Cardiovascular Remodeling In Patients Research Articles

The Role of Uremic Intoxication in the Development of Cardiovascular Remodeling in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease Stages 3a-5d

In recent decades, the prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in the population has a clear upward trend. This is due, first of all, to an increase in the frequency of occurrence of the main factors leading to its development: diabetes mellitus and arterial hypertension. The progression of CKD against the background of the action of these factors leads to a steady loss of the kidneys of their filtration capacity and the development of complications associated with this process. These include, first of all, metabolic and acid-base disorders, electrolyte abnormalities, uremic intoxication, overhydration, protein-energy wasting, sarcopenia and others. Most of them are involved in the development of endothelial dysfunction and the formation of cardiovascular remodeling (CVR), as a key component of the cardiorenal continuum. At the same time, there is a mutual negative influence of pathology of the cardiovascular system on renal function and manifestations of CKD on cardiovascular hemodynamics. This “vicious circle” leads to the development of end-stage renal disease and an increase in cardiovascular risk and mortality from diseases of the circulatory system in patients with advanced stages of CKD. In this connection, this work is devoted to the study of the role of uremic intoxication and, in particular, indoxyl sulfate, in the development of CVR in patients with CKD at different stages of the disease.

Relationship of myocardial fibrosis markers with cardiac structural and functional parameters in patients with post-myocardial

Abstract Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: None. Background. In recent years much attention has been paid to cardiac remodelling processes. Many studies provide convincing evidence for the role of aldosterone and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) in the processes of structural changes in the heart and vessels, which is of particular importance in cardiovascular remodeling in patients with hypertension, acute myocardial infarction, postinfarction cardiosclerosis and chronic heart failure. Aim of the study. To investigate the association of myocardial fibrosis markers (TIMP-1 and aldosterone) with cardiac structural and functional parameters. Methods and materials. We examined 40 patients with an average age of 56.4 ± 4.8 years who had had myocardial infarction more than 1 year before (mean 2.2 ± 0.8 years before). Plasma aldosterone concentration was determined using enzyme immunoassay using a DRG (Germany) EIA-4128 reagent kit. The reference values are 40-310 pg/ml. Tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-1 concentrations were measured using DSL kits (USA). The reference values were 92-116 ng/ml. All patients underwent echocardiography to assess the structural and functional parameters of the heart. Correlation analysis with Pearson or Spearman correlation coefficient calculation was used to determine the relationships between quantitative parameters. Differences were considered statistically significant if the probability of their absolutely random nature did not exceed 5% (p < 0.05). Results. During the study, TIMP-1 concentration had a direct statistically significant medium correlation with LV end-diastolic size (r = 0.39, p = 0.012). The analysis also revealed significant correlations of TIMP-1 concentration with LV end-diastolic size (r = 0.33, p = 0.037), with LV end-systolic volume (r = 0.41, p = 0.009), with LV myocardial mass (r = 0.48, p = 0.008), with LV ejection fraction (r=-0.36, p = 0.024). No statistically significant correlations were found with other structural and functional left ventricular indices during the study. Statistical correlation analysis of the relationship between plasma concentration of aldosterone and structural-functional parameters of the left ventricle (according to the results of echocardiography), statistically significant correlations with ejection fraction (r = 0.39, p = 0.035), LV myocardial mass (r = 0.60, p = 0.001), LV myocardial mass index (r = 0.51, p = 0.004), LV interventricular septal thickness (r = 0.45, p = 0.007) were found. No statistically significant correlations with plasma aldosterone concentration were found with the other left ventricular structural and functional indices during the study. Conclusions. The concentrations of aldosterone and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-1 have links with many structural and functional parameters of the heart, which confirms their importance in the structural rearrangement (remodelling) of the cardiovascular system in patients after myocardial infarction.

Relationship between heart rhythm turbulence and ventricular arrhythmia in patients with multivessel lesion of coronary arteries

Abstract Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: Public grant(s) – National budget only. Main funding source(s): MoH Research Grant "Development of methods for differentiated prevention and treatment of potentially dangerous heart rhythm disorders" Prediction of adverse outcomes in patients after myocardial infarction (MI) remains a serious and not completely resolved problem, which pushes researchers to search for new technologies. One of the relatively promising new non-invasive methods for predicting sudden coronary death in patients with coronary heart disease and ventricular arrhythmias (VA) may be an assessment of heart rate turbulence (HRT). Given its important prognostic role, primarily in patients after MI, the aim of this work was to study the relationship between HRT and cardiovascular remodeling in patients with VA with history of MI and multivessel nature of coronary lesions. Materials and research methods 123 patients with history of MI, aged 38 to 76 years (average age 61.0 ± 7.6 years), were included into the study. The multivessel nature of coronary lesions was established based on the results of diagnostic selective coronary angiography. All patients underwent Holter monitoring of the electrocardiogram (HMECG). HRT was determined using two indicators, in accordance with the guidelines: Turbulence Onset (To, %) and Turbulence Slope (Ts, ms/RRi). Results Potentially dangerous ventricular arrhythmias (PDVA) were noted in more than half of the examined patients (n = 67; 54.5%). In analyze of the structure of PDVA, II class of VA, as the highest class, was not observed in any of the examined patients, class III was detected in 35% of cases, IVA – in 37.5%, and IVB – in 27.5%. In assessing the frequency of VAs, according to the Bigger classification, frequent PVC >10 VA/hour was detected in 41.5% of patients. The analysis of the HRT indicators did not reveal a decrease in the mean values both To (-1.2 ± 1.5%) and Ts (3.9 ± 3.1 ms/RRi) indicators in the main group of patients. However, after appropriate separation of the main group, 21.1% of them had disorders of only one (category 1; 15.4%) or both of the HRT indicators (category 2; 5.7%). Category 0 included patients without any disorder of HRT indicators. In analysis of the relationship between the PDVA and the category of HRT reduction, a significant interrelation between them was revealed (Table 1). Result Our study demonstrates presence of strong interrelation between HRT parameters disorder and severity of PDVA. Thus, study of HRT in patients after MI could be a strong and independent predictor of cardiovascular events including sudden cardiac death. Abstract Figure. Tab. 1. Interrelation between HRT and VA

Current Understanding Of Cardiovascular Remodeling In Patients Receiving Renal Replacement Therapy

High mortality from cardiovascular complications in patients receiving renal replacement therapy determines the relevance of studying the mechanisms of changes in the heart and vascular wall in this group of patients. There is no doubt about the faster development of atherosclerosis and the formation of left ventricular hypertrophy in patients undergoing renal replacement therapy. However, the features of the dynamics of changes during ongoing program hemodialysis and after kidney transplantation remain insufficiently studied.

Cardiovascular remodeling in patients with diabetic сardiomyopathy

Aim . To assess cardiovascular remodeling in patients with diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) and compare it with healthy individuals. Material and methods . Among outpatients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes (T2D), according to inclusion and exclusion criteria, a group of participants with diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) with left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (LV DD) was made before treatment. The second group consisted of healthy individuals of the corresponding age. The structural and functional state of the heart was studied using echocardiography and determination of the N-terminal prohormone of the brain natriuretic peptide (Nt-proBNP) in the blood; of the arteries — using volume sphygmoplethysmography. Markers of fibrosis were determined in the blood: tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) and C-terminal telopeptide 1 (CTP-1). Results . The DMC prevalence in patients with newly diagnosed T2D was 18,7%. LV DD was associated not only with T2D, but also with obesity (r=0,48; p=0,029), blood pressure even in the normal range ((r=0,42; p=0,031 for systolic blood pressure; (r=0,39; p=0,042) for diastolic blood pressure). The Nt-proBNP levels in the normal range and TIMP-1 were higher in the DCM group compared with the group of healthy individuals (p<0,001 and p<0,001, respectively). CTP-1 was lower in the first group compared with the second (p<0,001). In the DCM group, a higher cardioankle vascular index (CAVI1) was recorded compared to the group of healthy individuals (p<0,001). Conclusion . LV DD cannot be presented as a pathognomonic criterion for DCM. Nt-proBNP levels in the normal range of 76,23+14,47 pg/ml, which do not reach the diagnostic criteria for heart failure, an increase in TIMP-1 and a decrease in CTP-1 can be considered as additional markers of DCM. Given the fact that two parallel processes occur during the DCM formation, manifested by cardiac and arteries’ remodeling, the CAVI1 can also be considered as an additional DCM marker.

Глипикан-4 – биомаркер кардиоваскулярного ремоделирования у пациентов с эссенциальной артериальной гипертензией

Глипикан-4 – биомаркер кардиоваскулярного ремоделирования у пациентов с эссенциальной артериальной гипертензией

Galectin-3 as a potential biomarker of metabolic disorders and cardiovascular remodeling in patients with hypertension and type 2 diabetes

Galectin-3 as a potential biomarker of metabolic disorders and cardiovascular remodeling in patients with hypertension and type 2 diabetes

Description of cardiovascular remodeling parameters and osteopontin plasma level in dynamics of the candesartan therapy in patients with chronic kidney disease on the stage before dialysis

Aim. To examine the cardiovascular remodeling parameters and osteopontin plasma level in dynamics of the candesartan therapy in patients with chronic kidney disease on the stage before dialysis Methods and results. Peculiarities of the cardiovascular remodeling were studied in 52 patients with chronic kidney disease III, IV, and V stage. Echocardiography, carotid dopplerography, and immunoassay detection of the osteopontin level were done. The predominant type of pathological left ventricular geometry was concentric hypertrophy, its prevalence increased with worsening of the renal function. The maximum level of IMT was observed at stage V of the CKD. The chronic kidney disease progression was accompanied by increased plasma levels of the osteopontin. Conclusion. Direct correlation between the concentration of the protein and the index of left ventricular mass and the intima-media thickness were detected. The therapy with candesartan during 12 weeks leads to the significant reduction of osteopontin, which can be considered as a marker of cardiovascular remodeling in patients with CKD.

Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Remodeling in Patients on Peritoneal Dialysis

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine endothelin (ET)-1 and nitric oxide (NO) serum concentration levels at baseline and after 1 year of peritoneal dialysis (PD) treatment. A further aim was to evaluate the association between ET-1 and NO with parameters of echocardiography and the common carotid artery (CCA) ultrasound, and to assess their impact on cardiovascular remodeling. We also aimed to evaluate the influence of dialysis adequacy and residual renal function (RRF) on cardiovascular remodeling. Methods: This study included 40 PD patients in whom we measured serum ET-1 and NO concentrations, echocardiography and CCA ultrasound parameters. Results: ET-1 decreased and NO serum concentration levels increased (p < 0.01) after 12 months of PD treatment compared to baseline values. Left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy was observed in 77.5% of patients at baseline with significant reduction in LV mass index (LVMI), CCA intima media thickness (IMT) and plaque score after 12 months of PD treatment (p < 0.001). The dialysis adequacy and RRF were significantly associated with LVMI and CCA IMT after 12 months on PD. Conclusion: In our study, ET-1 significantly decreased while NO increased during PD treatment and both were independently related to the cardiovascular remodeling parameters in PD patients.

Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Effects of Continuous Positive Airway Pressure on Cardiac Remodeling as Assessed by Cardiac Biomarkers, Echocardiography, and Cardiac MRI

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Although previous echocardiographic studies have demonstrated short-term improvement in cardiovascular remodeling in patients with OSA receiving continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy, a long-term study incorporating cardiac biomarkers, echocardiography, and cardiac MRI (CMR) has not been performed to date. A prospective study of 47 patients with OSA was performed between 2007 and 2010. Cardiac biomarkers, including C-reactive protein (CRP), N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), and troponin T (TnT), were measured at baseline and serially over 1 year. All patients underwent baseline and serial transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) and CMR to assess cardiac remodeling. Following 12 months of CPAP therapy, levels of CRP, NT-proBNP, and TnT did not change significantly from normal baseline values. As early as 3 months after initiation of CPAP, TTE revealed an improvement in right ventricular end-diastolic diameter, left atrial volume index, right atrial volume index, and degree of pulmonary hypertension, which continued to improve over 1 year of follow-up. Finally, left ventricular mass, as determined by CMR, decreased from 159 ± 12 g/m(2) to 141 ± 8 g/m(2) as early as 6 months into CPAP therapy and continued to improve until completion of the study at 1 year. Both systolic and diastolic abnormalities in patients with OSA can be reversed as early as 3 months into CPAP therapy, with progressive improvement in cardiovascular remodeling over 1 year as assessed by both TTE and CMR.

Incremental Value of Arterial Stiffness Over Traditional Risk Factors in Predicting Subclinical Cardiovascular Remodeling in Patients With Moderate Chronic Renal Failure

Cardiovascular remodeling in chronic kidney disease (CKD) is responsible for the high mortality found in this condition. A total of 89 consecutive outpatients with stage III CKD and 52 patients with stage II CKD with similar degree of traditional atherosclerotic risk factors underwent routine echocardiographic and carotid Doppler examination, evaluating vascular and cardiac remodeling (intima-media thickness [IMT] and left ventricular mass index [LVMi]), and its relation with arterial stiffness, determined in the same examination, using an echo-tracking technique. Also the absolute values of LVMi and IMT were statistically similar between the 2 groups, their determinants were completely different, only in stage III the markers of renal impairment and arterial stiffness being independent predictors of cardiac and vascular modifications. We concluded that macroanatomical measurements do not fully describe cardiovascular remodeling in this setting. Arterial stiffness echo-tracking derived could add valuable information, being an easy-to-perform parameter during a routine examination.

Is cardiovascular remodeling in patients with essential hypertension related to more than high blood pressure? A LIFE substudy

Background Blocking the renin-aldosterone-angiotensin II system has been hypothesized to induce blood pressure-dependent as well as blood pressure-independent regression of cardiovascular hypertrophy. However, the relative influence of elevated blood pressure (BP) and various neurohormonal factors on cardiovascular remodeling in hypertension is unclear. Methods In 43 untreated patients with hypertension with electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy, we measured relative wall thickness and left ventricular mass index by echocardiography and by magnetic resonance imaging (n = 32), intima-media cross-sectional area, and distensibility of the common carotid arteries by ultrasound, media/lumen ratio of isolated subcutaneous resistance arteries by myography, and median 24-hour systolic BP (n = 40), serum insulin, and plasma levels of epinephrine, norepinephrine, renin, angiotensin II, aldosterone, and endothelin. Results In multiple regression analyses, left ventricular mass index by echocardiography (R2 = 0.14, P <.05) and by magnetic resonance imaging (R2 = 0.32, P =.001) were associated with 24-hour systolic BP, whereas relative wall thickness was associated with plasma epinephrine (R2 = 0.12, P <.05) and aldosterone (R2 = 0.10, P <.05). Intima-media cross-sectional area/height was associated with 24-hour systolic BP (β = 0.40) and plasma epinephrine (β = 0.43) (adjusted R2 = 0.32, P <.001), whereas carotid distensibility was associated with 24-hour systolic BP (β = 0.40) and plasma angiotensin II (β = −0.41) (adjusted R2 = 0.30, P <.001). Media/lumen ratio in subcutaneous resistance arteries was associated with plasma epinephrine (R2 = 0.22, P <.01). Conclusion Apart from being associated with a high BP burden, cardiovascular remodeling was associated with high levels of circulating epinephrine, aldosterone, as well as angiotensin II, suggesting a beneficial effect above and beyond the effect of BP reduction when using antihypertensive agents blocking the receptors of these neurohormonal factors. (Am Heart J 2002;144:530-7.)

Cardiovascular remodelling and red blood cell Li+/Na+ countertransport in patients with type 1 diabetes and essential hypertension

Patients with type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes may develop a specific cardiac disease characterized by functional and structural abnormalities. The pathogenesis of the cardiac disease is poorly understood but cardiac and renal complications may coexist. Patients with overt diabetic nephropathy have increased red cell Li+/Na+ countertransport (CT), which reflects abnormal kinetic properties of the red cell membrane Na+/H+ exchange. Since the activation of Na+/H+ exchange has a key role in cell proliferation and cell growth, as well as in the regulation of cell sodium and cell pH and in the renal reabsorption of Na+ and bicarbonate, we have looked for relationships between red cell Li+/Na+ CT, Na+/H+ exchange and cardiovascular remodeling in patients with type 1 diabetes, essential hypertension and idiopathic familiar cardiomyopathy. In type 1 diabetes the maximal velocity of Li+/Na+ CT is positively correlated with interventricular septum thickness and the left ventricular wall to lumen ratio. Similar results were obtained in patients with essential hypertension. In these patients an increased Li+/Na+ CT is also associated with severe and drug-resistant hypertension and with significant vascular remodelling, estimated by the minimal post-ischaemic vascular resistance in the calf. Finally, Li+/Na+ CT is negatively correlated with diastolic relaxation of the left ventricle in familiar hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. From these data it appears that widespread abnormal kinetic properties of Na+/H+ exchange, estimated by increased red cell Li+/Na+ CT, may have epistatic effects on the pathogenesis of cardiac complications of type 1 diabetes and essential hypertension.