Careless Behavior Research Articles

Keamanan siber sebagai fondasi pengembangan aplikasi keuangan mobile: Studi literatur mengenai cybercrime dan mitigasinya

This study examines the importance of cybersecurity in mobile financial applications, particularly in the face of rising cybercrime threats. The aim of this research is to provide deeper insights into the significance of cybersecurity in mobile financial apps and to develop approaches that financial companies can adopt to protect their users' data and information. The research employs a qualitative descriptive method using a systematic literature review (SLR) approach. Meta-synthesis analysis is applied to synthesize data from 26 journal articles published between 2019 and 2024. The findings reveal that cybercrime in the financial and FinTech industries is driven by internal factors such as weak security systems, lack of system updates, limited human resource competencies, and careless user behavior. External factors include malware attacks, unclear regulations, and the use of advanced technology. To counter these, it is necessary to implement technologies such as firewalls and blockchain, strong risk management, enhanced network infrastructure, the establishment of cybersecurity teams, the development of clear regulations, and user education to raise awareness and improve cybersecurity. Therefore, the implementation of a comprehensive cybersecurity strategy is crucial in maintaining the integrity and trust of users in mobile financial applications.

The role of personality traits and online behavior in belief in fake news

The current study examines how careless online behavior and personality traits are related to the detection of fake news. We tested the relationships among accurately distinguishing between fake and real news headlines, careless online behavioral tendencies, and the HEXACO and dark triad personality traits. Poorer discernment between fake and real news headlines was associated with greater careless behavior online (i.e., greater online disinhibition, greater risky online behavior, greater engagement with strangers online, and less suspicion of others’ intentions online), as well as lower Conscientiousness, Openness, and Honesty-Humility, and greater dark triad traits. Implications for the literature as well as potential interventions to reduce susceptibility to misinformation and fake news are discussed.

A Study on the Development of Driver Behavior Simulation Dummy for the Performance Evaluation of Driver Monitoring System

Driver monitoring system (DMS) was mainly developed to prevent accident risks by analyzing facial movements related to drowsiness and carelessness in real time such as driver’s gaze, blink, and head angle through cameras and warning the driver. Recently, the scope has been expanded to monitor passengers, and it has been linked to safety functions such as neglecting children, empty seats, or controlling airbags on seats with people under safety weight. However, evaluation research for algorithm advancement and performance optimization is relatively insufficient. In addition, the verification system is facing limitations such as personal information protection problems caused by the subject’s face data, errors in reproducing the subject’s drowsy and careless behavior, and differences in behavior according to individual differences. Therefore, as the importance of traffic safety is emphasized, an evaluation tool that can more efficiently and systematically evaluate the performance of DMS is needed. In this study, a driver behavior simulation dummy was developed that can quantitatively control the movement of the driver’s face and upper body. The driver behavior simulation dummy was developed in three stages in the order of function and specification definition, design and manufacture according to specifications, and verification through error tests for each function.

Identifying Dynamic Shifts to Careless and Insufficient Effort Behavior in Questionnaire Responses; a Novel Approach and Experimental Validation

Careless and insufficient effort responding (C/IER) is a situation where participants respond to survey instruments without considering the item content. This phenomena adds noise to data leading to erroneous inference. There are multiple approaches to identifying and accounting for C/IER in survey settings, of these approaches the best performing are model based classification techniques. Classic approaches to accounting for C/IER treat it as a person level phenomena. They first use some method to identify participants who exhibit C/IER, then use list-wise deletion to remove them prior to analysis. We argue that C/IER is actually a state that participants may exhibit for a portion of a survey instrument. In other words, participants start a survey with the intention to follow instructions, but at some point transition to a C/IER state and no longer respond in line with item contents. Accounting for C/IER at the item level, as opposed to the person level preserves data resulting in increased power. In this article we present a Bayesian Dynamic Latent Class Structural Equation Modeling (DLCSEM) approach for simultaneously accounting for C/IER at the item level and estimating a model of interest. We use a simulation study to establish the approaches performance under empirically relevant conditions and to compare it to other methods. We then conducted an experimental validation in which we induce C/IER like responses from human subjects and investigate the approaches ability to identify the point in which participants transition to a C/IER state. We also compare the model to existing approaches. In both the simulation and experimental validation the DLCSEM outperforms the alternative approaches. We conclude that the approach should be used by applied researchers for the pragmatic benefits of the method. Conclusions, limitations, and future directions are discussed.

Predicting individuals’ behaviors during a pandemic: why we might have acted as we did during the COVID-19 pandemic

BackgroundThis study examined individual differences in how people behave in response to a pandemic – more specifically, the current coronavirus pandemic.Participants and procedureA sample of 420 participants was recruited through the online data collection platform MTurk. Participants were directed via an online link to a Qualtrics survey. This survey was composed of several demographic questions and self-report personality and belief scales, followed by a set of outcome measures designed to measure specific behaviors relating to avoidant behavior, protective behavior, and impulsive buying which the participants might, or might not, have engaged in during the COVID-19 pandemic.ResultsThe results showed that locus of control was the best personality-related predictor of peoples’ pandemic-relevant behavior, such that externally oriented people were more likely to report both protective behavior and impulsive buying behavior. In addition, perceived threat was significantly associated with all three types of pandemic-relevant behaviors (avoidant, protective, and impulsive buying).ConclusionsIndividuals’ personality traits and beliefs clearly play a major role in determining their behavior during health crises. In the case of the current COVID-19 crisis, some people adopt behaviors that ensure their safety and the safety of others, whereas other people display careless behaviors that contribute to spreading the infection. Because individual differences in this situation matter, it is important to determine which variables accurately predict which behaviors.

ПСИХОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ ПОВЕДЕНИЯ И ФИЗИОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ РЕАКЦИИ ДЕТЕЙ ПРИ ПОЖАРЕ

The article presents an analysis of the psychological characteristics of behavior and physiological reactions of children in a fire. Statistics on the number of fires and deaths of children from them in the Russian Federation are given. Some signs of post-traumatic stress disorder in children arising after a fire are considered. It is determined that the main causes of death of children are their careless behavior and inability to act correctly in case of fire. It is proposed to pay more attention to preventive work on teaching children fire safety rules, with the mandatory inclusion of practical classes on fire actions in the programs of children's institutions

Factors Leading Students to Academic Dishonesty on the University Level in Pakistan

This research aimed to investigate the reasons behind academic dishonesty among postgraduate students at the University of Agriculture Faisalabad in Pakistan. A total of 105 students were randomly selected from the Faculty of Social Sciences for this study. Data was collected using a reliable and validated questionnaire, and the analysis was carried out using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). The results of the study revealed several factors contributing to learning difficulties, which in turn led to academic dishonesty. These factors included the fear of failure, lack of interest in studies, lower retention ability, difficulty speaking and writing English, fear of teachers, and language barriers. Personal factors like time management, daydreaming, laziness, parental pressure, low motivation from family, financial problems, and lower work morale had impacts on students. Behavioural factors such as deviation from targets, habits of sadness, careless behaviour, unethical behaviour, excessive anger, abuse and addiction, considering work or study as a burden and irrelevant teaching methodologies contributed to academic dishonesty. Teaching and social factors such as lack of teaching skills, communication barriers, overloading students with subject matter, sense of competition, social rejection and social injustice were also influential. This study suggested implementing strict and corrective measures, including raising awareness among teachers, students, and institutions to address and overcome academic dishonesty.

Reasons for the increase in cyber attacks: analysis of technical and non-technical factors

This article presents an analysis of both technical and non-technical factors contributing to the growth in volume and diversity of cyber attacks. Social interaction on the Internet contributes to the increased frequency of cyber attacks and exacerbates destructive consequences that extend beyond technical aspects, impacting societal and personal realms. Software errors, vulnerabilities, and deficiencies in network protocols pose a persistent security threat, particularly amidst the rising number of connected devices and the complexity of managing critical systems. The dynamic nature of attacks and evolving penetration methods make cyber threats highly adaptable to the conditions of the modern network environment.Furthermore, the expanded use of social media and the virtualization of social life bring increased comfort but also provide fertile ground for cyber attacks, amplifying the volume of accessible information for potential malicious actors. The heightened technical proficiency of attackers equips them with new tools for breaching digital security. Concurrently, inadequate awareness and careless user behavior online jeopardize the protection of personal and confidential data.This work demonstrates that cyber risks escalate due to both ongoing technological changes and human actions. Understanding the dynamics of these factors becomes critically important for developing more effective measures to safeguard the digital environment.

Shark Diving Tourism Experiences: Perspectives from Professionals and Tourists to Improve Management

Shark diving tourism is an industry potentially contributing to shark conservation while supporting economies worldwide. Managing experiences in shark diving tourism is essential to guarantee the sustainability of this industry and the safety of people and sharks. In this context, investigations of what constitutes positive and negative shark diving experiences are necessary to steer management. This qualitative study assessed the perspectives of tourists and professionals (N = 55) concerning positive and negative experiences characterizing shark diving tourism. The study focused on Southern Africa, including four shark diving locations in South Africa and Mozambique. The thematic analysis of participants’ responses to a semi‐structured interview revealed that positive experiences in shark diving tourism include responsible dive operations, edifying experiences, and quality dive sites, while negative experiences include declining natural features and careless behavior from stakeholders. Taking into account the limitations of this study, the results highlight the importance of ethically sound operational management in shark diving, as well as education, to steer the growth of shark diving tourism as a sustainable industry. Additionally, the results offer guidelines for ensuring positive experiences in shark diving tourism that can support shark conservation while counteracting negative public opinions of sharks.

Mode, Pattern and Precipitating factors of Acute Poisoning in a Southern District Hospital in Bangladesh

Acute poisoning is common in Bangladesh and causes a significant number of hospital admissions. That causes anumber of mortality, morbidity as well as increases the economic burden in health care system. But it can beprevented. For that it is necessary to observe and study the poisoning related factors and events around the country.So, the aim of our study is to find out and describe the mode, pattern and precipitating factors of poisoning in asouthern district hospital. This cross-sectional observational study was done in the department of Medicine ofPirojpur District Hospital, from January to December 2020. The study was conducted among 100 patients of bothgenders those were hospitalized with the history of poisoning. In the study young people (40% in 14-25 years and37% in 26-35 years) were predominantly affected and 61% were female. Suicidal attempt was the commonest(74;74%) mode of poisoning that mostly caused by pesticides. Stupefying mode was observed in case of 15(15%)male travelers as street poisoning. Highest number of poisoning (45;45%) was caused by pesticides. The sedative(14;14%), copper sulphate (11;11%) and harpic (5;5%) poisoning was observed mostly as a suicidal mode. Historyof savlon (4;4%) and Kerosene (2;2%) poisoning was found as an accidental mode. As a recreational mode two malewere admitted with alcohol poisoning. Considering the precipitating factor, maximum cases (54;54%) had the historyof unsatisfactory family events. Street poisoning (15;15%) was precipitated by the careless behavior of travelers.Accidental poisoning (9,9%) was invited by unmindful and hurried attitude. Problem related to love and affair wasobserved in 8(8%) cases. Study and examination result precipitated poisoning in 7(7%) cases. History of job andincome dissatisfaction was found in 4(4%) cases. So those factors related with the poisoning should be considered.That will help to make a comprehensive strategy in order to resist these preventable events. Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Med. Coll. J. 2022;1(1):85-89

The prevalence of careless response behaviour and its consequences on data quality in self-report questionnaires on student learning

IntroductionSelf-report questionnaires are widely used in high schools and universities to gain insights into students’ learning strategies and enhance the quality of their education. However, it is important to acknowledge the possibility of respondents being inattentive when completing these questionnaires. While reliability analyses are typically performed at the group level, when providing individual feedback, it is crucial that each respondent’s results are reliable. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of careless response behaviour in a questionnaire concerning student learning.MethodsData analysis encompassed a substantial sample of 12,000+ students in their final two years of secondary education, averaging around 17 years of age. Employing five complementary detection techniques, the study identified instances of careless responding present in the questionnaire data.ResultsOur results underscore a notable prevalence of careless response behaviour among the surveyed students. Application of the five detection techniques revealed a substantial number of instances indicating inattentive responding. Furthermore, the questionnaire’s measurement scales were evaluated for reliability. The study noted the presence of carelessness but observed minimal impact on group-level results.DiscussionThe outcomes of this study hold important implications for using self-report questionnaires in education. The prevalence of careless responding emphasizes the need for scrutinizing individual responses. Despite careless responses, their influence on overall group-level data integrity seems restricted. Nonetheless, the study underscores the importance of cautiously interpreting individual-level outcomes, particularly when using these results for individual feedback.

"It Happened to Me and It's Serious": Conditional Indirect Effects of Infection Severity Narrated in Testimonial Tweets on COVID-19 Prevention.

The health crisis caused by COVID-19 resulted in societal breakdowns around the world. Our research is based on determining which features of testimonial messages are most relevant in increasing persuasive impact. An online experiment with a 2 (severity infection narrative: low vs. high) × 2 (infection target: narrative's protagonist vs. protagonist's father) between-subject factorial design was carried out. Young people between 18 and 28 years (N = 278) were randomly assigned to one of the four experimental conditions, where they were asked to read a narrative message in the form of a Twitter thread describing a COVID-19 infection (with mild or severe symptoms) that affected either the protagonist of the message (a 23-year-old young person) or their father. After reading the narrative message, the mediating and dependent variables were evaluated. A message describing a severe COVID-19 infection affecting their protagonist to increase the perception of personal risk increased the persuasive impact through an increase in cognitive elaboration and a reduction in reactance. Our study highlights that creating persuasive messages based on social media targeted at young people that describe a careless behavior resulting in a severe COVID-19 infection can be an appropriate strategy for designing prevention campaigns.

Postmodernizm, COVID-19 Pandemisi ve Hemşirelerin Yaşamı:Bireysel Haklar ve Sosyal Sorumlulukların Sınırları:Sistematik Derleme

Postmodernism paradigms have improved nursing knowledge, at least in research and theory development. However, after the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, we realized some crucial negative elements of postmodernism, like leaving preventive measures and vaccination to individuals'' decisions, which may endanger nurses' and medical staff's lives. During the pandemic, nurses were dissatisfied with the authorities'' poor performance in providing facilities, equipment, medication, vaccines, and legislation of effective primary prevention measures. Also, they were disappointed with peoples' careless behavior in wearing masks, keeping social distance, and avoiding crowdings. COVID-19 also revealed the differences in perception of individual rights and social responsibility, which may profoundly affect the lives of people and health workers. Balancing individual rights and social responsibility is crucial in a community of individuals of different backgrounds, orientations, and interests. The dominant paradigm of postmodernism among some nations and politicians postponed decision-making regarding prevention measures or even their necessity which cost thousands of lives, including the lives of nurses and doctors. Leaving the use of personal protective equipment, holding meetings, and vaccination to the will of people were all in light of postmodernist thoughts that say no one has the right to restrict others' freedom. The health staff expects policymakers to meet their concerns and back them up by passing laws balancing individual rights and social responsibility. This article aimed to open a novel discussion around the impact of postmodernist thoughts on the safety and life of nurses and medical staff during the pandemics and their expectations from lawmakers for future confrontations.

Роль родинного виховання у формуванні культури безпеки дорожнього руху, як чинника підвищення безпеки пішоходів

One of the main reasons for the high level of accidents in Ukraine is the low discipline of road users such as pedestrians. Sometimes their behavior is a struggle for an undesirable attitude to elementary traffic rules. Basically, such careless behavior can be observed among young people. Their recklessness and carelessness, both on the streets and on the roads, lead to tragic consequences. Among the two types of dangers that lead to traffic accidents namely the behavioral dangers depend on the traffic culture formed in a certain social environment. The formation of the appropriate level of road users’ culture requires the provision of conditions in the family, in the educational institution, in the workplace, as well as the corresponding socio-economic policy of the state regarding positive effect of safety on the streets and roads. The survey of students shows that only 40% of the respondents are aware of personal responsibility for their own safety. The study revealed that pedestrians’ low level of awareness of their personal responsibility for own safety requires changes in the formation of general safety culture and, accordingly, a road safety culture. Therefore, it is important to encourage young people to take responsibility for their own actions in matters of safety, and the role of family education has a direct impact on the formation of their road safety culture. The main emphasis in the education of children and youth should be on encouraging them to take responsibility for their own actions in any undertaking, and most importantly in matters of safety, in particular, by the parents’ own examples, their consistency in the system of teaching-requirements to the child-own actions. Keywords: pedestrian crossing, pedestrian, traffic safety culture, family education, traffic accident, responsibility.

An Exponentially Weighted Moving Average Procedure for Detecting Back Random Responding Behavior

AbstractBack random responding (BRR) behavior is one of the commonly observed careless response behaviors. Accurately detecting BRR behavior can improve test validities. Yu and Cheng (2019) showed that the change point analysis (CPA) procedure based on weighted residual (CPA‐WR) performed well in detecting BRR. Compared with the CPA procedure, the exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA) obtains more detailed information. This study equipped the weighted residual statistic with EWMA, and proposed the EWMA‐WR method to detect BRR. To make the critical values adaptive to the ability levels, this study proposed the Monte Carlo simulation with ability stratification (MC‐stratification) method for calculating critical values. Compared to the original Monte Carlo simulation (MC) method, the newly proposed MC‐stratification method generated a larger number of satisfactory results. The performances of CPA‐WR and EWMA‐WR were evaluated under different conditions that varied in the test lengths, abnormal proportions, critical values and smoothing constants used in the EWMA‐WR method. The results showed that EWMA‐WR was more powerful than CPA‐WR in detecting BRR. Moreover, an empirical study was conducted to illustrate the utility of EWMA‐WR for detecting BRR.

Careless Response Processes are Heterogeneous: Comment on Goldammer et al. (2020)

Goldammer et al. (2020) examined the performance of careless response detection indices by experimentally manipulating survey instructions to induce careless responding, then compared the ability of various indices to detect these induced careless responses. Based on these analyses, Goldammer et al. concluded that metrics designed to detect overly consistent response patters (i.e. longstring and IRV) were ineffective. In this comment, we critique this conclusion by highlighting critical problems with the experimental manipulation used. Specifically, Goldammer et al.’s manipulations only encouraged overly inconsistent, or random, responding and thus did not induce the full range of behavior that is present in natural careless responding. As such, it is unsurprising that metrics designed to detect overly consistent responding appeared to be ineffective. Because the full range of careless behavior was not induced, Goldammer et al.’s study cannot address the utility of longstring or other consistency metrics. We offer recommendations for alternative experimental manipulations that may produce more naturalistic and diverse careless responding.

Would I Lie to You? Using Markov Chains to Detect Careless Responding in Survey Data

Although careless response behaviors by survey participants bear considerable threats to the quality of the data, scholars often do not sufficiently address this issue in their analyses. This might be partially because existing approaches to detect careless responding are specialized to detect a certain type of careless response patterns, but fail to detect others. We develop a post-hoc measure, the Lazy Respondents (Laz.R) index, that is based on first-order Markov chains and the idea that careless respondents’ last response can be used to predict their next response. Using large, publicly available datasets to compare our Laz.R index to the most common precautionary and post-hoc measures, we find that (1) the Laz.R index correctly identifies patterns of careless respondents that some or all of the other indices overlook and (2) the Laz.R index avoids false positives (i.e., patterns that are flagged by single other indices, but which seem to capture truthful answering behavior). Furthermore, we suggest an approach to find a sample-specific cutoff value for careless respondents via kneedle algorithm. Finally, we introduce an R Shiny application that provides scholars a simple and readily available means to implement the Laz.R index.

‘장애’ 레이블링에 대한 특수교육학적 담론

Labelling refers to meaning-building activity of deviating an object by putting a negative tag on a person, action, or event. Labeling in special education is a diagnosis name to select persons with special education needs and has the advantage of briefly explaining the same characteristics in the administrative aspect. However, it is worried that the term, ‘intellectual disability’ or ‘persons with disabilities’ may be perceived as ‘labelling’ or ‘stigma’. This study analyzed a case of ‘intellectual disability’ labelling in AAIDD and the meaning of disability labelling written in ‘World(世界)’, Japanese magazine, ‘Pinocchio’, a novel for children, and ‘Unmanned Police’, SF novel. For the case of ‘intellectual disability’ labelling in AAIDD, this study examined twelve-time changes of the term, ‘intellectual disability’ for 100 years from the first edition of 1912 to the 12th edition of 2021 and the meaning of special education in ‘intellectual disability’ labelling inherent in the other side of changes in the definition of intellectual disability. For the case of ‘disability’ labelling case in Japan, debate on ‘disability’ labelling of ‘World’ and the meaning of ‘visible discrimination’ and ‘invisible discrimination’ of ‘disability’ labelling inherent in ‘Pinocchio’, a novel for children, and ‘Unmanned Police’, SF novel was analyzed in the view of special education. These two cases suggest that discrimination caused by disability labelling begins with a failure to perceive in our society that does not treat different things differently. It means that the cause for discrimination is not in individual’s ‘disability’ but in all kinds of regulations and cultural limitations. It is because ‘disability’ is not a simple phenomenon that can be viewed accurately and clearly. The ‘classification’, ‘categorization’, and ‘typicalization’ of disability without sufficient reflection can be unfair and careless behavior.

California in Flames: A Literature Review on the Causes and Effects of Wildfires

Throughout the hot and arid months, (May - September) anthropogenic impacts are causing wildfires to spread immensely in California and are inflicting devastating damage on the surrounding environment. Normally, naturally occurring fires are one of the best things that could help stabilize forest ecosystems. However, human impacts on the environment, ranging from increased fossil fuel consumption to growing logging industries have caused wildfires to spiral out of control. When the natural biosphere gets thrown out of balance, mass death and loss of biodiversity follows. This decrease in biodiversity could cascade into the extinctions of thousands of flora and fauna species across the West Coast. With the world's population increasing and more stress being put on natural resources, there is a growing fear that humans will eventually destroy the ancient forest biomes if no steps are taken to end the plague of wildfires. Currently, the techniques used to help control wildfires are not enough to stop them from causing massive damage to California’s biosphere. Messy cleanups after logging operations and other careless human behavior are still the biggest reasons behind preventable wildfires. If the climate crisis and other human activities are not addressed immediately, the state could lose its most species-rich areas forever.

ОСОБЕННОСТИ БЕЗОПАСНОГО ПОВЕДЕНИЯ ПОДРОСТКОВ С НАРУШЕНИЯМИ ИНТЕЛЛЕКТУАЛЬНОГО РАЗВИТИЯ (ПО РЕЗУЛЬТАТАМ ОЦЕНКИ РОДИТЕЛЕЙ)

Relevance. Children’s safe behaviour is one of the conditions for keeping them safe and sound, healthy and socially integrated, as this is the top-priority objective of the contemporary society. Teenagers are one of the most vulnerable age groups. Th ey are frequently endangered because they show higher rates of careless behaviour. Teenagers with impaired intellectual development having this behavioural tendency cause a lot of concern in both their parents and the entire community. Objective. Th e research is aimed at studying safe behaviour in teenagers with unimpaired and impaired intelligenge. Th e research aims to defi ne peculiarities and diff erences in these teenage groups in situations that appear threatening to their lives, heath or social well-beingMethodology. Th e study involved 109 parents of teenagers aged 12–15. 46 parents are parents of children with unimpaired intellectual development (19 girls and 27 boys). 63 parents had teenage children with impaired intellectual development (35 boys and 28 girls). A questionnaire was off ered. Results. Th e researchers arranged a poll among the parents and obtained data on how safe behaviour is formed in teenagers with impaired intellectual development compared to their peers with unimpaired intelligence. Th e fi ndings show diff erence in behavioural patterns of teenagers with impaired and unimpaired intelligence in such situations as crossing a street, handling electric appliances and sharp cutting tools, acting during outdoor leisure and using gadgets. Additionally, the study defi ned gender diff erences in teenage boys’ and girls’ behavioural patterns when facing dangerous dogs, arguing or fi ghting and even during outdoor leisure. Conclusions. Th e fi ndings reveal the justifi cation basis for diff erent approaches to how to form the culture of safe behaviour in teenagers, if they have or do not have impaired intellectual development or if they belong to diff erent sexes.