Care-of Address Research Articles

Research on seamless mobility handover for 6LoWPAN wireless sensor networks

This paper proposes a seamless mobility handover scheme (SMH) for IPv6 over low power wireless personal area networks wireless sensor networks. In SMH, the routing of the control messages for the mobility handover is performed in the link layer and is automatically achieved through the IPv6-access-node trees, so the mobility handover cost is reduced and the delay is shortened. SMH proposes the hierarchical IPv6 address structure for sensor nodes which effectively shortens the length of an IPv6 address and reduces the transmission cost. In SMH, a mobile sensor node does not need a care-of address during the mobility handover process, so it does not need to perform the binding operation between its home address and care-of address. As a result, the mobility handover cost is reduced and the delay is shortened. The paper analyzes the performance parameters of SMH, and the data results show that SMH reduces the mobility handover cost and shortens the delay.

Mobility Management for Delay-Sensitive Urban Vehicular Networks

This paper proposes a mobility management scheme for delay-sensitive urban vehicular networks in order to reduce the mobility handover delay. The architecture based on road domains is presented. Based on this architecture, the intra-RD and inter-RD mobility handover algorithms are proposed. During the intra-RD mobility handover process, a vehicle's care-of address keeps unchanged, so the intra-RD mobility handover process does not include the care-of address configuration. As a result, the handover cost and delay are reduced. During the inter-RD mobility handover process, a vehicle can receive the data destined for both its old care-of address and new care-of address from the same border access point, so the packet loss is substantially reduced. This paper evaluates the performance of this scheme, and the data results show that this scheme reduces the mobility handover cost and delay.

Mobility Management for 6LoWPAN Wireless Sensor Networks in Critical Environments

This paper proposes a mobility management protocol for 6LoWPAN wireless sensor networks. In this protocol, the 6LoWPAN architecture is proposed, and both the hierarchical IPv6 address structure and the address configuration algorithm for 6LoWPAN WSN are presented. Based on the proposed architecture, the intra-network and inter-network mobility handover algorithms are proposed. In the algorithms, a mobile sensor node does not need a care-of address during the mobility process, so the mobility handover process does not include the care-of address configuration operation and the address binding operation. As a result, the mobility handover cost and delay are reduced. In addition, a mobile node does not need to be involved in the mobility handover process, so the energy is saved and the life span is prolonged. During the intra-network mobility handover process, a link address is used to identify a mobile node, so the size of the messages used to achieve the mobility handover operation is reduced substantially. As a result, the transmission cost and delay are reduced. The paper analyzes and compares the performance parameters of MIPv6, Inter-MARIO and the proposed protocol, including the mobility handover cost, the mobility handover delay and the packet loss rate. The data results show that the proposed protocol reduces the mobility handover cost, shortens the mobility handover delay and decreases the packet loss rate.

Location-based mobility support for 6LoWPAN wireless sensor networks

A 6LoWPAN WSN has mobility, so it can obtain more extensive application space only if it provides good mobility support. However, the existing mobility protocols cannot work efficiently in 6LoWPAN WSN due to long handover latency and high packet loss rate. Therefore, this paper proposes a location-based mobility support scheme for 6LoWPAN WSN in order to reduce the handover delay and packet loss. In this scheme, the architecture based on cluster domains is proposed and based on this architecture the mobility support algorithm is presented. In this algorithm, the handover in the network layer (L3) and the one in the link layer (L2) are performed simultaneously. Also, a mobile node neither needs a care-of address nor participates in the handover process, so the packet loss caused by the address change and the node mobility is avoided. Moreover, a cluster head׳s IPv6 address includes the location information, so the routing path reaching a destination cluster head can be automatically established without routing discovery. As a result, the mobility handover performance is improved. The performance of this scheme is evaluated, and the data results show that this scheme reduces the handover cost, shortens the handover delay and lowers the packet loss rate.

All-IP wireless sensor networks for real-time patient monitoring

This paper proposes the all-IP WSNs (wireless sensor networks) for real-time patient monitoring. In this paper, the all-IP WSN architecture based on gateway trees is proposed and the hierarchical address structure is presented. Based on this architecture, the all-IP WSN can perform routing without route discovery. Moreover, a mobile node is always identified by a home address and it does not need to be configured with a care-of address during the mobility process, so the communication disruption caused by the address change is avoided. Through the proposed scheme, a physician can monitor the vital signs of a patient at any time and at any places, and according to the IPv6 address he can also obtain the location information of the patient in order to perform effective and timely treatment. Finally, the proposed scheme is evaluated based on the simulation, and the simulation data indicate that the proposed scheme might effectively reduce the communication delay and control cost, and lower the packet loss rate.

An enhanced fast handover with seamless mobility support for next-generation wireless networks

To allow mobile node be always connected regardless of its location on the Internet, mobile IPv6 (MIPv6) is designed for next-generation wireless networks. However, this protocol has some inherent drawbacks: long handoff delay and high packet loss; unbearable for many applications. To improve the performance, mobility protocols such as Fast handovers for MIPv6 (FMIPv6), Fast handover for Hierarchical MIPv6 (F-HMIPv6), Simplified Fast handover for MIPv6 networks (SFMIPv6), are proposed by researchers. But none of them can support seamless mobility. This paper proposes an enhanced fast handover protocol with seamless mobility supports, called enhanced Seamless MIPv6 (e-SMIPv6). Bidirectional tunnels are established among access routers before actual handover; accordingly mobile users can use their previous care-of address within a new visiting network. To reduce the delay related to duplicate address detection, each access router maintains a pool of duplicate-free addresses. To minimize packet loss, access router performs bicasting for roaming node. Our proposal can minimize mobility signaling as much as possible during handoff, which presents an ideal solution for fast moving and ping-pong moving mobile users. To analyze the performance, the city section mobility model is used. Of which numerical results show that e-SMIPv6 yields better performance than FMIPv6.

Mobility support for IPv6-based VANET

This paper proposes a mobility handover based on road domain (MHRD) for IPv6-based Vehicular Ad hoc NETworks. In MHRD, the architecture based on road domain is proposed in order to reduce the mobility handover frequency. Based on this architecture, the mobility handover algorithm is proposed. During the mobility handover process, a vehicle can receive the packets destined for the old care-of address (CoA) and new CoA, so the communication continuity is achieved and the packet loss rate is reduced. Moreover, a vehicle acquires a CoA from the neighbour access point without duplicate address detection, so the mobility handover cost and delay are reduced. This paper evaluates the performance parameters of MHRD, including the mobility handover cost and delay, and the data results show that MHRD reduces the mobility handover cost and delay.

A DNS-assisted Simultaneous Mobility Support Procedure for Mobile IPv6

Mobile IPv6 was proposed to provide mobility support to IPv6 based mobile devices. It includes a route optimization procedure, to overcome the problem of triangular routing, which allows the correspondent node to send packets directly to the mobile node's care-of address. However, when both communicating devices are mobile, Mobile IPv6's route optimization can not handle the handover thus service disruption occurs and communication is stopped. This paper presents a new DNS-assisted solution for Mobile IPv6 to overcome the problem of simultaneous mobility. The proposed mechanism makes some necessary changes in the Mobile IPv6's route optimization procedure and executes handover differently in different scenarios depending upon the type of mobility of communicating nodes in overlapped or non-overlapped coverage access networks. Simulation results show that when proposed mechanism was used for simultaneous mobility, it successfully resumed the communication as compared to Mobile IPv6 where communication was stopped.

Enhancing Security in Mobile IPv6

In the Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6) protocol, a mobile node (MN) is a mobile device with a permanent home address (HoA) on its home link. The MN will acquire a care-of address (CoA) when it roams into a foreign link. It then sends a binding update (BU) message to the home agent (HA) and the correspondent node (CN) to inform them of its current CoA so that future data packets destined for its HoA will be forwarded to the CoA. The BU message, however, is vulnerable to different types of security attacks, such as the man-in-the-middle attack, the session hijacking attack, and the denial-of-service attack. The current security protocols in MIPv6 are not able to effectively protect the BU message against these attacks. The private-key-based BU (PKBU) protocol is proposed in this research to overcome the shortcomings of some existing MIPv6 protocols. PKBU incorporates a method to assert the address ownership of the MN, thus allowing the CN to validate that the MN is not a malicious node. The results obtained show that it addresses the security requirements while being able to check the address ownership of the MN. PKBU also incorporates a method to verify the reachability of the MN.

Enhancing Security in Mobile IPv6

In the Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6) protocol, a mobile node (MN) is a mobile device with a permanent home address (HoA) on its home link. The MN will acquire a care-of address (CoA) when it roams into a foreign link. It then sends a binding update (BU) message to the home agent (HA) and the correspondent node (CN) to inform them of its current CoA so that future data packets destined for its HoA will be forwarded to the CoA. The BU message, however, is vulnerable to different types of security attacks, such as the man-in-the-middle attack, the session hijacking attack, and the denial-of-service attack. The current security protocols in MIPv6 are not able to effectively protect the BU message against these attacks. The private-key-based BU (PKBU) protocol is proposed in this research to overcome the shortcomings of some existing MIPv6 protocols. PKBU incorporates a method to assert the address ownership of the MN, thus allowing the CN to validate that the MN is not a malicious node. The results obtained show that it addresses the security requirements while being able to check the address ownership of the MN. PKBU also incorporates a method to verify the reachability of the MN.

A TOTP-Based Enhanced Route Optimization Procedure for Mobile IPv6 to Reduce Handover Delay and Signalling Overhead

Due to the proliferation of handheld mobile devices, multimedia applications like Voice over IP (VoIP), video conferencing, network music, and online gaming are gaining popularity in recent years. These applications are well known to be delay sensitive and resource demanding. The mobility of mobile devices, running these applications, across different networks causes delay and service disruption. Mobile IPv6 was proposed to provide mobility support to IPv6-based mobile nodes for continuous communication when they roam across different networks. However, the Route Optimization procedure in Mobile IPv6 involves the verification of mobile node's reachability at the home address and at the care-of address (home test and care-of test) that results in higher handover delays and signalling overhead. This paper presents an enhanced procedure, time-based one-time password Route Optimization (TOTP-RO), for Mobile IPv6 Route Optimization that uses the concepts of shared secret Token, time based one-time password (TOTP) along with verification of the mobile node via direct communication and maintaining the status of correspondent node's compatibility. The TOTP-RO was implemented in network simulator (NS-2) and an analytical analysis was also made. Analysis showed that TOTP-RO has lower handover delays, packet loss, and signalling overhead with an increased level of security as compared to the standard Mobile IPv6's Return-Routability-based Route Optimization (RR-RO).

Secure Mobility Management Application Capable of Fast Layer 3 Handovers for MIPv6-Non-Aware Mobile Hosts

Currently, a correspondent host will have difficulties in establishing a direct session path to a mobile host because of the partial deployment of MIPv6-aware mobile hosts. Even MIPv6-aware hosts will spend up to several seconds to obtain the new location of the mobile host during Layer 3 (L3) handover. This paper proposes an application-level mobility management scheme that can solve the problems related to the increase of Internet traffic end-to-end delay under the current situation that most of the mobile devices are MIPv6-non-aware. The proposed Secure Mobility Management Application (SMMA) enables the updates of care-of address to be faster and more reliable even when L3 handovers occur frequently. SMMA uses a cross-layer approach for session mobility management with the support of Binding Updates to the home agent via IPSec tunnels. The main feature of SMMA is to handle the session-related mobility management for which operation starts just after the completion of name resolution as a pre-call mobility management, which operates in conjunction with the DNS. Our session-related mobility management introduces three new signaling messages: SS-Create for session state creation, SS-Refresh for session state extension and SS-Renewal for updating new care-of address at the mid-session. Finally, this paper analyzes the work load imposed on a mobile host to create a session state and the security strength of the SS-Renewal message, which depends on the key size used.

Enhanced Fast Handover for Network Mobility in Intelligent Transportation Systems

To maintain the Internet connectivity of a group of nodes in intelligent transportation systems (ITSs), the network mobility basic support (NEMO BS) protocol was standardized. The NEMO BS provides mobility for mobile network nodes (MNNs) in a moving network through a mobile router (MR). Since packet loss in NEMO dramatically increases during a handover as the number of MNNs increases, Mobile IPv6 fast handovers (FMIPv6) was adopted to reduce packet loss and handover latency. However, since FMIPv6 was originally designed for a single mobile node (MN), FMIPv6 based on NEMO (fNEMO) incurs a high tunneling burden on the link between the previous and new access routers (PAR and NAR, respectively). In this paper, we propose an enhanced fNEMO (EfNEMO) as an efficient fast handover scheme that significantly mitigates the tunneling burden and handover latency. In particular, EfNEMO performs a tentative binding update (BU) procedure to register a new care-of address (NCoA) for the MR with the MR's home agent (HA) before the layer-2 handover. Consequently, EfNEMO delivers packets destined for MNNs via various paths between the HA and the NAR without any tunneling. Furthermore, EfNEMO reduces handover latency because it performs the registration to the HA in advance. By establishing an analytical model for the proposed EfNEMO, we investigate the handover performance of NEMO, fNEMO, and EfNEMO. In addition, we compare EfNEMO with NEMO and fNEMO in terms of the overall cost and the handover latency. Simulation is also performed to compare in a more realistic environment. The results of analysis and simulation show that EfNEMO significantly outperforms fNEMO and NEMO.

A comparative signaling cost analysis of Macro Mobility scheme in NEMO (MM-NEMO) with mobility management protocol

NEMO BSP is an upgraded addition to Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6). As MIPv6 and its enhancements (i.e. HMIPv6) possess some limitations like higher handoff latency, packet loss, NEMO BSP also faces all these shortcomings by inheritance. Network Mobility (NEMO) is involved to handle the movement of Mobile Router (MR) and it's Mobile Network Nodes (MNNs) during handoff. Hence it is essential to upgrade the performance of mobility management protocol to obtain continuous session connectivity with lower delay and packet loss in NEMO environment. The completion of handoff process in NEMO BSP usually takes longer period since MR needs to register its single primary care of address (CoA) with home network that may cause performance degradation of the applications running on Mobile Network Nodes. Moreover, when a change in point of attachment of the mobile network is accompanied by a sudden burst of signaling messages, "Signaling Storm" occurs which eventually results in temporary congestion, packet delays or even packet loss. This effect is particularly significant for wireless environment where a wireless link is not as steady as a wired link since bandwidth is relatively limited in wireless link. Hence, providing continuous Internet connection without any interruption through applying multihoming technique and route optimization mechanism in NEMO are becoming the center of attention to the current researchers. In this paper, we propose a handoff cost model to compare the signaling cost of MM-NEMO with NEMO Basic Support Protocol (NEMO BSP) and HMIPv6.The numerical results shows that the signaling cost for the MM-NEMO scheme is about 69.6 % less than the NEMO-BSP and HMIPv6.

Comparative Study and Simulation of TCP and UDP Traffic over Hybrid Network with Mobile IP

The performance of the TCP and UDP protocol is evaluated by simulating them in a hybrid network using Mobile IP and compared their performances on the basis of some performance metrics. MANET is a group of wireless nodes connected through wireless link where nodes are free from any fixed infrastructure and each node maintains the routing information and act as router. It is also considered as secluded network because the nodes have no access to the outside world. But MANET integrated with internet can solve this problem by using an interconnected network where there can be two possible networks wired and wireless and communication between two different networks can be done by using Mobile IP. Mobile IP has been designed to allow the mobile node to use two IP addresses. One is the home address which remains unchanged and the other one care-of address changes at each new point of attachment. General Terms Hybrid Networks, Mobile IP

Secure Route Optimization for MIPv6 Using Enhanced CGA and DNSSEC

With mobile phones evolving every year, it is no surprise that recent surveys have shown that the worldwide number of mobile phone subscriptions reached 5.6 billion in 2011, becoming the largest pool of interconnected devices. Since mobile IP is the most-used protocol by mobile operators, the obvious solution to support more users in their network would be to replace it with MIPv6. In addition to integrating the newest IP stack, MIPv6 adds an important feature meant to replace the inefficient triangle routing by allowing an MN to communicate bidirectionally with the CN without passing through its home agent. However, the lack of preshared information between the MN and CN makes security for this RO mechanism a difficult challenge. MIPv6 adopts the RR mechanism that is only to verify the MN reachability in both its home address and care-of address without being a security feature. Other works have attempted to solve the multiple security issues in RR, but either their design was flawed or their assumptions were unrealistic. This paper presents a secure MIPv6 with a secure and efficient RO that uses DNSSEC to validate CGAs from trusted domains and provides strong authentication rather than the weak sender invariance security property. It integrates an enhanced cryptographically generated address (ECGA) based on a backward key chain that offers support to bind multiple logically linked CGAs together. ECGA tackles the time-memory tradeoff attacks with high efficiency. The validation through both AVANTSSAR and AVISPA platforms show that the proposed solution has no security flaw while still being lightweight in signaling messages on the radio network.

Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 Based Handoff Optimization Scheme

Hierarchical mobile IPv6 fastens the binding update process of micro mobile handoff and reduces handoff delay. A large number of binding updates and registrations increase signaling load and lengthen handoff delay. For this reason, it is proposed to apply tunneling mechanism to hierarchical mobile IPv6 optimization scheme (T-HMIPv6) to obtain care-of address in advance based on handoff information, conduct duplicate address detection, and complete local binding update while building a tunnel. Simulation experiments show that compared with hierarchical mobile IPv6, this scheme can greatly reduce handoff delay and packet loss rate and effectively improve mobile node's macro handoff performance.

Optimized scheme about FMIPv6 with π-calculus verification

In order to solve the problems of long handover delay and high packet loss rate existing in FMIPv6,an improved scheme named PI-FMIPv6 was designed.Information learning,proxy binding and the tunnel timer were introduced into it so as to complete the configuration of the New Care-of Address(NCoA),Duplicate Address Detection(DAD),Binding Update(BU) by advancing and managing the tunnel.π-calculus was used to define and deduce the mathematical model about PI-FMIPv6.It is proved that the optimized scheme PI-FMIPv6 is standard and precise.Furthermore,the simulation results from the NS-2 show that PI-FMIPv6 can reduce the handover delay by 60.7% and packet loss rate by 61.5% at least compared to FMIPv6,which verifies that the PI-FMIPv6 is superior to FMIPv6 and can better meet the real-time requirement.

Efficient route optimization scheme for nested-NEMO

Network mobility (NEMO) basic support protocol maintains the connectivity when mobile router (MR) of a mobile network changes its point of attachment to the Internet by establishing a bi-directional tunnel between the MR and the home agent (HA). A packet from a correspondent node (CN) traverses through the tunnel to reach the mobile network. Nesting occurs in NEMO when a MR's new attachment point is in another mobile network that has also moved away from its home link. The level of tunneling increases as the level of nesting increases. Multiple levels of tunneling in nested NEMO adds multiple legs to a non-optimized routing path that the IP packets have to traverse in order to reach the final destination. As per our study, an efficient route optimization technique in NEMO, particularly in nested NEMO, is still a research challenge. In this paper, we propose an efficient route optimization scheme for nested NEMO. We use two care-of Addresses for each MR, as well as two types of entries, such as fixed and visiting, in the routing table in each MR. Our route optimization scheme removes the tunnels completely from the nested NEMO in a single step using only one binding update message irrespective of the number of levels in the nest. Our route optimization scheme also works for non-nested NEMO.

Performance analysis of IP mobility with multiple care-of addresses in heterogeneous wireless networks

This paper aims to suggest a host-based localized mobility management scheme which provides similar user experiences and seamless mobility of real time communications. The proposed scheme supports multiple care-of addresses and fast handover mechanism with a single unitary virtual interface among heterogeneous radio access technologies without network changes. We verify that the proposed scheme has significant vertical handover performance gains to support real time communication traffics through the experiment over the real network experimental environment consists of WiFi and 3GPP2 networks.