CON carcasses had more reddish pink lean color scores (P = 0.003) and had lower (darker) L* values across retail display than pigs fed experimental diets. Loin chops from pigs fed 25 or 50 had greater trained sensory tenderness scores (P < 0.01), when compared to CON.ConclusionOverall, replacing up to 50% of soybean meal with BCM is a viable option for in the diets of finishing pigs. However, more research is needed to determine BCM’s impact on lean color, water holding, and tenderness.

Potential nitrogen to energy synchronization, rumen degradation kinetics, and intestinal digestibility of blend pelleted products of new co-products from bio-fuel processing, pulse screenings and lignosulfonate compound in dairy cows

Recently, a new co-product (carinata meal) has been emerged from the bio-fuel processing industry, which nutritional value has not been yet fully understood and evaluated nor even registered as a feed for ruminants. So, it becomes an urgent need to explore the potential of this new coproduct in livestock feeds when blend with other feedstuffs. The aim of this project was to develop and test blend pelleted products based on combination of new and conventional co-products from bio-fuel (carinata meal) and bio-oil (canola meal) processing, pea screenings and lignosulfonate compound (feed additive) at different levels in order to efficiently utilize the new co-product and optimize various nutrient supply in dairy cows. The eight blend pelleted products were: BPP1: lignosulfonate 0.0% + carinata meal 50.0% + pea screenings 50.0%; BPP2: lignosulfonate 4.8% + carinata meal 47.6% + pea screenings 47.6%; BPP3: lignosulfonate 0.0% + carinata meal 75.0% + pea screenings 25.0%; BPP4: lignosulfonate 4.8% + carinata meal 71.4% + pea screenings 23.8%; BPP5: lignosulfonate 0.0% + canola meal 50.0% + pea screenings 50.0%; BPP6: lignosulfonate 4.8% + canola meal 47.6% + pea screenings 47.6%; BPP7: lignosulfonate 0.0% + canola meal 75.0% + pea screenings 25.0%; BPP8: lignosulfonate 4.8% + canola meal 71.4% + pea screenings 23.8%. All blended proportions were on dry matter (DM) basis. The results were compared between blend pelleted products based on new co-product carinata meal and conventional co-product canola meal; high and low level of inclusion of co-products (contrarily, low and high level of inclusion of pea screenings); and inclusion and no inclusion of lignosulfonate compound in terms of rumen degradation kinetics, indigestible neutral detergent fiber(NDF) at 288 h (iNDF), hourly effective rumen degradation ratios/potential nitrogen-to energy synchronization and intestinal digestion of rumen undegraded nutrients. The results showed that carinata based pelleted product BPP3 and BPP4 had higher (P < 0.05) level of rumen undegraded protein (BCPDVE: 233 and 239 g/kg DM; RUPNRC: 210 and 216 g/kg DM; respectively) than the other blend pelleted products. The BPP3 also showed higher (P < 0.05) effective degradation of NDF (EDNDF: 64 g/kg DM) than the other blend pelleted products except BPP4 and BPP7 (56 and 61 g/kg DM; respectively). The iNDF was higher in canola based pelleted product BPP7, while the values were ranged from 5.3 to 12.5% DM. Intestinal absorbable feed protein (IADP) was higher in BPP4 (168 g/kg DM) than the other pelleted products except BPP3; however, BPP3 showed higher (P < 0.05) total digestible protein (TDP: 405 g/kg DM) than the other blend pelleted products followed by BPP4 (383 g/kg DM) and BPP7 (370 g/kg DM). In addition, BPP3 showed higher (P < 0.05) total digestible NDF (TDNDF: 139 g/kg DM) than the other blend pelleted products. In summary, the new co-product (carinata meal) based pelleted products (BPP1 to BPP4) contained higher RUP (+56 g/kg DM), lower EDCP (–24 g/kg DM), higher EDNDF (+2.9%), lower iNDF (−4.2% DM), higher IADP (+55.7 g/kg DM) and higher TDP (+32 g/kg DM) than canola based pelleted products (BPP6 to BPP8). Therefore, the result of this study suggest that the Carinata meal based pelleted products BPP3 and BPP4 can be used as high quality protein supplements for dairy cows.

Evaluation of carinata meal as a feedstuff for growing dairy heifers: Effects on growth performance, rumen fermentation, and total-tract digestibility of nutrients

Our objective was to determine the effects of feeding carinata meal (CRM) compared with distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) on growth performance, rumen fermentation, and nutrient utilization in peripubertal dairy heifers. A 16-wk randomized block design experiment with 24 Holstein heifers [6.6 ± 0.7 mo and 218 ± 27 kg of body weight (BW)] was conducted. Treatments diets were (1) 10% cold-pressed CRM and (2) 10% DDGS on a dry matter (DM) basis. The remainder of the diets consisted of grass hay, ground corn, soybean meal, and mineral mix. Diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous and isocaloric. Heifers were individually fed using a Calan gate feeding system, and the rations were limit-fed at 2.65% of BW on a DM basis to target a 0.8 kg/d of average daily gain. Heifers were weighed every 2 wk and the ration amount offered was adjusted accordingly. Frame sizes, BW, and body condition scores were measured 2 d every 2 wk throughout the study. During wk 12 and 16, rumen fluid samples were collected via esophageal tubing for pH, ammonia N, and volatile fatty acid analyses. In wk 16, fecal grab samples were collected for apparent total-tract digestibility estimation. Heifer DM intake, BW, average daily gain, and gain:feed were similar between treatments. No differences were observed between treatments in frame measurements or body condition scores. Rumen pH tended to be greater in CRM compared with DDGS. Rumen ammonia N and total volatile fatty acid concentration were not different between treatments. Apparent total-tract digestibility of DM, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber were decreased in CRM compared with DDGS. A tendency was detected for reduced organic matter digestibility in CRM. No difference was observed between treatments for crude protein total-tract digestibility. However, these differences in total-tract nutrient digestibility were not large enough to influence growth performance. Overall, results demonstrated that growing heifers can be limit-fed diets with 10% CRM and maintain growth performance compared with a control diet containing 10% DDGS.

635 Effects of solvent- or mechanically extracted Brassica carinata meal on performance of cows

635 Effects of solvent- or mechanically extracted Brassica carinata meal on performance of cows

Nutritional and Metabolic Characteristics of Brassica carinata Co-products from Biofuel Processing in Dairy Cows.

The increased utilization of Brassica carinata in the biofuel industry in Canada has resulted in the large-scale production of co-products that can be potentially exploited as alternative protein ingredients in dairy ration. The objectives of this study were to investigate the nutritive value of carinata presscake and meal for dairy cows in terms of (1) nutrient and antinutrient composition, (2) rumen degradation kinetics of organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), and neutral detergent fiber, (3) hourly effective degradation ratio and potential N to energy synchronization, (4) intestinal digestion of rumen undegraded protein (RUP), and (5) total metabolizable protein (MP) supply to the small intestine. Samples (n = 3) of carinata meal, carinata presscake, and canola meal (as reference feed), collected from three consecutive batches, were evaluated. In comparison to canola meal, carinata presscake and meal had greater (p < 0.05) contents of CP [39.7 versus 48.5 and 53.5% dry matter (DM)], with a high proportion of soluble crude protein (24.0 versus 53.0 and 72.6% CP), resulting in their extensive degradation (59.2 versus 76.3 and 89.3% CP) in the rumen. As a result, carinata presscake and meal supplied smaller (p < 0.05) quantities (92 and 136 g/kg of DM) of MP compared to canola meal (153 g/kg of DM). The contents of glucosinolates were greater (p < 0.05) in carinata presscake (168.5 μmol/g) and meal (115.2 μmol/g) compared to canola meal (3.4 μmol/g), limiting its utilization as a ruminant feed. Carinata co-products can be used as an alternative feed protein source, given their nutrient composition, rumen degradation, and intestinal digestion characteristics, provided that the high glucosinolate content can be reduced.

374 Growth performance of dairy heifers fed carinata meal

374 Growth performance of dairy heifers fed carinata meal

366 Preference of carinata meal compared with other oilseed meals and distiller's dried grains by dairy heifers

366 Preference of carinata meal compared with other oilseed meals and distiller's dried grains by dairy heifers

Solid State Fermentation of Carinata (Brassica carinata) Meal Using Various Fungal Strains to Produce a Protein-Rich Product for Feed Application

In this study, the efficacy of several fungal strains to reduce GLS (GLS) content and enhance protein content during solid state fermentation (SSF) of carinata meal was evaluated. Solid state fermentation of hexane extracted (HE) and cold pressed (CP) carinata meals were performed at 50% moisture content at 30oC for 168 h. The fungal strains evaluated in this study preferred HE carinata meal compared to CP meal due to the low level of residual oil in the HE meal. Among the various fungal strains evaluated, Neurospora crassa NRRL-2332 was found to be the preferred strain, with a maximal relative increase in protein content of 17.3% and 15.2%, for HE and CP carinata meal, respectively. Solid state fermentation of HE carinata meal by N. crassa yielded an end-point protein content of ~50%, (db). This process also resulted in the complete reduction of GLS in HE and CP meals (0 mg/g GLS). Of all the treatments evaluated in this study, SSF of HE carinata meal by N. crassa is preferred. Utilizing this treatment for carinata meal led to the formation of a protein-enriched product with no residual GLS content that has great potential for feed application.

1431 Evaluation of the fermentation characteristicsand glucosinolate content of cold-pressed or solvent-extracted carinata meal ensiled withcorn forage

1431 Evaluation of the fermentation characteristicsand glucosinolate content of cold-pressed or solvent-extracted carinata meal ensiled withcorn forage