Carinata Meal Research Articles

365 Effects of Supplementing Carinata Meal Compared with Cottonseed Meal on Performance, Carcass Characteristics, and Sensory Attributes in Beef Steers Consuming a Finish Diet

Abstract The value of carinata, a non-food oilseed crop, has been demonstrated as a high-quality jet fuel alternative and successful cover crop in the southeastern U.S.; however, research is limited regarding carinata as an alternative for commonly used protein sources in livestock. Thirty-two Angus crossbred steers were used in a generalized randomized block design to evaluate the effects of supplementing carinata meal compared with cottonseed meal on performance, carcass characteristics, and meat sensory attributes in a finishing diet. Treatments included: either 90% basal diet + 10% inclusion of Brassica carinata meal (BCM) or 90% basal diet + 10% inclusion of cottonseed meal (CSM), on a dry matter (DM) basis. The basal diet consisted of 40% cracked corn, 35% soyhull pellets, 5% gin trash, 5% bermudagrass hay, and 5% vitamin-mineral supplement. Treatments were premixed before delivery and provided ad libitum, with individual intake measured using the GrowSafe system. Data were analyzed using Proc Glimmix of SAS. Protein source did not affect (P > 0.05) final body weight, dry matter intake, average daily gain, gain to feed ratio, or residual feed intake. Protein supplementation did not affect (P > 0.05) initial or final evaluations of longissimus muscle area (LMA), rib fat thickness (RF), and intramuscular fat performed via ultrasound during the performance portion of the experiment. Hot carcass weight (P = 0.10) dressing percentage (P = 0.61), LMA (P = 0.33), RF (P = 0.42), yield grade (P = 0.47), and marbling score (P = 0.89) were not affected by protein source. No effect of protein source was observed (P > 0.05) on slice shear force, juiciness, beef flavor, tenderness, connective tissue, off-flavor, crude fat, thaw loss, cook loss, lightness, redness, or yellowness. The frequency of Prime (P = 0.76), upper 2/3 Choice (P = 0.71), low Choice (P = 0.46), and Select (P = 0.34) USDA quality grades did not differ with protein source. carinata meal inclusion at 10% of the diet DM performed similarly to cottonseed meal in steers fed a finishing diet, thereby enhancing its value in the southeastern U.S.

PSIII-21 Effects of Supplementing Carinata Meal Compared with Cottonseed Meal on Performance, Intake, and Digestibility in Backgrounding Beef Heifers Consuming a Corn Silage-Based Diet

Abstract The value of carinata, a non-food oilseed crop, has been demonstrated as a high-quality jet fuel alternative and successful cover crop in the southeastern U.S.; however, research is limited regarding carinata as an alternative for commonly used protein sources in livestock. Eighty-four Angus crossbred heifers were used in a generalized randomized block design to evaluate the effects of supplementing carinata meal compared with cottonseed meal on performance, intake, and digestibility in a backgrounding corn silage-based diet. Treatments included: corn silage only (CS), corn silage + Brassica carinata meal (BCM) at 10% (BCM10) or 20 % (BCM20) inclusion, or corn silage + cottonseed meal at 10% inclusion (CSM). Protein sources were mixed with corn silage prior to delivery and provided ad libitum, with individual intake measured using the GrowSafe system. Data were analyzed using Proc Glimmix of SAS. An effect of treatment was observed (P < 0.01) for final body weight (BW), average daily gain, and gain to feed ratio, where CS was least. Dry matter intake (DMI; kg/d) was greatest (P = 0.01) for BCM10 compared with CS, yet BCM20 and CSM did not differ from CS or BCM10. No effect of treatment was observed on DMI as a percentage of BW (P = 0.35) or residual feed intake (P = 0.94). Heifers receiving CSM had the greatest (P < 0.01) intake of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF). Intake of crude protein (CP; P < 0.01) was least for CS and greatest for BCM20 and CSM, with BCM10 intermediate. Digestibility of all nutrients was least (P < 0.01) for CS, and greatest (P < 0.01) for BCM20 in CP and NDF, only, where BCM10 and CSM did not differ. Digestibility of DM, OM, and ADF was less (P < 0.01) in BCM10, greater in BCM20, while CSM did not differ between BCM10 and BCM20. Carinata supplemented at 10% diet DM performed similarly to cottonseed meal in backgrounding beef heifers fed a corn silage-based diet, thereby enhancing its value in the southeastern U.S.

Effect of Blend-Pelleted Products Based on Carinata Meal or Canola Meal in Combination with Lignosulfonate on Ruminal Degradation and Fermentation Characteristics, Intestinal Digestion, and Feed Milk Value When Fed to Dairy Cows

The objectives of this study were to investigate the effect of newly developed blend-pelleted products based on carinata meal (BPPCR) or canola meal (BPPCN) in combination with peas and lignosulfonate on ruminal fermentation characteristics, degradation kinetics, intestinal digestion and feed milk values (FMV) when fed to high-producing dairy cows. Three dietary treatments were Control = control diet (common barley-based diet in western Canada); BPPCR = basal diet supplemented with 12.3%DM BPPCR (carinata meal 71.4% + pea 23.8% + lignosulfonate4.8%DM), and BPPCN = basal diet supplemented with 13.3%DM BPPCN (canola meal 71.4% + pea 23.8% + lignosulfonate 4.8%DM). In the whole project, nine mid-lactating Holstein cows (body weight, 679 ± 124 kg; days in milk, 96 ± 22) were used in a triplicated 3 × 3 Latin square study for an animal production performance study. For this fermentation and degradation kinetics study, the experiment was a 3 × 3 Latin square design with three different dietary treatments in three different periods with three available multiparous fistulated Holstein cows. The results showed that the control diet was higher (p < 0.05) in total VFA rumen concentration (138 mmol/L) than BPPCN. There was no dietary effect (p > 0.10) on the concentration of rumen ammonia and ruminal degradation kinetics of dietary nutrients. There was no significant differences (p > 0.10) among diets on the intestinal digestion of nutrients and metabolizable protein. Similarly, the feed milk values (FMV) were not affected (p > 0.10) by diets. In conclusion, the blend-pelleted products based on carinata meal for a new co-product from the bio-fuel processing industry was equal to the pelleted products based on conventional canola meal for high producing dairy cattle.

Mixotrophic cultivation of Chlorella vulgaris in Brassica carinata meal hydrolysate for enhanced lipid and lutein production

Mixotrophic cultivation of Chlorella vulgaris in Brassica carinata meal hydrolysate for enhanced lipid and lutein production

Evaluation of carinata meal or cottonseed meal as protein sources in silage-based diets on behavior, nutrient digestibility, and performance in backgrounding beef heifers.

Changing climatic conditions are imposing risks and diminishing yields in agriculture. Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) silage is a feasible option for backgrounding beef cattle in terms of economic risk management and animal productivity when compared with corn (Zea mays) silage, due to its drought adaptability. Similarly, Brassica carinata meal has proven to be a viable alternative as a protein supplement in forage-based beef cattle systems, when included at 10% of the diet dry matter (DM). However, research is scarce regarding its inclusion in silage-based diets for backgrounding animals. The objective of this trial was to compare a processor-chopped sorghum silage (SS) against a typical corn silage (CS) in a digestibility and performance trial while supplementing two protein sources; one traditionally used like cottonseed meal (CSM) and one novel like B. carinata meal (BCM). A total of 84 Angus crossbred heifers (307 ± 33 kg BW) were evaluated in a randomized block design with a 2 × 2 factorial treatment arrangement with type of silage and protein source as factors. Diets were fed ad libitum, consisting of 89% silage source plus 10% protein source, and 1% mineral inclusion on DM basis. The experimental period consisted of 14 d of adaptation followed by 5 d of apparent total tract digestibility measurements and 56 d of animal performance and intake behavior measurements. Heifers fed SS showed greater number of daily meals but decreased meal sizes (P ≤ 0.05), not differing in meal length (P > 0.10) when compared with CS. Dry matter and organic matter (OM) digestibility showed a silage type × protein source interaction (P ≤ 0.01), where in CS diets, OM tended to be more digestible with CSM vs. BCM, and it did not differ between protein sources in SS based diets. There was an effect of protein (P ≤ 0.01) on ADF digestibility, where CSM was greater than BCM. No effect of treatment was observed (P ≥ 0.10) on DM intake. Average daily gain (ADG) and gain-to-feed ratio were greater for CS than SS (P ≤ 0.01) regardless of protein source. Although heifers fed CS had greater feed efficiency and digestibility, SS can still be considered a viable option for backgrounding beef heifers, obtaining adequate ADG rates of 0.945 kg/d. Lastly, BCM did not differ from CSM in terms of feed efficiency and animal performance, proving to be a viable alternative protein source in silage-based diets.

PSIV-B-16 Effects of Replacing Cottonseed Meal with Carinata Meal on Performance, Intake, and Digestibility in Backgrounding Beef Heifers Consuming a Corn Silage-Based Diet

Abstract The value of carinata, a non-food oilseed crop, has been demonstrated as a high-quality jet fuel alternative and successful cover crop in the southeastern U.S.; however, research is limited regarding carinata as an alternative for commonly used protein sources in livestock. Eighty-four Angus crossbred heifers were used in a generalized randomized block design to evaluate the effects of replacing cottonseed meal with carinata meal on performance, intake, and digestibility in backgrounding corn silage-based diet. Treatments included: corn silage only (C), corn silage + Brassica carinata meal (BCM) at 10% (CS-BCM10) or 20 % (CS-BCM20) inclusion, or corn silage + cottonseed meal at 10% inclusion (CS-CSM). Protein sources were mixed on an as fed basis with corn silage prior to delivery and provided ad libitum, with individual intake measured using the GrowSafe system. Data were analyzed using Proc Glimmix of SAS. An effect of treatment was observed for final body weight (BW; P < 0.01), average daily gain (P < 0.01), and gain to feed ratio (P < 0.01), where CS was least. Dry matter intake (DMI; P = 0.01) was greatest for CS-BCM10. No effect of treatment was observed for residual feed intake (P = 0.94), time ruminating (P = 0.32), or DMI as a percentage of BW (P = 0.10). Intake of nutrients was greatest (P < 0.01) for CS-CSM, except crude protein (CP), which was least (P < 0.01) for CS. Dry and organic matter digestibility was decreased (P < 0.01) in CS but did not differ from CS-BCM10, whereas CP digestibility was greatest (P < 0.01) in CS-BCM20, and neutral and acid detergent fiber digestibility was least (P < 0.01) for CS. Carinata performed similarly to cottonseed meal in backgrounding beef heifers fed a corn silage-based diet, thereby enhancing its value in the southeastern U.S.

Optimization of the Recovery of Secondary Metabolites from Defatted Brassica carinata Meal and Its Effects on the Extractability and Functional Properties of Proteins.

The sustainable extraction of secondary metabolites from Brassica agro-industrial by-products often involves the use of high concentrations of ethanol, and/or high temperatures, which tends to decrease the efficiency of protein extraction (yield, profile, etc.). To understand the limits of the combination of these two extraction processes, aqueous ethanol extraction of secondary metabolites (e.g., phenolic compounds and glucosinolates) from Brassica carinata defatted meal was optimized using Response Surface Methodology. The validated models predicted that aqueous ethanol extraction of defatted Carinata meal, with a low aqueous EtOH concentration (22% EtOH) at moderate Te (50 °C), enables the efficient recovery of secondary metabolites (sinapine = 9.12 ± 0.05 mg/gDM, sinigrin = 86.54 ± 3.18 µmol/gDM) while maintaining good protein extractability (59.8 ± 2.1%) from successive alkaline extractions. The evaluation of functional properties of the resulting protein isolates revealed that aqueous extraction, under optimized conditions, improves foaming activity while preserving emulsion ability.

Nutritive value of expeller/cold-pressed canola meal and pre-pressed solvent-extracted carinata meal for broiler chicken

A study was conducted to evaluate standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) and nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn) values of pre-pressed solvent-extracted carinata meal (SE-carinata meal) and expeller/cold-pressed canola meal (ECP-canola meal) for broilers. Two hundred and forty broiler chicks were divided into 40 groups of 6 birds/group and fed 4 diets in a completely randomized design (10 groups/diet) from 14 to 21 d of age. The diets were cornstarch-based containing SE-carinata meal, ECP-canola meal, or pre-pressed solvent-extracted canola meal (SE-canola meal; reference feedstuff) as the sole protein source, and N-free diet. Digestibility of AA and N retention for feedstuffs was determined by the direct method, whereas energy retention of feedstuffs was determined by difference from the N-free diet. On DM basis, SE-canola meal, ECP-canola meal, and SE-carinata meal contained 43, 36, and 50% CP; 2.60, 2.21, and 1.82% Lys; 32, 29, and 27% neutral detergent fiber, and 1.1, 15.3, and 0.88% ether extract, respectively. On DM basis, the AMEn value was lowest (P < 0.05) for SE-carinata meal (1,295 kcal/kg), intermediate (P < 0.05) for SE-canola meal (1,608 kcal/kg), and greatest (P < 0.05) for ECP-canola meal (1,994 kcal/kg). The SID values of indispensable AA for ECP-canola meal were greater (P < 0.05) than those for SE-canola meal or SE-carinata meal. The SID values of all indispensable AA (except Gly, Lys, and Trp) for SE-carinata meal were greater (P < 0.05) than those for SE-canola meal. The SE-canola meal and SE-carinata meal did not differ in SID of Gly and Trp; however, SE-carinata meal had lower (P < 0.05) SID of Lys than SE-canola meal. The results indicate that ECP-canola meal fed in this study could be a good source of AA and energy for broilers. Results also indicate that SE-carinata meal fed in this study could be an attractive AA source for broiler diet, but could benefit from Lys fortification due it its low SID Lys value.

Nutrient profile and effects of carinata meal as alternative feed ingredient on broiler performance, tight junction gene expression and intestinal morphology

Two studies were conducted to establish carinata meal as a partial replacement of conventional protein sources. Study I was conducted to determine the nutrient profile, nitrogen-corrected true metabolizable energy (TMEn), and amino acid (AA) digestibility of 2 groups: low glucosinolate carinata meal (LGCM) and high glucosinolate carinata meal (HGCM) using rooster assays. The LGCM contained 28 μmol/g glucosinolate, 11.5% moisture, 39.2% crude protein (CP), whereas the HGCM had 100 μmol/g glucosinolate, 10.1% moisture, 39.5% CP on as is basis. The precision-fed rooster assays were conducted to determine TMEn and AA digestibility. The TMEn levels of LGCM and HGCM were 1,814 and 1,690 kcal/kg on as is basis, respectively. Standardized digestibility for lysine, methionine, cysteine, threonine, and valine were 72, 88, 69, 75, and 79% for LGCM and 80, 89, 71, 76, and 80% for HGCM, respectively. Based on the nutrient profiles from study I, study II was conducted to evaluate the effects of LGCM and HGCM in broilers. A total of 504 one-day-old Cobb500 male broiler chickens were randomly divided into 42 battery cages with 6 replicates of 12 birds per cage. The seven dietary treatments were control diet, 3 inclusion levels of LGCM (4, 8, and 12%), and 3 of HGCM (4, 8, and12%) in a corn-SBM based diet fed for 21 d. No significant differences in BW, BWG, and FI were observed except for significantly lower BWG in 12% HGCM group compared to control for 14-21 days (P < 0.05). The FCR for 12% HGCM increased significantly compared to 4 and 8% of both LGCM and HGCM groups during wk 3 (14–21 d). Based on these studies, carinata meal could be recommended to partially replace conventional feed ingredients at a rate of 12% when LGCM is used and 8% when HGCM is used with no deleterious effects on growth performance, gut histology, and tight junction proteins.

A regional inter‐disciplinary partnership focusing on the development of a carinata‐centered bioeconomy

AbstractBrassica carinata or Ethiopian mustard, a non‐edible oilseed brassica, is a low carbon, purpose‐grown, and none‐to‐low indirect land‐use change bioenergy feedstock for the production of drop‐in sustainable aviation fuel, biodiesel, renewable diesel, and a suite of value‐added coproducts. Carinata oil converted to drop‐in fuel using an American Society for Testing and Materials approved Catalytic Hydrothermolysis process has been successfully tested in commercial and military aviation. Carinata meal, the residue after oil extraction, is a high‐protein feed supplement for livestock, poultry, and swine, and can also yield specialty products. The Southeast Partnership for Advanced Renewables from Carinata (SPARC) is a public–private partnership formed with a twofold mission: (1) Removing physical, environmental, social, and economic constraints that prevent regional intensification of carinata production as a low‐carbon feedstock for renewable fuel and coproducts and (2) demonstrating enhanced value across the entire value chain by mitigating risk to farmers and other stakeholders. The partnership's goal is to energize the US bioeconomy through sustainable agriculture and thus contribute to energy security and economic diversification. SPARC relies on a combination of cutting‐edge multidisciplinary research and active industry engagement to facilitate adoption of the crop. This involves informing stakeholders along the entire supply chain, from producers to end‐users, policymakers, influencers, and the public, about the opportunities and best practices related to carinata. This article provides context and background concerning carinata commercialization as a winter cash crop in the Southeast US for renewable fuels and bioproducts. The advances made to date in the areas of feedstock development, fuel and coproduct development, meal valorization, supply chain logistics, and stakeholder engagement are outlined.

Steam pressure induced changes in carbohydrate molecular structures, chemical profile and in vitro fermentation characteristics of seeds from new Brassica carinata lines

Recently, new lines of Brassica carinata with high oil and erucic acid contents in their seeds have been developed for bio-fuel industry. The co-product after oil extraction, carinata meal, is high in crude protein (CP) and low in neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content, and can be used as feed ingredient in ruminant rations after processing such as steam pressure heating. However, the effects of steam pressure on the molecular structures, nutritional and metabolic characteristics of carinata meal produced from newly developed Brassica carinata lines has not been investigated. The objectives of this study were to investigate effects of steam pressure heating, autoclaving, at 121 °C for 0, 30, 60 and 90 min on changes in carbohydrate chemical profile, the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS) carbohydrate subfractions, ruminal fermentation characteristics and gas production (GP; in vitro) in relation to changes in carbohydrate molecular structure, of the newly develop Brassica carinata seeds. Except total carbohydrates, steam pressure heating altered (P < 0.05) all measured carbohydrate chemical components and CNCPS subfractions. The contents of neutral detergent fiber (aNDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), acid detergent lignin (ADL), cellulose and soluble fiber (subfraction CB2) increased (P < 0.01) with increasing duration of steam pressure heating from 0 to 90 min in linear fashions. Whereas, the contents of sugar (fraction CA4), non-fibrous carbohydrate (NFC) and digestible fiber (fraction CB3) decreased (P < 0.05) linearly. Compared to raw seeds, the indigestible fiber subfraction increased (P = 0.001) with steam pressure heating (30−90 min). On average, the heated seeds had lower (P < 0.05) values of theoretically maximum GP (44 vs. 56.5 mL), dry matter digestibility (644 vs 559 g/ kg), and crude protein digestibility (886 vs 645 g/kg) after 48 h fermentation. The largest decrease in theoretically maximum GP (31 %), dry matter digestibility (57 %) and crude protein digestibility (35 %) after 48 h incubation was recorded for the 60 min steam pressure heating. As compared to raw seeds, the heated seeds produced higher (P = 0.01) content of acetate and lower (P ≤ 0.01) content of ammonia, isobutyrate and valerate after 24 h of fermentation. These heat-induced changes in chemical profile and ruminal fermentation characteristics were strongly correlated with the changes in inherent molecular structures of carbohydrates, particularly, with peak areas of structural carbohydrates and cellulosic compounds.

Biochemical conversion of Brassicacarinata biomass to organic acids

AbstractThe economics of the inedible oilseed crop Brassica carinata as a source of renewable fuels can be enhanced by converting its cellulosic biomass to value‐added chemicals, such as organic acids. We investigated the biochemical conversion of carinata biomass to propionic acid by first pretreating the carinata meal (CM), which is obtained after extraction of the oil from carinata seeds, with concentrated phosphoric acid to remove hemicellulose and gain access to the cellulose constituent of the meal. We then subjected the pretreated meal to enzymatic hydrolysis with cellulase enzyme to depolymerize cellulose to glucose. The overall conversion of carinata cellulose to glucose was 85%, which is promising. Finally, the recovered glucose was successfully fermented primarily to propionic acid using the bacterium Propionibacterium freudenreichii with a yield of 0.57 g of produced propionic acid per gram of consumed cellulosic glucose. The biobased propionic acid and other co‐produced organic acids can serve as renewable building blocks for manufacturing industrial chemicals and food preservatives replacing fossil‐derived organic acids. Hence, CM constitutes a renewable source of fermentable carbohydrates potentially improving the economics and sustainability of the carinata value chain.

Amino acid availability of processed Brassica carinata meals in hybrid striped bass Morone chrysops ♀ x M. saxatilis ♂

An earlier study showed that hybrid striped bass (Morone chrysops ♀ x M. saxatilis ♂) diets containing 20 % animal meals and up to 30 % aerobically fermented (AF) carinata meal (Brassica carinata, CM) followed by a single wash with water (AFCM) or 30 % CM double-washed with water without AF (WCM), resulted in similar growth. However feed utilization and Fulton’s condition factor of 30 % WCM were better. The current study investigated effects of AFCM and WCM on amino acid digestibilities using naive fish. Effects of AFCM and WCM on trypsin activity, and amino acid availability were determined using hybrid striped bass fed experimental diets for 127 and 148 days, respectively (after a growth trial). High (30 %) AFCM reduced all essential amino acids (EAA) and conditionally EAA (CEAA) except histidine, methionine and threonine. However, all EAA and CEAAs except lysine and cysteine were digested better in 30 %WCM than 30 % AFCM. High (30 %) CMs resulted in generally high serum free methionine and tryptophan, but less leucine for the first 9 h. However, 30 % WCM resulted in generally more serum free arginine and valine than 30 % AFCM. High CMs increased muscle free histidine. Generally, WCM resulted in more muscle lysine and valine than AFCM. Muscle methionine was increased by CMs. Both serum and muscle free total EAAs in hybrid striped bass fed 30 % WCM were elevated continuously over a longer period above the baseline levels. Using EAA:lysine, only muscle histidine were adequate for muscle synthesis over the 36-h period. Overall, amino acids were more available in WCM than AFCM.

Characterization of dietary protein in Brassica carinata meal when used as a protein supplement for beef cattle consuming a forage-based diet.

As a novel oilseed crop in Florida, Brassica carinata has the capacity of producing high-quality jet biofuel, with a protein-dense meal (~40% crude protein; CP) obtained as a by-product of oil extraction. Characterization of the meal protein is limited, yet necessary for formulation of beef cattle diets; therefore, the objective of this experiment was to determine ruminal and postruminal digestibility of protein from B. carinata. Eight ruminally cannulated Angus crossbred steers (473 ± 119 kg) were used in a duplicated 4 × 4 Latin square design, in which in situ ruminal and postruminal degradability of nutrients were evaluated. The three-step in vitro procedure was used to compare CP and amino acid (AA) degradation in B. carinata meal pellets (BCM) with that of cottonseed meal (CSM), dry distillers grains with solubles (DDGS), and soybean meal (SBM). In situ bags were incubated in the rumen for 0 to 96 hr, with the undegraded supplement remaining after 16 hr subjected to serial in vitro enzymatic solutions. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. Ruminal rate of degradation of dry matter, organic matter, and CP was greatest (P ˂ 0.01; 10.9, 11.3, and 11.5 %/h, respectively) for SBM. Rumen degradable protein (RDP) content did not differ (P = 0.20; 47.8% and 55.1%, respectively) between CSM and DDGS, but was decreased (P ˂ 0.01) compared with SBM and BCM, which did not differ (P = 0.99; 72.3% and 71.8% RDP, respectively). Compared with DDGS, SBM had greater (P < 0.01) intestinal digestibility of rumen undegradable protein (RUP). Intestinally absorbable digestible protein (IADP) was greatest (P < 0.01) for CSM, with SBM and BCM having the least IADP. Total tract digestibility of CP (TTDP) was greater (P < 0.01) for SBM compared with CSM and DDGS. The contribution of RUP to intestinally absorbable AA was 7.2 and 3.1 g of lysine and methionine per kilogram of CP in BCM, respectively. The evaluation of B. carinata meal as protein supplemented for cattle consuming a forage-based diet resulted in 71.8% RDP and 97.1% TTDP, thus indicating its viability as a high-quality protein supplement for beef cattle.

Nutrient profiles and pelleting effect of different blended co-products for dairy cows

The aim of this study was to develop and test eight BPPs, blend pelleted products, based on a new co-product (CR, carinata meal), conventional co-product (CN, canola meal), peas and lignosulfonate compound (feed additive) blended at different levels for ruminants. The parameters investigated included pellet durability index (PDI), bioenergy, protein and carbohydrate (CHO) fractions, bioactive compounds (GS, glucosinolates and CT, condensed tannins), and AA, amino acid profiles. The feed processing was carried out at the Canadian National Feed Research Center (CFRC, University of Saskatchewan, Canada). The results showed that the PDI slightly improved by increasing the level of peas in BPPs or by adding lignosulfonate to BPPs. Total glucosinolates and condensed tannins ranged from 3.46 to 5.86 μmol/g and from 0.19 to 0.33 g/kg DM, respectively. Regarding the bioenergy profile, the CR-based product had higher (P < 0.05) values for NEL, net energy of lactation; NEm, net energy of maintenance, and NEg, net energy for growth compared to the CN-based products. Regarding the protein and CHO profiles, the CN-based products showed higher levels of indigestible protein (PC, 31 vs. 14 g/kg CP, P < 0.05) while lower slowly degradable true protein content (PB2, 33 vs. 12.1 g/kg CP, P < 0.05) relative to the CR-based products. Additionally, the CN-based blend pelleted products had a higher indigestible fiber content (CC, +73 g/kg CHO) relative to the CR-based blend pelleted products. The CN-based products contained higher (P < 0.05) lysine levels (ranging from 57 to 59 g/kg CP) compared to the CR-based products (ranging from 42 to 44 g/kg CP), whereas the CR-based products had the highest content of total amino acids. In conclusion, the new co-product (carinata meal) based pelleted products had higher true nutritive values, and lower glucosinolates and condensed tannins compared to the conventional co-product (canola meal), and could be used as a protein and energy source in animal and metabolic trials to determine its real effect on dairy cattle performance.

Effects of feeding blend-pelleted co-products on nutrient intake, digestibility, and production performance of high producing dairy cows

The objectives of this study were to examine the effects of feeding newly developed blend-pelleted carinata meal (BPPCR) and blend-pelleted canola meal (BPPCN) on nutrient intake, digestibility, and production performance of high producing dairy cows. In this study, nine mid-lactating Holstein cows (body weight, 679 ± 124 kg; days in milk, 96 ± 22) were used in a triplicated 3 × 3 Latin square study. Within each square, each cow was randomly assigned to one of three treatments: control (typical barley-based diet in Western Canada), BPPCR (soybean and canola meal in the control diet replaced by BPPCR), and BPPCN (soybean and canola meal in the control diet replaced by BPPCN). Each period lasted for 21 d, with the first 14 d as an adaptation period. The total collection of feces and urine were conducted on six cows from two Latin squares. The results showed that there were no treatment effects on milk yield, milk composition, and nutrient intake and digestibility (P &gt; 0.10). The nitrogen balance among the three treatment groups was not different either. In conclusion, replacing soybean meal and canola meal with blend-pelleted co-products did not affect the nutrient intake, digestibility, and production performance in high producing dairy cows.

Process effects on carinata Brassica carinata and camelina Camelina sativa seed meal compositions and diet palatability in Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss

Inclusion levels of raw carinata Brassica carinata and camelina Camelina sativa seed meals in animal diets, especially monogastrics, is limited by antinutrients, mainly glucosinolates (GLS), sinapine and crude fiber. The effect of processing on these seed meals composition was assessed by first subjecting cold-pressed (CP) carinata and camelina seed meals to extrusion (EX), solvent extraction (SE) and aerobic conversion (AC), or sequential process combinations to determine which process(es) yielded improved chemical composition. The palatability of the processed meals was then conducted to determine the effects of processing on meal acceptability in fish. Carinata meals generally yielded more crude protein than camelina meals for a given process treatment. Similarly, the fiber contents of carinata meals were generally lower than observed for camelina meals. Largest protein increase was due to oil removal and AC, but not EX. Generally, AC increased the essential amino acids (EAA) of all meals. Although AC increased the crude fiber of all meals, it reduced the GLS of all meals by at least 70 %, with more reduction observed in camelina meals. Palatability of carinata and camelina meals was improved by SE. Extrusion improved the palatability of camelina and AC improved the palatability of carinata. Generally, AC meals were higher in protein and EAA, lower in soluble carbohydrate and GLS than unconverted meals and would be suitable for use in fish diets. Extrusion did not improve the composition or palatability of CPEXSEAC beyond CPSEAC. Generally, CPSEAC carinata would be preferred by feed manufacturers over CPSEAC camelina because of a better EAA profile, higher protein content and lower crude fiber. Reduction of crude fiber in CPSEAC carinata would likely improve the utilization of nutrients, increasing meal utilization in fish and /or monogastrics in general. Digestibility studies should be conducted to improve an understanding of the utilization of the different processed carinata and camelina meals in fish and/ or monogastrics, in addition to processing economics.

Nutritive value of carinata meal and cold-pressed canola expellers for pigs

Carinata meal, a co-product from carinata seed oil extraction plants, is available for livestock feeding. Also, cold-pressed canola expellers (Cold-pressed CME), a co-product from canola seed oil extraction plants, is available for livestock feeding. The nutritive value of carinata meal for pigs has not been reported. Also, there is limited information on the nutritive value of cold-pressed CME for pigs. The objective of this study was to determine standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) and net energy value of carinata meal and Cold-pressed CME for growing pigs. Eight ileal-cannulated barrows (initial body weight = 32.7 ± 1.46 kg) were fed 3 diets a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design in combination with a 3 × 2 Youden square design, to give 8 replicates/diet. The diets were cornstarch-based, containing Cold-pressed CME or carinata meal as sole protein source, and N-free. Digestibility of AA in feedstuffs was determined by the direct method. Energy digestibility in Cold-pressed CME and carinata meal was determined by difference from the N-free diet. On dry matter basis (DM), Cold-pressed CME and carinata meal contained 396 and 502 g/kg crude protein, 207 and 268 g/kg neutral detergent fiber, 160 and 8.8 g/kg ether extract, 23.2 and 18.2 g/kg lysine, 7.4 and 9.6 g/kg methionine, 16.3 and 18.9 g/kg threonine, and 5.0 and 6.4 g/kg tryptophan, respectively. The Cold-pressed CME compared with carinata meal, had greater (P < 0.05) SID of lysine (0.744 vs. 0.601). Conversely, Cold-pressed CME compared with carinata meal, had lower (P < 0.05) SID of methionine (0.821 vs. 0.878) and tryptophan (0.818 vs. 0.898), and tended to be lower (P = 0.078) in SID of threonine. The Cold-pressed CME and carinata meal did not differ in coefficient of apparent ileal digestibility of gross energy (0.433 vs. 0.376). The Cold-pressed CME had lower (P < 0.05) coefficient of apparent total tract digestibility of GE than carinata meal (0.573 vs. 0.671). The Cold-pressed CME and carinata meal did not differ in digestible energy (12.99 vs. 12.83 MJ/kg). However, Cold-pressed CME had greater (P < 0.05) net energy value than carinata meal (8.20 vs. 6.74 MJ/kg DM). In conclusion, carinata meal has lower energy value than Cold-pressed CME, however, the former had greater SID of most AA than the latter. Both Cold-pressed CME and carinata meal can serve as alternative oilseed co-product feedstuffs for pigs.

Effect of fish meal replacement with CarinataBrassica carinatain low animal protein diets of rainbow troutOncorhynchus mykiss(Walbaum) on trypsin activity, protein and amino acid digestibility and bioavailability

Replacement of >25% of fish meal (FM) with aerobically converted carinata meal (ACCM) in low (200g/kg) animal protein (reference = 200g/kg FM) diets of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss resulted in reduced growth, partly due to reduced feed consumption and protein utilization. In this study, we determined the effect of FM replacement with ACCM on trypsin activity, apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of protein, and essential amino acid (EAA) or conditionally essential amino acid (CEAA) ADCs and bioavailability. Replacement of FM did not alter protein ADCs or trypsin activity. Replacement of >25% FM reduced all EAA and CEAA ADCs except for arginine and leucine which were only reduced by 75% FM replacement. Only serum free lysine and muscle free histidine were reduced by >25% FM replacement. Muscle free lysine was only reduced by 75% FM replacement. Replacement of FM reduced EAA peak concentrations and resulted in slower release of EAAs in serum. Cumulative total EAAs in serum and muscle decreased with FM replacement. Ratios of EAAs to lysine showed that tryptophan was the most limiting EAA. However, isoleucine, leucine, methionine and phenylalanine were also inadequate for muscle synthesis for the first 9–12 hr following force‐feeding. Optimal time for protein synthesis was ≥36 hr. Although any level of FM replacement did not reduce protein ADCs and trypsin activity, replacement of ≥25% FM reduced EAA ADCs and bioavailability of lysine and histidine, which partly contributed to the observed differences in growth.

136 Nutritive value of phytase- and multi-carbohydrase-supplemented carinata meal for growing pigs

Abstract Objective of the study was to determine the effect of supplementing a combination of phytase and multi-carbohydrase on standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acid (AA) and net energy (NE) value of carinata meal for growing pigs. Ten ileal-cannulated barrows (initial body weight = 53.9 ± 4.76 kg) were fed 4 diets in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design with 2 additional columns to give 10 replicates per diet. Diets included a corn-soybean meal (SBM)-based basal diet, the basal diet with 25% carinata meal, basal diet with 25% carinata meal plus phytase at 2,000 FTU/kg and multi-carbohydrase at 0.2g/kg, and a nitrogen-free diet. The multi-carbohydrase supplied 4 units of xylanase, 10 units of β-glucanase, and 1000 units of pectinase per kilogram of diet. The ratio of corn to soybean meal and soybean oil in carinata meal- containing diets was identical to that in the corn-soybean meal based basal diet to allow calculation of AA and energy digestibility of carinata meal by the difference method. On a DM basis, carinata meal contained 50.2% CP, 0.88% ether extract, 15.37% ADF, 1.82% Lys, 0.96% Met, 1.89% Thr, and 0.64% Trp, respectively. The SID of Lys, Met, Thr, and Trp for carinata meal were 51.4%, 82.2%, 65.9%, and 85.9%, respectively. Supplementation of a combination of phytase and multi-carbohydrase did not affect the SID of AA for the corn-SBM-carinata meal-based diet, and for the carinata meal. However, supplementation of a combination of phytase and multi-carbohydrase improved (P = 0.015) the apparent total tract digestibility of gross energy, and DE and NE values for carinata meal by 9.4, 9.5, and 12.4% respectively. In conclusion, the enzymes used in the current study could be added in carinata meal-based diets for pigs to improve the energy value of the carinata meal.