Papaya Seeds Research Articles

Papaya Seed Extract Combined Lauryl Glucoside Against Human Parasites Contaminated in Fresh Vegetables

Background: The prevalence of parasites in Thailand, primarily transmitted through contaminated vegetables, poses a significant public health concern. Ensuring the safety of natural produce from both parasites and chemical residues necessitates robust sanitation measures. Objective: This study aims to develop effective vegetable-washing solutions using papaya seed extract with potent anti-parasitic properties contamination in fresh vegetables. Methods: Fresh vegetables contaminated with Strongyloides stercoralis larvae, Ascaris lumbricoides, and Taenia spp. eggs were subjected to various treatments: distilled water, tap water, vinegar (5%), papaya seeds extract (200 mg/L), lauryl glucoside (1%) from coconut oil, papaya seeds extract combined with lauryl glucoside, and Albendazole as a standard drug. Immersion for 5 minutes was followed by parasite observation using the sedimentation method over 60 minutes, examining inhibitory effects on parasite larvae movement. Results: Papaya seed extract achieved the most rapid cessation within 10 minutes for larvae movement, followed by vinegar and papaya seed extract combined with lauryl glucoside. Furthermore, papaya seed extract combined with lauryl glucoside exhibited the highest efficacy in the sedimentation larval and parasite eggs, followed by lauryl glucoside solution and papaya seed extract, surpassing the control group. Conclusion: Papaya seeds extract immobilized larvae, while lauryl glucoside effectively eliminated parasite eggs from vegetables. Natural and organic compounds derived from papaya and coconut oil exhibit inherent diversification in their properties. These compounds originate from natural sources, showcasing distinct characteristics attributed to their organic nature. These results indicate the potential for developing natural extract-based products as future vegetable-washing solutions, emphasizing their significance against parasitic efficacy.

Formulation and evaluation of phytosomes containing bioactive from Carica papaya seeds

Background: Papaya seeds are a rich source of proteins, fat, fibers, vitamins, minerals, monounsaturated fatty acids, polyphenols, and powerful antioxidants like flavonoids. Low solubility limits the absorption and bioavailability of herbal constituents. Hence, phytosomes of Papaya seed extract were formulated to enhance its solubility and bioavailability. Methodology: Papaya seeds were extracted using ethanol as solvent, and all the phytoconstituents present in the extract were assessed during the phytochemical screening and LC-MS analysis. In-vitro antidiabetic activity pure extract was determined by alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase enzyme inhibitory assay. The phytosomes of extract were formulated using the lipid thin film formation method and Soya lecithin and Cholesterol as lipids. The formulated phytosomes were analyzed for parameters such as particle size, zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency, percent drug content, and In-vitro dissolution study. The chemical nature of the formulation was studied using FTIR analysis and powder X-ray diffractometry. Thermal stability of phytosomes analyzed with the help of Differential Scanning calorimetry. Results: LC-MS identified 16 phytoconstituents. In-vitro antidiabetic activity showed 59.97% and 51.17% inhibition of enzymes alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase, respectively. The encapsulation efficiency of the optimized formulation was 88.41±0.91% with a particle size of 188.0±53.7nm. TEM images of formulation confirm the formation of phytosomes. FTIR, DSC, and Powder X-ray diffractometry showed no unwanted peaks. The in vitro dissolution study showed 89.26±1.05% CDR of phytosome, while the extract showed 47.78±0.59% CDR. Conclusion: Evaluation results of phytosomes suggest that this formulation can be used as an effective herbal antidiabetic formulation

Papaya Seed Extract and Recovery of Some Main Constituents

Papaya Seed Extract and Recovery of Some Main Constituents

The potential of mango, papaya, and melon seed dietary fibre extracts for functional food

Fruit seeds were previously discarded as waste, which could lead to an environmental burden. In this research, dietary fibre (DF) was extracted from mango, papaya, and honeydew seeds, and the optimum extraction conditions were determined. Analyses revealed that all DF extracts exhibit low moisture, fat, ash, and protein contents and present high amounts of total sugar, starch, and total DF. Mango seed DF extract produced the highest amounts of starch (28.68 g/100 g dry extract) and total sugar (41.77 g/100 g dry extract) whilst honeydew seed dietary fibre extract (HSDFE) revealed the highest total DF content (81.96 g/100 g dry extract). A great difference in the ratio of insoluble DF to soluble DF contents was found in papaya seed DF extract and HSDFE. Besides slightly acidic and low bulk density, all DF extracts were yellowish and showed high waterholding (WHC), water swelling (WSC), and oil-holding capacities (OHC). Results indicated all three DF extracts have good physicochemical and functional properties. However, honeydew seed had the best potential functional food due to its low-fat content and bulk density, high insoluble DF and total DF content, nearly neutral pH, and excellent WSC, OHC, emulsion ability (EA), and emulsion stability (ES).

Quality Test of Drinks from Carica Papaya Tip with Addition of Artocarpus Heterophyllus L.

Drinks from papaya seeds and jackfruit have the potential to become functional drinks with health benefits. This study aims to test the quality of drinks from papaya seeds with the addition of jackfruit in various comparisons. The research method used was pre-test and post-test experimental design by analyzing data descriptively using table results. The quality parameters tested include antimicrobial tests on Escherchia colli bacteria, Staphyllococcus aureus bacteria, Candida albicans fungus using the disc diffusion method (well diffusion), vitamin C content test using the volumetric method, color, aroma, taste, and consumer liking with organoleptic testing. The results showed that the addition of jackfruit significantly had antibacterial effectiveness, and had vitamin C levels in composition 1 (5 gr papaya seeds) with a result of 0.2804%, and in composition 2 (4 gr papaya seeds: 1 gr jackfruit) with a result of 0.1400%. The color of the drink becomes brighter with the addition of jackfruit. The aroma and taste of the drink also became better with the addition of jackfruit. Based on the results of the consumer favorability test, drinks with a ratio of papaya seeds and jackfruit in composition 2 are most favored by panelists. Drinks from papaya seeds with the addition of jackfruit have good quality and are favored by consumers. This drink has the potential to become a functional drink with health benefits.

The Anticoccidial In Vitro Effects and Antioxidant Properties of Several Plants Traditionally Used for Coccidiosis in Togo.

Coccidiosis is a parasitic disease that often affects livestock. Identifying plants with inhibitory effects on the development of the parasite could help in finding new natural treatments. This study aimed to evaluate the anticoccidial potentials of extracts from Azadirachta indica leaves (AILs), Combretum micranthum leaves (CMLs), Carica papaya seeds (CPSs), Sarcocephalus latifolius roots (SLRs), and Vernonia amygdalina leaves (VALs). The in vitro anticoccidial efficacy of the extracts was evaluated through oocyst sporulation inhibition and sporozoite viability inhibition assays of Eimeria oocysts. The setup was examined for 72 h (every 24 h) of incubation. The DPPH radical scavenging activity and ferric reducing antioxidant power were used to evaluate the antioxidant potential of the extracts. Among the tested extracts, the SLR, CPS, and AIL extracts exhibited the maximum oocyst sporulation inhibition (75.85 ± 1.21%, 74.53 ± 1.65%, and 71.58 ± 0.24%, respectively) at a concentration of 75 mg/mL of plant extracts against the Eimeria species. The Sarcocephalus latifolius root extract showed the highest radical scavenging capacity (76.25 ± 0.53) and reducing power (86.21 ± 4.28). The biochemical screening of the selected plant extracts revealed the presence of antioxidant compounds such as phenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, and carbohydrates. The SLR extract contained the highest amounts of phenols (56.11 ± 0.33 µg/mL) and flavonoids (36.65 ± 1.85 µg/mL). In conclusion, the selected hydro-ethanolic extracts from these plants possess excellent anticoccidial and antioxidant activities, which can be attributed to the presence of medicinally important phytochemicals. Further research is needed to identify and isolate the active anticoccidial compounds from these plants, which could be utilized in the development of drugs against coccidiosis.

Coconut Water (Cocos nucifera L.) and Yeast (Saccharomy cescerevisiae) Infused With Papaya (Carica papaya Linn.) Seeds and Leaves as an Alternative Surface Disinfectant

This investigation presents an eco-friendly disinfectant formulation, integrating coconut water, yeast, and extracts from papaya seeds and leaves as alternative components. Under the Republic Act No. 6969 or the Toxic Substances and Hazardous and Nuclear Wastes Control Act of 1990, which underscores the imperative to manage toxic substances for environmental protection. This study aims to address ecological concerns associated with traditional disinfectants. Framed within a true experimental design, the research evaluated the efficacy of the disinfectant. The product, composed of a 7:3 ratio of fermented coconut water with yeast, and papaya extracts respectively; underwent rigorous laboratory assessments, including pH levels, solubility, and disinfecting capacity evaluations. The focus of the study pertains to the experimentation of disinfectant concentrations of 70%, 90%, and 100% to determine the optimal concentration for maximum efficacy. Results indicated water solubility, a pH level adequate for microorganism elimination on surfaces, and significant disinfecting capacity, aligned with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) standards. The study implicates the use of 100% pure concentration of the disinfectant, recommends it as a promising alternative for household applications. This research contributes to the discourse on sustainable disinfection practices guided by the United Nation’s Sustainable Development Goals no. 13 – Climate action.

Perbandingan Aktivitas Antibakteri Sediaan Gel dan Spray Ekstrak Etanol Biji Pepaya (Carica papaya L.)

Introduction: Acne is a psychological problem that is most frequently experienced from puberty through maturity. The papaya plant (Carica papaya L.), which has antibacterial activities present in the papaya seeds. The bioactive substances found in papaya seeds, including flavonoids, tannins, saponins, proteins, carbohydrates, tocopherols, and carotenoids, are what provide seeds the antibacterial activities Objective: This research compares the effectiveness of papaya seed ethanol extract against Propionibacterium acnes bacteria in gel and spray dose forms. . Methods: This study is an experimental lab experiment that uses 96% ethanol as a solvent and the maceration method of extraction. Results: The concentration of the gel preparation in this study was 5% (F1)with resistance diameter 15.5, namely strong antibacterial activity, 10% (F2)with an inhibitory diameter of 16.5 mm, which has strong antibacterial activity, dan 15% (F3)with an inhibitory diameter of 15.3 mm, namely strong antibacterial activity, positive control with a diameter of 27.5 mm, namely very strong antibacterial activity. On preparationspray has an inhibition zone of 0 mm, positive control 24 mm and negative control 0 mm. The resulting extract was initially tested for phytochemicals using the tube method to guarantee the quality of the extract. Organoleptic testing, homogeneity, pH, spreadability, and adhesion were among the physical qualities of gel and spray preparations that were assessed.Clindamycin served as the positive control in an antibacterial activity test against Propionibacterium acnes utilizing the well diffusion method on Muller Hinton agar (MHA) media. According to the results of the phytochemical screening, the papaya seed ethanol extract included bioactive substances as alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and tannins. Physical property evaluation produced results that complied with the criteria for the organoleptic, homogeneity, pH, spreadability, and adhesion tests. Conclusion: Based on this research, it can be concluded that the inhibitory power of EEBP in gel preparations is better than in gel preparation spray because the results in the gel preparation category have a stronger average.

The Use of Papaya Seeds (Carica papaya L.) as a Biocoagulant in the Dairy Industry Liquid Waste Treatment Process with the Coagulation-Flocculation Method

Dairy industry discharges wastewater characterized by high values of Total Suspended Solid and turbidity. The waste is commonly processed using chemical coagulants which negatively impact human’s health and the environment. Papaya seeds can be used as a coagulant as their positively charged proteins that can bind the negatively charged particles allowing the resulting floc to settle and clear water to be obtained. The goals of this study are to determine the characteristics of the dairy industry wastewater before and after flocculation coagulation, the characteristics papaya seed biocoagulant, the effect of the biocoagulant’s dosses, particle sizes, and stirring speed on the turbidity and the Total Suspended Solid of the dairy industry wastewater, and the performance of the biocoagulants in processing the dairy industry waste using Sludge Volume Index and Sludge Mass. The treatments applied in this research are in terms of doses (250 mg, 500 mg, and 750 mg), particle sizes (60,120, and 230 mesh), fast stirring speeds (120 rpm, 180rpm, 200 rpm for 1 minute), and slow stirring speeds (10 rpm, 30rpm, and 50 rpm for 20 minutes) all of which were expected to reduce the waste’s turbidity and the number of Total Suspended Solid. This study finds that the treatment with the highest reduction of Total Suspended Solid is D3P3KP2, which decreased turbidity from 754 NTU to 92 NTU. The treatment with the highest reduction of Total Suspended Solid was D3P3KP2 which decrease the Total Suspended Solid from 124 mg/L to 79 mg/L. The performance of the papaya seed biocoagulant of D3P3KP2 treatment is considered good as the acquired highest value of the Sludge Volume Index is 83.13 ml/g and as the procured lowest value of the Sludge Mass is 81.48%.

EFFECT OF CRYO-STORAGE ON STORABILITY OF PAPAYA SEEDS

A fruit crop of significant economic importance, papayas are often propagated from seeds. Based on their freezing injury even at low moisture content, papaya seeds are classified as "intermediate seeds"; and rapid loss of viability in storage is assumed to be the primary cause of poor germination; thus, the development of appropriate technology is necessary to prolong the storability of papaya seeds. One such effective technology for prolonged seed storability is cryo-storage. The purpose of the current study was to investigate how cryostorage affects papaya seed storability. For this investigation, TNAU Papaya variety CO 8 seeds were utilised. Five distinct treatments were applied to the seeds, which were then kept for approximately six months at liquid nitrogen's vapour phase (-140°C). The biochemical parameters such as protein content, free amino acid, total carbohydrates, free sugars, total lipids, and dehydrogenase activity were measured on a monthly basis along with seed germination and seedling vigour in the cryopreserved papaya seeds. Results indicated that papaya seeds that had been vitrified (seeds with a 10% moisture content that had been soaked in loading solution for 20 minutes, then immersed in Plant Vitrification Solution 2 (PVS2) for another 20 minutes, packed in cryovials and kept in cryo-storage at -140°C) compared to papaya seeds that were packed in cloth bags and stored in ambient conditions had higher seed germination, dry matter production and vigour index at six months after storage. In comparison to fresh seeds, the results also showed that, after six months of cryo-storage, biochemical proximate, protein content, total carbohydrate content, total lipid content, and dehydrogenase activity were maintained in the aforementioned treatment with minimum reduction, while electrical conductivity, free amino acid content, and free sugar content gradually increased with the storage period at minimum rate. In crux, vitrified papaya seeds packaged in cryovials and kept in cryo-storage at -140°C preserved their quality for six months, meeting Indian Minimum Seed Certification Standards. This could be useful for storing papaya seeds for longer periods of time. Keywords: Papaya, vitrification, differential scanning calorimetry, liquid nitrogen, cryo-storage

A Quick, High-Yield Biogenic Synthesis of Antibacterial AgNPs (Silver Nanoparticles) via Carica papaya Seeds

Carica papaya seeds were used in this research for the synthesis of AgNPs. The production of silver nanoparticles was characterized using UV–Vis spectroscopy, FTIR, XRD and SEM-EDX analysis. The antibacterial activity of the prepared AgNPs was evaluated by the Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion method with the antibacterial activity of different compounds against Bacillus aerogenes. UV–Vis spectral peaks are found at 8–18 nm. SEM and TEM analysis revealed several spherical structures between 10 nm and 50 nm. XRD analysis also confirmed its 50 nm size. Experimental data revealed that AgNPs inhibited bacterial growth. This study shows that papaya seed extract contributes to the bioreduction and stabilization of the synthesized silver nanoparticles.

Papaya extract as a prebiotic strengthens the inhibitory activity of lactobacillus against the growth of pathogenic bacteria

Abstract The flesh leaves, and seeds of papaya contain carbohydrates and dietary fiber that were suggested capable of being metabolized by intestinal microbiota such as L. casei and L. plantarum to produce beneficial secondary metabolites for body health. The effect of papaya flesh, leaf, and seed extracts on L. plantarum and L. casei growth and the synbiotic effect of papaya flesh extract with L. plantarum on the growing of S. aureus, E. coli, and P. aeruginosa in this study, was investigated. Diffusion of paper discs impregnated with various concentrations of the extract was utilized to determine the bacterial growth zone of L. casei, and solid media to calculate the total bacterial population in co-feeding L. plantarum and P. aeruginosa or with S. aureus and E. coli in the presence of papaya flesh extract to determine its synbiotic effect. All extracts increase the growth of L. casei and L. plantarum bacteria. Synbiotic papaya flesh extract suppresses the bacterial growth of P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, and E. coli in a concentration-dependent manner. It is concluded that papaya is a promising prebiotic source, to strengthen the effect of L. plantarum to inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria.

Effect of Papaya Seeds (Carica papaya) and Gandarusa Leaves (Justicia gendarussa) on the Spermatozoa Quality of Male Mice

Papaya seeds (<em>Carica papaya </em>L<em>.</em>) and gandarusa leaves (<em>Justicia gendarussa </em>Burm.f.) are considered medicinal plants that can be used as natural male contraceptives. Papaya seeds contain alkaloids, triterpenoids, saponins, and papain. Meanwhile, the gandarusa leaves contain flavonoids. These compounds have the function of antifertility for men. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of papaya seeds (<em>Carica papaya </em>L<em>.</em>) ethanol extracts, gandarusa leaves (<em>Justicia gendarussa </em>Burm.f<em>.</em>), and its combination on motility, viability, and morphology of male mice spermatozoa (<em>Mus musculus</em><em>)</em> most effective decrease concentration on motility, viability, and morphology of male mice spermatozoa (<em>Mus musculus</em>). This research was an experimental study. The samples of this study were 18 male mice with a body weight of 20-30 grams, aged 3-5 months, and were divided into six groups. The treatments given were control, papaya seed ethanol extract, gandarusa leaves ethanol extract, and its combinations to concentrations of P1 Na CMC1%, P2 (papaya seed 100mg/kgW), P3 (gandarusa leaf 50mg/kgW), P4 (papaya seed : gandarusa leaf 50:50 mg/kgW), P5 (papaya seed : gandarusa leaf 50:100 mg/ kgW), P6 (papaya seed : gandarusa leaf 100:50 mg/kgW). The extract was given for 35 days. On the 36<sup>th</sup> day, the mice were dissected to take their epididymis to observe the spermatozoa's quality (motility, viability, morphology). Those observations used a light microscope. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and LSD post hoc tests. This study resulted differences in P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, and P6 towards motility, viability, and morphology of spermatozoa (<em>p</em>< 0.05). The conclusion of this study showed that both single and combination ethanol extracts of papaya seeds and gandarusa leaves could reduce the motility, viability, and morphology of spermatozoa of male mice, and the effective dosage in reducing motility, viability, and morphology of spermatozoa is P3 gandarusa leaves 50mg/kgW.

Effect of Growing Media and GA\(_3\) on Germination and Growth of Papaya (Carica papaya L.) c.v. Tiwan-7

A field experiment entitled Effect of growing media and GA3 on germination, growth and establishment of papaya (Carica papaya L.) c.v. Tiwan-7 at the Horticulture Research Farm, Department of Horticulture, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications and 10 (9+1 Control) treatments. The experiment consisted of germination, growth of Papaya. Among the various treatments, application of GA3 @ 150 ppm dipping for 12 hrs. + Soil + Cocopeat + Vermicompost (1:1:1) took shortest days to seed germination (13.15) and germination percentage (85.44 %) respectively. With respect to seedling growth parameters viz. sapling height 38.44 cm at 75 DAS, number of leaves 18.89 at 75 DAS, stem diameter (mm) 7.05 at 75 DAS, leaf area cm2 (51.48 cm2) was obtained best under of GA3 @ 150 ppm dipping for 12hrs. + Soil + Cocopeat + Vermicompost (1:1:1). From the successful germination and development of growth performance of papaya seedlings, it can be concluded that papaya seeds treated with GA3 @ 150 ppm dipping for 12hrs. + Soil + Cocopeat + Vermicompost (1:1:1) significantly increased the various seed germination parameters along with seedling growth parameters as compared to other treatments and hence, termed as best treatment, while the poorest and inferior among all was observed under T0-Control.

Eriochrome Black T dye removal from an aqueous solution using graphene oxide-modified activated carbon materials

ABSTRACT The presence of a toxic anionic dye, like Eriochrome Black T (EBT) in the aquatic environment, is the major cause of water contamination. Considering this, we synthesised activated carbon, (AC) derived from the Carica papaya seeds, which is effective, low-cost, simple to design and with a higher surface area. The prepared materials (GO/AC) will be employed for the efficient removal of toxic EBT dye. The synthesised GO/AC composite was further analysed using FTIR, XRD, FE-SEM, EDX and Raman spectra. The adsorption performance of GO/AC materials towards EBT dye removal was checked through a batch adsorption experiment. Various parameters, including initial dye concentration, contact time, adsorbent dosage, stirring speed and pH, were batch-wise varied for the adsorption experiment. The higher correlation coefficient (R 2 = 0.99) indicated that the Langmuir isotherm model was followed by the experimental data suggesting that the adsorption process is a monolayer. The maximum adsorption capacity of EBT dye was found to be 51.84 mg/g. The pseudo-second-order kinetic model was well-fitted. The thermodynamic study suggested that the adsorption process is endothermic and spontaneous. Furthermore, the desorption efficiency of the GO/AC materials was tested through reusability in five cycles. An adsorption mechanism was also performed for the removal of EBT dye.

Nutritional and therapeutic potentials of Carica papaya Linn. seed: A comprehensive review

The health benefits and nutritional value of pawpaw or papaya (Carica papaya Linn.) are well established. The entire papaya plant—including the leaves, fruit, bark, root, juice, seeds and latex - is used for dietary, medicinal and other purposes. However, papaya seeds are the under-exploited part since they are typically seen as waste after the edible fruits have been processed and consumed. Hence, the aim of this review is to document the nutraceutical and therapeutic potential of Carica papaya seeds with a view of enhancing its prospect in drug development. The following title search criteria were used “Carica papaya” OR “Papaya” OR “Pawpaw OR C. papaya” AND “seed” OR “seed oil”; while “fruits OR leaves OR stem OR root OR juice OR latex” were excluded. The articles used for this research were limited to the original research articles and those written in English Language only. The seeds which are often seen as waste products offer countless possibilities for developing new nutritional supplements and medicines due to the huge vital micronutrients and a variety of secondary metabolites that have been reported to be embedded in them. Papaya seeds contain beneficial phytochemicals such as carotenoids, flavonoids, alkaloids, phytosterols and tocopherols. These substances, have intriguing nutraceutical qualities and are important in the treatment and amelioration of several medical disorders. Benzyl glucosinolates, caricin, fatty acids, crude fibre, carpaine, glucotropaeolin, benzyl isothiocyanate, crude protein, benzyl thiourea, hentriacontane, ß-sitostrol and enzymes (myrosinase and papain) were discovered as nutritional components in papaya seeds. Papaya seeds may be used medicinally as antioxidant, antidiabetic, antiulcerogenic, liver cirrhosis treatment and menstrual cycle modulation.

Evaluation of five medicinal plants for the management of Sitophilus oryzae in stored rice and identification of insecticidal compound

Sitophilus oryzae is a kind of stored grain pest. This is controlled by using natural pesticides, which are more reliable, cost-effective, biodegradable, and eco-friendly than synthetic pesticides. Several plants show different insecticidal activities against various pests on their different parts (leaves, seeds, etc.). In this study, methanolic extracts of Lantana camara (leaves), Carica papaya (seeds), Ricinus communis (leaves), Calotropis gigantea (flowers), and Gliciridia sepium (leaves) were used to identify the best insecticidal activity against the rice weevil by doing mortality tests for one week with four replications under laboratory conditions. Gliciridia sepium leaves showed the highest insecticidal activity (100 ± 0) after seven days, and its extract was fractionated by using column chromatography and yielded 12 fractions. A contact bioassay of each fraction was performed, and fraction-11 showed the highest insecticidal activity against Sitophilus oryzae with a 100 % mortality after four days. Fraction-11 was analyzed by using GC-MS and FT-IR. Results revealed that the major constituent identified in fraction-11 was 4-C-methyl-myo-inositol. Therefore, 4-C-methyl-myo-inositol acts as a natural insecticide against rice weevils.

Comparative Analysis of Natural and Artificial Coagulants

Abstract: Turbidity is the measure of relative clarity of a liquid. It is an optical characteristic of water and is a measurement of the amount of light that is scattered by material in the water when a lightis shined through the water sample. The higher the intensity of scattered light, the higher the turbidity Turbidity in the water creates both aesthetic and health issues. Surface water treatment plants remove particles because they can cause objectionable appearances, tastes, and odour and can interfere with disinfection. A wide range of natural coagulants, such as moringa seeds, banana peel, jatropha curcas, cassava peel starch, watermelon, pawpaw, beans, nirmali seeds, papaya seeds, organic dry hibiscus and okra have been studied previously. Natural coagulants in powder forms are usually added directly to wastewater. The most commonly used inorganic chemical coagulants in water treatment. Aluminium sulfate Al2(SO4)3 is the most commonly used chemical for coagulation in wastewater treatment. Additional commonly used coagulants include sodium aluminate NaAIO₂, ferric sulphate Fe2(SO4)3 and ferric chloride FeCl3.

Aplikasi Tepung Biji Pepaya sebagai Alternatif Obat Herbal dalam Pengendalian Penyakit Cacingan pada Sapi Potong

This research aims to analyze the potential of Papaya Seed Flour as an Alternative to Herbal Deworming Medicine in Controlling Worm Disease in Beef Cattle. The research was carried out in Paseh District, Sumedang Regency in January 2024. This research was carried out experimentally. The sampling technique was carried out using purposive random sampling. This research used bulls, aged around 1-1.5 years. This research uses a Pre-test Post-test Control Group Design. The research sample consisted of 10 penned bulls. Before the cow is given treatment in the form of giving the herbal medicine papaya seed flour (Pre-treatment), the cow's feces are taken to be identified and the number of worm eggs infecting the digestive tract is counted. The treatment given is in the form of administering herbal medicine from papaya seed flour (TBP) at a dose of 5g/head, for 3 consecutive days within a period of one week, then testing feces samples (post-treatment) to test the effectiveness of the herbal medicine in reducing levels of and the number of infecting worms. The test parameters in this study were the number of EPGs before and after administration of TBP and FECR until seven days after treatment ended. The research results showed that Papaya Seed Flour has the potential to be an alternative herbal worm medicine in suppressing the growth of digestive tract worms in cattle significantly (p<0.05) with an FECR value reaching 76.9%.

The use of Carica papaya seeds as bio coagulant for laundry wastewater treatment

The study aims to analyze the effectiveness of wastewater treatment by using Carica papaya seeds as bio coagulants to diminish total suspended solids (TSS) and excess phosphate. This method has some advantages because it does not use chemical materials, is simple to apply, and is safe for the environment and human health. The wastewater samples were taken from an active laundry site in Palembang City, South Sumatra Province of Indonesia. The study found that the best dosage of coagulant was 3 g for the wastewater samples. The pH and BOD parameters showed slight changes after treatment, with pH 7.63–7.19 and 33–27 mg/L values, respectively. The TSS removal efficiency ranged from 9.3 to 15.6%, while the COD and phosphate removals were obtained from 11.7 to 39.3% and 56.3 to 68.4%, respectively. The treated TSS, COD, and phosphate concentrations have met the Indonesian domestic wastewater quality standard and environmental protection organization (EPO) guidelines. In addition, the statistical analysis and t-test showed significant differences (p < 0.05) for before and after treatment data of all parameters. The ANOVA test showed significant differences (p < 0.05) for all parameters among the three treatments. Overall, the study indicated that C. papaya seeds are promising materials that are eco-friendly and useful to treat laundry wastewater.