Care Baby Research Articles

Study of Infant Health Care using IoT Devices:Future Scope and Challenges

The IoT is quickly emerging as the most revolutionary exciting technology available today. It is a computer procedure in which sensors are used to create or support communication. IoT has become particularly effective in the healthcare sector in recent years, helping to raise the standard of patient care. Giving every member health help is crucial because health problems are becoming more prevalent. Due to their hectic lives, people today often neglect to take care of their health. Some individuals don't even care for their health. The patient's digital identification has been maintained by the healthcare system, which only recently began to communicate with IoT devices. Because mobile apps have increased doctor-patient communication, IoT in healthcare has been increasingly effective in recent years. Companies create these apps so that doctors can keep tabs on their patients' health. If any problems emerge, the doctor approaches the patient and provides the necessary treatment. Parents' top worry is that their children will pass away at any moment; hence this thesis lays a specific emphasis on neonatal healthcare.Therefore, the traditional approaches to baby care are first explored in this thesis. The patient's health can then be monitored using an experimental setup that is then designed and put into action. A commercial product that continuously monitors a baby's heartbeat, oxygen levelsand sleeping position has been found during this evaluation. If the infant has any issues, the information will get to the smartphone application, which was developed by a company and sold. The recorded data is then examined by conducting a sample field test on a baby. The mobile device receives data after analysis, and with help of a base station, processes it.

Literature Review on Consumer Perception and Buying Behaviour on Baby Care Products

Purpose: Different behaviours have had a significant impact on how people shop and consume. The goal of this study is to understand consumer purchasing habits and to pinpoint the variables that affect parents' decisions to buy baby care goods. There is a shortage of knowledge regarding how consumers perceive and what factors influence customers' purchasing decisions for baby care items. Design/Methodology: Studies, case studies, journal articles, reviews and variety of research papers serve as secondary sources for the research. Findings: Research study reflects that, nurturing a baby is the most challenging stage of life since it requires an awareness of the requirements of a baby's body to promote the healthy growth of both physical and mental state. As far as the baby products are concerned parents become more responsible while taking the right decisions so that their children are safe and secure. Parents in India are becoming more brand savvy and informed and they favour high-quality goods. Originality/value: This is done in order to comprehend how people and families act when they purchase a product. This is an effort to discover and investigate what consumer activities and behaviors result in a product purchase. India's market for baby care goods is growing and changing over time as a result of changing consumer tastes, rising incomes, and a growth in the proportion of working women. Paper Type: Review Paper

Medical Pluralism and Cultural Practices Associated with Umbilical Cord-Care in Rural Communities in Zimbabwe

This study explores how Traditional Birth Attendants (TBAs) in rural Zimbabwe care for babies’ umbilical cords, examining cultural practices associated with umbilical cord care. This study relies on a qualitative interpretive approach, guided by symbolic interactionist theory, involving 16 Key Informant Interviews (KIIs). The respondents were de jure (trained) and de facto (untrained) TBAs in Mawadza village in Mutasa District in Manicaland, Zimbabwe. The data from the KIIs were analysed using the framework analysis method. Umbilical cord care is embedded in cultural practices and symbolic meanings. There are various local substances, such as cooking oil, petroleum jelly, local herbs, mothers’ breast milk and vaginal discharge as well as pet (cat and chicken) dung, used for cord care. Many of the substances are harmful and associated with a high risk of child morbidity and mortality in the study area. Only a few TBAs revealed that they used bio-medically recommended substances. The finding suggests that the risks associated with harmful umbilical cord care methods are high in the study communities. This points to the need to strengthen concerted initiatives to improve universal access to modern postnatal healthcare to reduce neonatal mortality..

Neonatal Care Needs of Newborn Mothers in the Postpartum Period: A Phenomenological Study

Objectives: The aim of this study is to determine what practices and how mothers do after birth for baby care and to evaluate their needs in this regard. Methods: The study was conducted qualitatively phenomenological. The sample consisted of 19 mothers who gave birth in Burdur Province Bucak State Hospital between February 2022 and June 2022 and were discharged with their baby, who agreed to be interviewed. The discharged mothers were contacted by phone and an appointment was made. Data were collected by interviewing online with a semi-structured interview form developed by the researchers. Qualitative data obtained during the research were analyzed using descriptive analysis method and sociodemographic information was analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results: In the study, three frameworks were determined, namely, practices for postnatal baby care, baby feeding practices, safety practices, and hygienic care practices. All of the mothers gave breast milk to their babies and expressed that breast milk was beneficial. The most important care problems experienced in the first week after discharge were determined as "cracks in the mother's breast and diaper rash in the baby's diaper area". As a basic education, they wanted to take bath education. Conclusion: As a result of the interviews, mothers; breast-feeding, burping the baby, taking care of the baby and taking a bath. It was determined that mothers may need breastfeeding support, sub-care of the baby and understanding the danger signs of the baby in the first week after discharge.

The Influence of Baby Massage on the Sleep Quality of Babies Aged 6-7 Months in Percut Village in 2021

<div><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="left"><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><p><em>Sleep disorders in babies are a form of problems faced by parents. Baby massage is an alternative effort to help relieve muscle tension so that the baby calms down and falls asleep. This study aims to determine whether there is an effect of infant massage on sleep quality in infants aged 6-7 months in Percut Village, Percut Sei Tuan District, Deli Serdang Regency. This study used an experimental analytic method without a control group using a pre-test and post-test one group design. This research was conducted in Percut Village, Percut Sei Tuan District, Deli Serdang Regency, North Sumatra Province, Indonesia. When this research was carried out from March 2021 to July 2021. The sampling technique in this study used total sampling, namely by using the entire population as a research sample of 30 babies. The research instrument uses a data collection tool in the form of a questionnaire. Data analysis used the Paired Sample T-Test using a computer device, namely Statistical Package For The Social Science (SPSS 16). The results of the study are that there is a significant effect between baby massage on the sleep quality of babies aged 6-7 months in Percut Village, Percut Sei Tuan District, Deli Serdang Regency, with p-value = <0.001 (α<0.05). Based on these results, it is recommended for health service workers to motivate parents to massage their babies regularly, especially for nurses to be more professional and skilled in the field of baby care and increase collaboration with other medical personnel in carrying out health education among the wider community about the benefits of baby massage. on sleep quality in infants.</em></p><p><em><br /></em></p></td></tr></tbody></table></div><strong><em>Keywords : Baby Massage, Infant, Sleep Quality</em></strong>

Effect Of Baby Massage On Gross Motor Development In Infants Aged 0-12 Months In Maharani Baby Care Girimarto Wonogiri


 
 
 
 Background: Problem of developmental delays in Indonesia is still very much, even though the program to improve the quality of children is one of the government's priorities. About 30% of infants experience delays in gross motor skills. Lack of stimulation early in a child's life will stunt their emotional, social, physical and cognitive development. The problem that occurs today is that most mothers who have given birth do not massage their babies. The reason is because they don't know how to do baby massage, the benefits of baby massage and the fear of problems with the baby if the massage is wrong.
 
 
 
 
 Objective: This study aims to determine the effect of baby massage on gross motor development in infants aged 0-12 months at Maharani Baby Care, Girimarto Wonogiri.
 
 
 
 
 Methods: This research is a quantitative pre-experimental design study with a one group pretest-posttest design approach. The sampling technique used was probability sampling with a proportionate stratified random sampling technique with a sample of 53 infants. The research instrument used the DDST sheet. The data analysis technique used was Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test with significance level of 0.05 .
 
 
 
 
 Results: The results of statistical tests with the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test, obtained a Z value of 5.196 with a probability value (p value) = 0.000, where p value (0.000) < 0.05, these results indicate that there is a significant effect between baby massage and gross motor development. for infants aged 0-12 months at Maharani Baby Care, Girimarto Wonogiri.
 
 
 
 
 Conclusion: There is an effect between baby massage and gross motor development in infants aged 0-12 months at Maharani Baby Care, Girimarto Wonogiri.
 
 Keywords : Baby massage, gross motor development, baby.
 
 
 
 

EFFECT OF PAD WARM FOR PREVENTION HYPOTHERMIA IN NEWBORN AT THE HOUSEHOLD LEVEL AT KABUPATEN KARAWANG

Background: The body temperature of newborns is very vulnerable to changes in room temperature, especially during the first day of birth and the neonatal period. Baby care has an important role in ensuring the stability of body temperature during the adaptation period. Prevention of hypothermia in newborns aims to maintain a stable body temperature by avoiding exposure to cold and wind. Most parachute materials contain plastic, the basic ingredients of which are polyester, which have the properties of a waterproof and heat-resistant material, often used as a material for warm jackets in cold climates because of its ability to withstand the wind. Research objective: to determine the effect of a Padwarm or warm sleeping bag in preventing hypothermia in normal newborns. Method: this type of research is Quasy Experiment with the design "One group pre test-post test design" the study sample is 35 normal newborns. The sampling technique is accidental sampling, the analytical test used is the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test. Results: there is a significant difference between before using Padwarm and after using Padwarm where the average temperature before use was 36.26°C; 95% CI (36.21 -36.31) and the average temperature after use was 36.709°C; 95% CI ( 36.652 -36.765) p value of 0.000. Suggestion: Padwarm warm sleeping bags can be an alternative choice for baby sleeping bags in early neonates.

Proximal Focal Femoral Deficiency: Prenatal Diagnosis of a Rare Congenital Skeletal Anomaly

A rare case of proximal focal femoral deficiency (PFFD) is presented due to concerns for a short fetal femur. A 32-year-old patient (G3P2002) was reviewed at 37 weeks of gestation. Sonography revealed an appropriately maturing female fetus, with a left femoral diaphyseal length of 36.1 mm (<1st percentile), while the right measured 71.4 mm (35th percentile). The proximal epiphysis, head, and trochanter of the left fetal femur were absent on 3D sonography, with significant overlap of the femur on the pubic bone. At delivery, the baby weighed 3240 g, with a lower limb-length discrepancy of 56 mm. A radiograph confirmed left-sided hypoplastic proximal femur, absent femoral head, and a poorly formed acetabulum. The baby was conservatively managed, with plans for possible surgery and limb prosthesis. A high index of suspicion and capacity building to facilitate prenatal diagnosis are essential for optimal care of babies with PFFD.

The role of children's hospices in perinatal palliative care and advance care planning: The results of a national British survey.

Perinatal palliative care services are increasingly available globally, offering a range of clinical and psychological support services to families during pregnancy, in the neonatal period and following the death of a baby with a life-limiting or life-threatening condition. Little is understood about the role of children's hospice care and how it contributes to effective perinatal palliative care. The study aims to answer the question "what is the role of children's hospices in the provision of perinatal palliative care and advance care planning in the United Kingdom?" An electronic survey was sent to all 54 children's hospices in the United Kingdom between May and June 2022. Thirty hospices responded, representing 54% of the sector. All regions of all four counties are represented. Numbers of referrals to hospices for perinatal palliative care have increased significantly over the last 5 years. Hospices provide a range of services for families and babies, usually from the point of diagnosis or recognition of a life-limiting or life-threatening condition, underpinned with counseling and emotional support. Hospices worked with a range of professionals and services, most commonly fetal medicine and neonatal services. Advance care plans were an important element of effective perinatal palliative care, strengthening parent-professional and interprofessional relationships. Children's hospice services play an important and growing role in the perinatal care of babies and families following the diagnosis or recognition of a life-limiting or life-threatening condition. The family-centered approach to care, from a broad, biopsychosocial perspective means that hospices make a unique and meaningful contribution to both the clinical and psychological needs of families. The family-centered approach to care, from a broad, biopsychosocial perspective means that hospices make an important contribution to both the clinical needs of babies, and psychological needs of families antenatally, in the neonatal period and after death.

Does Kangaroo Care Have an Effect on Transition Time from Gavage Feeding to Full Oral Feeding in Premature Babies?

Kangaroo care is a safe and effective alternative method to conventional neonatal care for newborn babies. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of kangaroo care on the transition time to full oral feeding in preterm infants fed by gavage. This is a randomized controlled trial. This study was conducted in a level III neonatal intensive care unit of a university hospital in eastern Turkey 50 premature babies with a birth weight of≥1000 g and a gestational age of 27-36 weeks, and their mothers were included in the study. The cases were randomly divided into two groups: kangaroo care, which would be applied up to five days a week, and standard care. Records of cases were kept regularly from their hospitalization until they reached full oral feeding. Premature babies in the kangaroo care group reached full oral feeding at 29.20±8.06 days after birth, while babies in the standard care group reached full oral feeding at 44.60±21.90 days. The transition period from gavage feeding to reaching full oral feeding was 13.60±6.83 days in the kangaroo care group, and 22.10±7.38 days in the standard care group. The difference was statistically significant (p=0.007). Kangaroo care is an effective method to reduce the transition time from gavage feeding to full oral feeding for premature babies.

PEGASE Program: Identification of babies in the child protection system at risk of developmental delays or disorders and the implementation of a ‘supra‐optimal’ care pathway

AbstractThe importance of the first three years of life for children's development and the consequences for their general health in adulthood have been widely documented in the international literature, including the benefits of early identification and intervention programs. Additionally, convergent research has highlighted wide‐ranging negative trajectories attributable to both the short and long‐term consequences of abuse and neglect and their neurobiological impact on health and development. However, formal identification processes and the use of standardised screening tools in child protection remain relatively rare despite the potential societal impact of child maltreatment in terms of public and economic health. Moreover, delays between the initial identification of mental health problems and health and developmental disorders, and the introduction of appropriate interventions persist. Abused and neglected infants risk an exacerbation of the consequences of early maltreatment due to insufficient access to prompt assessment and treatment, including appropriate responses to their health needs.The aim of this article is to present the PEGASE program, an innovative French program for very young children in care, which is modelled on the care of premature babies. By setting up an early care pathway, it aims to ensure adequate medical follow‐up – both somatic and psychiatric – through standardised examination and tailored interventions in order to limit the adverse health and developmental consequences of abuse. The presentation of the PEGASE program is supplemented by a case study.

We are facing some barriers: A qualitative study on the implementation of kangaroo mother care from the perspectives of healthcare providers.

Health systems at all levels are under pressure to provide comprehensive and high quality of care based on the best evidencebased interventions. The kangaroo mother care (KMC) is one way to care for Low Birth Weight babies (LBW) especially in developing country where the rates of preterm and LBW neonates are higher and the resources are limited. The purpose of this paper is to explore healthcare providers' perspectives of kangaroo mother care implementation in perinatology ward in the rural surgical hospital of East Java Province, Indonesia. We conducted an in-depth interviews to identify KMC implementations. Ten healthcare providers engaged with KMC were interviewed. Data was analyzed using a thematic analysis. Healthcare providers reported positives perceptions of KMC and acknowledged their important roles to give education. The barriers in implementing the KMC including the level of knowledge and the age of the mother of LBW babies. KMC as a method of treating LBW babies is effective intervention care of preterm and LBW babies. This research provides information regarding the need of supports from all levels in KMC implementation.

THE EFFECT OF KNOWLEDGE AND ANXIETY ON BREASTFEEDING DURING THE CORONA PANDEMIC

The risk of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) to maternal and newborn health has yet to be determined. Several studies on influenza have shown an increased risk of maternal morbidity and mortality, especially during pregnancy and lactation, including those infected with SARS-CoV-2. This has the risk of increasing maternal anxiety during the pandemic. Psychological effects, severe stressors for breastfeeding mothers can cause disruptions to the lactation process as well as to baby care. This study aims to examine the effect of the level of knowledge and anxiety of breastfeeding mothers on the lactation process during the COVID-19 pandemic. The method used is quantitative with a retrospective analytic approach. The populations in this study were mothers who had children aged 0 to 2 years. The sampling technique was done by purposive sampling and obtained a large sample of 46 mothers. The instruments used in this study were a questionnaire on maternal knowledge about the corona virus and its prevention efforts which have been tested for validity by researchers, an anxiety questionnaire modifying the HARS (Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale) and a check list for the implementation of the lactation process. Data collection was carried out by distributing Google forms via WhatsApp groups to eight-village toddler classes in the Pekalongan Regency area. The study showed that mothers who had less education had a 1.89 times higher risk of obstacles in the breastfeeding process (p-value: 0.458; CI: 0.294-21.034) while mothers who had severe anxiety had 3.34 times the risk of inhibition in the breastfeeding process ( p-value: 0.0677; CI: 0.054-0.333). The conclusion is knowledge and Anxiety of breastfeeding mothers affect the lactation process. The role of health workers in providing accurate and fast information during a pandemic is very significant in reducing anxiety levels and increasing maternal knowledge.

Mothers’ needs in discharge planning for low birth weight babies: A qualitative study

PurposeThis study aimed to identify mothers’ needs in discharge planning for low birth weight (LBW) babies. MethodA qualitative descriptive method with semi-structured interviews was used. Samples were collected via purposive sampling of eight mothers. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, and thematically analysed. ResultsThe key needs of mothers of LBW babies during discharge were classified into three themes: (1) information on routine baby care (i.e. maintaining body temperature, fulfilling the baby's nutritional needs, personal hygiene, supporting baby care, and the baby's growth and development); (2) variation in information sources (e.g. workers, communities, and supporters); and (3) different types of communication (i.e. interactive and non-interactive). ConclusionMothers of LBW babies need information on routine baby care before discharge, variation in their information sources, and the types of communication. Clear hospital policies and discharge planning guidelines that consider mothers’ needs are necessary for successful discharge planning.

A Delphi Survey – Enhancing Parents’ Knowledge and Practice of Kangaroo Mother Care

Aim This research aimed to establish directives for an education program that will improve parents’ knowledge and practice of kangaroo mother care (KMC) for preterm babies. Methods The Delphi method was used to assess expert consensus on the directives that could improve parent knowledge/skills for KMC practice. The panel of experts included international and local (South African) representatives. Data from focus group interviews, together with the literature review, were used to populate the 134 statements for the Delphi survey. Panelists rated the likely usefulness of each statement for inclusion as a directive for KMC. Results A 100% response rate was achieved in rounds 1 and 2. After Round 3, consensus was achieved in 89,9% statements for inclusion as directives for KMC. Panelists rated a few statements differently but overall, there was considerable agreement about which statements were essential for inclusion in a KMC program. The statements that panelists disagreed on related to problems associated with KMC and the characteristics of a suitable instructor. Conclusions We identified directives for a KMC education program. The implementation of these directives needs to be evaluated to see that it enhances KMC practice for preterm babies.

The Impact of Nurse-related Barriers on Kangaroo Mother Care Implementation in Kurdistan of Iraq

Background: The practice of Kangaroo Mother Care (KMC) is widely defined as a method of skin-to-skin contact that occurs between the mother and baby. This harmony and contact will reduce the mortality and morbidity among newborns and more specifically the preterm babies. Objectives: This research paper tends to examine the nurse-related factors as barriers of Kangaroo Mother Care as they may hinder the implementation of KMC as a practice. Method: Cross sectional design was followed to conduct a quantitative research by depending on questionnaires. Around 76 cases were collected in Rania Pediatric and Maternity hospital. The data was analyzed with SPSS software. Findings: The results show that there is a statistically significant negative relationship lack of experience and knowledge and kangaroo mother care, also there is a significant and negative association between special seats and attire with KMC implementation, however the relationship between time and tendency and KMC implementation is not statistically significant. Conclusion: Kangaroo mother care as an effective way of baby care has been implemented worldwide, however several barriers face the implementation of the practice. Via eliminating the influences of sociocultural and administrative factors, health care providers can implement Kangaroo Mother care.

The economic evaluation of an Internet-based parental wellbeing intervention

Background Internet-based parental programmes may improve parental wellbeing and mitigate the burden of mental health issues during the perinatal period. However, few studies have explored the cost and clinical impacts of such interventions. In the present study, we sought to evaluate the cost-effectiveness associated with an online cognitive behaviour therapy intervention (Baby Steps Wellbeing) to an information-only programme (Baby Care). Methods An alongside-trial cost-effectiveness analysis was undertaken using data from a randomised clinical trial comparing the Baby Steps Wellbeing intervention to Baby Care. Direct healthcare costs, as well as indirect costs attributed to income loss, were considered. The Assessment of Quality of Life-8 Dimensions multi-attribute utility instrument was used to estimate participant utilities, and subsequently calculate quality-adjusted life years (QALYs). Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios were calculated to assess the cost-effectiveness of the intervention. The economic evaluation adopted a societal perspective. Results In total, 496 parents were randomised to either the Baby Steps Wellbeing intervention or the Baby Care control arm. No significant differences in costs (−$27, 95% confidence interval (CI): −$1189–$1134) or QALYs (0.051, 95% CI: −0.097–0.200) were identified. Bootstrapped results showed that the Baby Steps Wellbeing programme was cost-saving and health improving in 38% of simulations and cost-effective in another 37% of simulations. Conclusions The Baby Steps Wellbeing programme was slightly cost-saving with slightly improved health outcomes compared with Baby Care. Bootstrapped results indicate the Baby Steps Wellbeing was cost-effective in 75% of simulations. Overall, the Baby Steps Wellbeing programme is an online programme that is cost-effective. Trial registration Australian & New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry: ANZCTR12614001256662.

The precursors’s adaptation to pregnancy, prenatal attachment and maternal self-confidence

We investigated the precursors for prenatal attachment (PA), adaptation to pregnancy and maternal self-confidence, and the relationship of these variables with each other. This cross-sectional study was conducted between July and December 2020. Data were obtained using an online survey from social media groups. The mean Prenatal Self Evaluation Questionnaire scores of women had a negative and moderate correlation with mean Pharis Self-Confidence Scale (r=–0.287, p=.000) and negative and weak correlation with mean Prenatal Attachment Inventory scores (r=–0.317, p=.000). Women who conceived following assisted reproductive techniques had a higher level of readiness to give birth (17.62 ± 5.22) than women who conceived spontaneously (29.57 ± 6.15) (β=–0.285, t=–3.547, p=.002). We concluded that when women’s adaptation to pregnancy increased in the prenatal period, their PA level and self-confidence towards baby care increased. The results of this study may guide healthcare professionals in terms of improving care for women who have attachment and adaptation problems during pregnancy. Women who conceived following assisted reproductive techniques can be reassured that infertility does not have a negative impact on their readiness for birth. Healthcare professionals could ensure adaptation in women who have problems with adaptation during pregnancy by initiating interventions that support PA and increase the maternal self-confidence levels of women. Impact Statement What is already known on this subject? There were few studies examining the relationship between women’s conception style with prenatal attachment (PA), adaptation to pregnancy, and maternal self-efficacy. What do the results of this study add? In this study, it was determined that women who conceived following assisted reproductive techniques have higher levels of being ready to give birth than women who conceived spontaneously without medical assistance. Additionally, it was found that as women evaluate themselves positively in the prenatal period, their PA and maternal self-confidence level regarding baby care increased. What are the implications of these findings for clinical practice and/or further research? Since this study examines the precursors of maternal self-confidence, PA and adaptation to pregnancy in Turkish pregnant women, it was shown that studies in different cultures are needed in terms of generalisability of the results. In addition, there is a need to identify risky women who have low self-confidence in baby care during pregnancy and have attachment and adjustment problems, and to culture-specific intervention programs need to be developed and tested.

Mothers’ experiences with mHealth intervention for postnatal care utilisation in Nigeria: a qualitative study

BackgroundThe postnatal period implies a crucial and delicate time for both the mother and the newborn. There is a growing body of evidence that is increasingly pointing to mHealth interventions as a potential tool for improved utilisation of maternal and child health services, including postnatal care. This can promote the health of mother and baby during this delicate period. However, the success of the interventions must be explored to validate their usefulness and reliability. Hence, this study explored the experiences of postpartum women on the usefulness of the mHealth intervention (postnatal care assistant) they received.MethodsTwenty women, who were involved in mHealth intervention were interviewed using a semi-structured interview guide. They were recruited from the intervention group of a quasi-experimental study that evaluated the effect of a mHealth intervention on the uptake of postnatal care services. Thematic analysis of data was done using NVivo software version 10.ResultsFive major themes emerged from data shared by the participants. They are general feelings about the messages, benefits derived from the messages about pregnancy and hospital delivery, increased knowledge about baby care, facilitation of PNC utilisation and involvement of significant others in decision making. They affirmed that the information and reminder messages gave them the impetus to utilise postnatal care services.ConclusionMothers reported that mHealth intervention provided immense support and assistance during pregnancy and the reminder messages encouraged them to utilise postnatal care services. This study suggests that improved education and reminder messages via mobile phones are needed during pregnancy and after childbirth to promote mother and child health through the utilization of postnatal care services, and efforts to put this approach to action should be pursued.

Touch during nursing care in daycare

Based on knowledge of child development, this exploratory study focuses on the quality of touch during the care of babies in early childhood facilities. Italso examines the place given to affect in the interaction between professionals and children.