This chapter addresses the scope of practice and training in cardiovascular pathology. The importance of the autopsy for the documentation of cardiovascular diseases is discussed, including expanding roles for diagnostic imaging and molecular and genetic testing. The surgical pathology of cardiac and vascular specimens is reviewed. Indications and interpretation of endomyocardial biopsy (EMB) are described in relationship to EMB as a major diagnostic procedure for cardiovascular diagnosis. The role of cardiovascular pathology is discussed in the evaluation and management of patients with advanced heart failure including organ transplantation. A section is included summarizing basic information for pathologists regarding cardiovascular functional and diagnostic imaging studies. Criteria for training in cardiovascular pathology are presented. Roles of the cardiovascular pathologist as diagnostician, teacher, consultant, and care team member are discussed.