Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing In Patients Research Articles

Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing in Patients with Idiopathic Scoliosis.

Scoliosis causes impairment of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems. Traditional pulmonary function tests only examine patients under static conditions. The aim of our study was to investigate the correlation between radiographic parameters and dynamic cardiopulmonary capacity in patients with idiopathic scoliosis. Forty patients with idiopathic scoliosis were included in this prospective study from January 2014 to February 2016. The patients underwent full radiographic assessment of deformity, pulmonary function testing, and cardiopulmonary bicycle ergometer testing. The impact of the severity of thoracic curvature and kyphosis on pulmonary function and physical capacity was investigated. Thirty-three female patients with a mean age of 15.5 years (range, 11 to 35 years) and coronal thoracic curvature of 49.4° (range, 24° to 76°) and 7 male subjects with a mean age of 15.9 years (range, 13 to 18 years) and coronal thoracic curvature of 47.1°(range, 22° to 80°) were included. No correlation was found between coronal thoracic curvature and pulmonary function test results in the female patients. Female patients with a thoracic curve of ≥60° had lower blood oxygen saturation at maximal exercise in the cardiopulmonary exercise test (p = 0.032). Female patients with a thoracic curve of ≥50° had a higher respiratory rate (p = 0.041) and ventilation volume per minute (p = 0.046) and lower breathing reserve at maximal exercise (p = 0.038). Thoracic kyphosis in female patients was positively correlated with pulmonary function, as shown by the forced expiratory volume in 1 second (r = 0.456, p = 0.01), forced vital capacity (r = 0.366, p = 0.043), vital capacity (r = 0.525, p = 0.006), and total lung capacity (r = 0.388, p = 0.031), as well as with tidal volume (r = 0.401, p = 0.025) in cardiopulmonary exercise testing. Female patients who engaged in regular exercise had better peak oxygen intake normalized by body weight (p < 0.001), peak oxygen intake normalized by the predicted value (p = 0.003), maximum heart rate (p = 0.020), and heart rate reserve (p = 0.014). Overall exercise tolerance was not correlated with the magnitude of the thoracic curve and kyphosis. Some parameters of ventilatory function and pulmonary gas exchange worsened as thoracic curvature increased or kyphosis decreased. Exercise capacity was better in patients who engaged in regular aerobic exercise, and physical activity is recommended for patients with idiopathic scoliosis. Prognostic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

GW27-e1175 VO2/kg peak, Lowest VE/VCO2 and OUES of Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing in Patients With Severe Pulmonary Hypertension

GW27-e1175 VO2/kg peak, Lowest VE/VCO2 and OUES of Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing in Patients With Severe Pulmonary Hypertension

GW27-e0047 Characteristics of Cardiopulmonary Exercise Tests in Patients with Borderline Pulmonary Arterial Pressure

GW27-e0047 Characteristics of Cardiopulmonary Exercise Tests in Patients with Borderline Pulmonary Arterial Pressure

Exercise capacity and peak oxygen consumption in asymptomatic patients with chronic aortic regurgitation

BackgroundIn patients with chronic, hemodynamically significant aortic regurgitation (AR), a long period of left ventricular remodeling usually occurs prior to the development of symptoms or left ventricular dysfunction. The value of cardiopulmonary exercise testing in patients with asymptomatic AR is not established. Material and methodsSixty-six asymptomatic patients aged 44±14 years with hemodynamically significant, chronic AR and no indication for aortic valve replacement were evaluated by echocardiography, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and exercise testing with measurement of peak oxygen consumption. ResultsThe average left ventricular end diastolic volume was 244±62ml and the aortic regurgitant fraction 34±13%. At an average of 35.8±8.9ml/kg/min, peak oxygen consumption was well preserved. As in healthy individuals, a high peak oxygen consumption was associated with a relatively large LV end diastolic volume (r=0.51; p<0.001) and a low resting heart rate (r=−0.37; p=0.002). The aortic regurgitant fraction was not predictive of maximum oxygen consumption. Higher levels of N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) were independently associated with poorer exercise capacity and oxygen uptake (adjusted β −0.35; p=0.003). ConclusionOur results suggest that in asymptomatic patients with moderate to severe AR and moderately dilated left ventricles, remodeling is primarily adaptive. An increased level of NT-proBNP is associated with a reduced capacity for work and reduced oxygen consumption, possibly heralding the onset of adverse remodeling.

The impact of cardiopulmonary exercise testing on patients over the age of 80 undergoing elective colorectal cancer surgery.

Advanced age and occult cardiorespiratory disease are associated with increased morbidity and mortality following surgery. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) may allow the identification of high-risk patients and facilitate planned postoperative critical care support. The aim of this study was to determine whether preoperative CPET in patients aged over 80 undergoing elective colorectal cancer resection was associated with improved outcome. All patients aged 80years and above undergoing elective colorectal cancer resection between 1 March 2011 and 1 September 2013 were retrospectively analysed. Referral for CPET testing was at the discretion of the operating surgeon. Postoperative critical care unit (CCU) admission was based upon the CPET results. Ninety-four patients were identified, of whom 48 underwent CPET testing. The CPET group were significantly older than the non-CPET group (85 vs 83years, P=0.04) and were more likely to have a planned admission to CCU postoperatively (P<0.0001). Despite the increased use of CCU resources, the overall CCU length of stay (LOS) in the CPET group did not differ from the non-CPET group, but the non-CPET group had a higher proportion of Level-3 care. There were no differences in the incidence of unplanned CCU admission between the CPET and the non-CPET group (P=0.23). There were no differences in overall LOS between the two groups (P=0.42). There was no difference in mortality (P=0.11), overall complications (P=0.53) or severe complications (P=0.3). Preoperative CPET testing in patients aged over 80 undergoing elective colorectal cancer resection allows identification of higher-risk patients and mitigation of risk by preemptive admission to a CCU. This stratification allows equivalent results to be achieved in high- and low-risk elderly patients undergoing colorectal surgery.

The relationship between skeletal muscle and ventilatory response to exercise in myocardial infarction

BackgroundSkeletal muscle is important to determine physical activity and exercise capacity in cardiovascular disease. This study aims to investigate the relationship between skeletal muscle volume measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis and ventilation indices assessed by cardiopulmonary exercise test in patients with myocardial infarction. MethodsA total of 60 patients (57 men; 59±9years) who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention for ST-elevation myocardial infarction were enrolled into this study. All patients performed cardiac rehabilitation and then achieved physical activity of daily life. No patient was complicated by diabetes mellitus. In symptom-limited cardiopulmonary exercise test, minute ventilation (V̇E), oxygen consumption (V̇O2), and carbon dioxide production (V̇CO2) were continuously obtained. A volume of skeletal muscle measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis was normalized for height (skeletal muscle index). ResultsThe skeletal muscle index showed a significant inverse correlation with peak V̇E/V̇O2 (p=0.02, r=−0.39) and peak V̇E/V̇CO2 (p=0.02, r=−0.30). In addition, the skeletal muscle index inversely correlated with V̇E/V̇CO2 slope (p=0.02, r=−0.30). On the other hand, the skeletal muscle index did not significantly correlate with peak V̇O2 (p=0.56, r=0.08) and peak V̇CO2 (p=0.99, r=0.001). Besides, the skeletal muscle index did not significantly correlate with ΔV̇O2/Δwork rate slope (p=0.60, r=0.07). ConclusionsThe increase in skeletal muscle index was associated with the amelioration of ventilatory efficacy to exercise at the peak level. Furthermore, the increase in skeletal muscle index may account for favorable prognosis. These findings could strengthen the role of skeletal muscle in exercise capacity of patients with myocardial infarction.

Pulmonary haemodynamics during recovery from maximum incremental cycling exercise.

Assessment of cardiac function during exercise can be technically demanding, making the recovery period a potentially attractive diagnostic window. However, the validity of this approach for exercise pulmonary haemodynamics has not been validated.The present study, therefore, evaluated directly measured pulmonary haemodynamics during 2-min recovery after maximum invasive cardiopulmonary exercise testing in patients evaluated for unexplained exertional intolerance. Based on peak exercise criteria, patients with exercise pulmonary hypertension (ePH; n=36), exercise pulmonary venous hypertension (ePVH; n=28) and age-matched controls (n=31) were analysed.By 2-min recovery, 83% (n=30) of ePH patients had a mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP) <30 mmHg and 96% (n=27) of ePVH patients had a pulmonary arterial wedge pressure (PAWP) <20 mmHg. Sensitivity of pulmonary hypertension-related haemodynamic measurements during recovery for ePH and ePVH diagnosis was ≤25%. In ePVH, pulmonary vascular compliance (PVC) returned to its resting value by 1-min recovery, while in ePH, elevated pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) and decreased PVC persisted throughout recovery.In conclusion, we observed that mPAP and PAWP decay quickly during recovery in ePH and ePVH, compromising the sensitivity of recovery haemodynamic measurements in diagnosing pulmonary hypertension. ePH and ePVH had different PVR and PVC recovery patterns, suggesting differences in the underlying pulmonary hypertension pathophysiology.

Is cardiopulmonary exercise testing essential to indicate ventricular assist device implantation in patients with INTERMACS profile 4-7?

Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPXT) is a promising tool for predicting 2-year cardiac death or ventricular assist device (VAD) implantation in patients assigned to INTERMACS profile 4-7. However, CPXT is not available in all hospitals. We evaluated 130 patients<65years old with advanced heart failure assigned to INTERMACS profile 4-7 who underwent CPXT. CPXT scores (0-8 points), which we created recently, and the Seattle HF Model (SHFM) scores were both significant predictors of 2-year cardiac death or VAD implantation (14 events) by Cox-regression analysis (P<0.05 for both) and had comparable areas under the curve (AUCs) in receiver operating characteristic analyses (0.811 vs. 0.737, P>0.05). The combination score: age<46years and serum sodium concentration<137mEq/L, both of which were significant predictors of cardiac death or VAD implantation by uni/multivariate Cox-regression analyses, had a significantly higher AUC than did CPXT scores (0.909, P<0.05). In a validation study, the AUC of the combination score was comparable with that of SHFM among 52 patients<65years old receiving adaptive servo-ventilator treatment (0.753 vs. 0.794, P>0.05). In conclusion, VAD indication may be discussed without CPXT in patients<65years old with INTERMACS profile 4-7 at least in the current Japanese situation.

334 Is cardiopulmonary exercise testing in patients undergoing radical cystectomy a useful preoperative tool?

334 Is cardiopulmonary exercise testing in patients undergoing radical cystectomy a useful preoperative tool?

Blunted Maximal and Submaximal Responses to Cardiopulmonary Exercise Tests in Patients With Parkinson Disease

ObjectiveTo investigate submaximal and maximal responses during maximal cardiopulmonary exercise tests in subjects with Parkinson disease (PD). DesignCross-sectional. SettingA PD association. ParticipantsA sample (N=68) of subjects with PD (n=48; mean age, 66±8y; modified Hoehn and Yahr stage between 2 and 3; “on” state of medication) and age-matched controls without PD (n=20; mean age, 64±9y). InterventionsMaximal cardiopulmonary exercise test on a cycle ergometer. Main Outcome MeasuresOxygen uptake (V˙o2), systolic blood pressure (SBP), and heart rate assessed at rest, submaximal intensities (ie, anaerobic threshold [AT] and respiratory compensation point), and maximal intensity (peak exercise). ResultsCompared with control subjects, subjects with PD had lower V˙o2, heart rate, and SBP at respiratory compensation point and peak exercise (V˙o2: 14.6±3.6mL⋅kg⋅min vs 17.9±5.5mL⋅kg⋅min and 17.7±4.8mL⋅kg⋅min vs 21.5±6.6mL⋅kg⋅min; heart rate: 119±17beats/min vs 139±12beats/min and 132±20beats/min vs 158±13beats/min; SBP: 151±17mmHg vs 172±20mmHg and 166±21mmHg vs 187±24mmHg; P≤.05). They also had lower heart rate at AT (102±14beats/min vs 110±13beats/min; P≤.05), whereas V˙o2 and SBP at this intensity were similar to those of control subjects. ConclusionsSubjects with PD demonstrated blunted metabolic and cardiovascular responses to submaximal and maximal exercise tests, especially at intensities above AT, which are in line with autonomic disturbances present in patients with PD. Future studies need to determine how this affects performance, participation, and responses of these patients to exercise training at different intensities.

Early-Phase Recovery of Cardiorespiratory Measurements after Maximal Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.

Background. This study investigated respiratory gas exchanges and heart rate (HR) kinetics during early-phase recovery after a maximal cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) grouped according to airflow limitation. Methods. Thirty control individuals (control group: CG) and 81 COPD patients (45 with “mild” or “moderate” airflow limitation, COPDI-II, versus 36 with “severe” or “very severe” COPD, COPDIII-IV) performed a maximal CPET. The first 3 min of recovery kinetics was investigated for oxygen uptake (O2), minute ventilation (), respiratory equivalence, and HR. The time for O2 to reach 25% (T1/4 O2) of peak value was also determined and compared. Results. The O2, , and HR recovery kinetics were significantly slower in both COPD groups than CG (p < 0.05). Moreover, COPDIII-IV group had significantly higher O2 and during recovery than COPDI-II group (p < 0.05). T1/4 O2 significantly differed between groups (p < 0.01; 58 ± 18 s in CG, 79 ± 26 s in COPDI-II group, and 121 ± 34 s in COPDIII-IV) and was significantly correlated with forced expiratory volume in one second in COPD patients (p < 0.001, r = 0.53) and with peak power output (p < 0.001, r = 0.59). Conclusion. The COPD groups showed slower kinetics in the early recovery period than CG, and the kinetics varied with severity of airflow obstruction.

Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing in Patients with Asymptomatic or Equivocal Symptomatic Aortic Stenosis: Feasibility, Reproducibility, Safety and Information Obtained on Exercise Physiology

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the feasibility, reproducibility, safety and information obtained on exercise physiology from cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPX) in patients with aortic stenosis. Methods: Patients with an aortic valve area (AVA) <1.3 cm² who were judged asymptomatic or equivocal symptomatic underwent CPX and an inert gas rebreathing test. Only those where comprehensive evaluation of CPX results indicated haemodynamic compromise from aortic stenosis were referred for valve replacement. Results: The mean patient age was 72 (±9) years; an AVA index <0.6 cm²/m² and equivocal symptomatic status were found in 90 and 70%, respectively. CPX was feasible in 130 of the 131 patients. The coefficients of repeatability by test-retest were 5.4% (pVO₂) and 4.6% (peak O₂ pulse). A pVO₂ <83% of the expected was predicted by a lower stroke volume at exercise, lower peak heart rate and FEV₁, and higher VE/VCO₂, but not by AVA index. Equivocal symptomatic status and a low gradient but high valvulo-arterial impedance were associated with a lower pVO₂, but not with an inability to increase stroke volume. In total, 18 patients were referred for valve replacement. At 1 year, no cardiovascular deaths had occurred. Conclusions: CPX was feasible and reproducible and provided comprehensive data on exercise physiology. A CPX-guided treatment strategy was safe up to 1 year.

Personalized pulmonary rehabilitation and occupational therapy based on cardiopulmonary exercise testing for patients with advanced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Take-home summaryPersonalized pulmonary rehabilitation including occupational therapy improves the prognosis of patients with advanced COPD.PurposeWe previously reported that patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exhibit three exercise-induced life-threatening conditions: hypoxemia, sympathetic overactivity, and respiratory acidosis. We aimed to verify whether mortality in patients with advanced COPD could be reduced by a personalized pulmonary rehabilitation (PPR) program in hospital, which determines individual safe ranges and includes occupational therapy (PPR-OT), to prevent desaturation and sympathetic nerve activation during daily activities.Patients and methodsThe novel PPR-OT program was evaluated in a retrospective study of patients with COPD (Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease [GOLD] Grade D) who underwent cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) between April 1990 and December 1999. They received regular treatment without the proposed therapy (control group: n=61; male-to-female ratio [M:F] =57:4; mean age: 68.5±6.7 years) or with the proposed therapy (PPR-OT group: n=46; M:F =44:2; mean age: 68.7±7.1 years). A prospective observational study included patients with COPD receiving home oxygen therapy (HOT) between April 1995 and March 2007 to compare the survival rates of the control group (n=47; M:F ratio =34:13; mean age: 71.3±10.0 years) and the PPR-OT group (n=85; M:F =78:7; mean age: 70.7±6.1 years) who completed the proposed therapy. Survival after CPET or HOT was analyzed using Cox proportional-hazards regression and Kaplan–Meier analyses.ResultsIn both studies, the program significantly improved all-cause mortality (retrospective study: risk ratio =0.389 [range: 0.172–0.800]; P=0.0094; log-rank test, P=0.0094; observational study: risk ratio =0.515 [range: 0.296–0.933]; P=0.0291; log-rank test, P=0.0232]. At 5 years and 7 years, all-cause mortality was extremely low in patients in the PPR-OT group receiving HOT (18.8% and 28.2%, respectively), compared to that in the control group (34.0% and 44.7%, respectively). Survival of patients with life-threatening pathophysiological conditions also greatly improved.ConclusionThe PPR-OT program improved the survival of patients with advanced COPD probably because it modified life-threatening conditions.

Cardiopulmonary exercise testing in patients with liver cirrhosis

ObjectivesTo investigate the exercise performance and cardiorespiratory efficiency in patients with liver cirrhosis. BackgroundLiver cirrhosis is a very common disease in Egypt especially post hepatitis type, it affects the quality of life and daily performance. It is associated with hypoxemia and impaired oxygen consumption. MethodsThis study was conducted on 30 patients of liver cirrhosis and 10 healthy subjects (control group), they were selected from the Menoufia University Hospital. All subjects were subjected to clinical history, clinical examination, plain chest-X-ray, blood sample for: complete blood picture, liver function tests, prothrombin time, abdominal ultrasonography and pulmonary function tests (spirometry) and cardiopulmonary exercise tests. ResultsThe results of this study revealed a significant reduction of most parameters of exercise test and pulmonary function tests in cirrhotic group versus the control group. Prevalence of exercise impairment increased with the increase of the severity of liver cirrhosis. Conclusion(1) Cirrhotic patients have impaired exercise performance. (2) Prevalence of exercise impairment increased with the increase of the severity of liver cirrhosis.

Ventilatory Efficiency Response to Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing in Patients with Supra-normal Exercise Capacity

Ventilatory Efficiency Response to Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing in Patients with Supra-normal Exercise Capacity

Prognostic Value of Oxygen Kinetics During Recovery From Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing in Patients With Chronic Heart Failure

BackgroundPeak oxygen uptake (V˙O2peak) is a well-established prognostic marker in chronic heart failure (CHF). Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) provides physiological parameters other than V˙O2peak that might have prognostic value. We aimed at determining whether exercise recovery data kinetics have prognostic implications over V˙O2peak and Heart Failure Survival Score. MethodsExercise data from 200 consecutive CHF patients evaluated for possible heart transplantation and received CPET at our institution between 2004 and 2011 were analyzed. The rate of recovery of oxygen uptake (V˙O2) at 2 minutes after exercise (V˙O2-REC2) was calculated using the difference between V˙O2peak and V˙O2 at minute 2 of recovery and expressed as a percentage of V˙O2peak. The composite primary end point was the time from CPET to the first event including death, heart transplant, or mechanical heart implantation. ResultsMean follow-up period was 1271 ± 61 days during which there were 108 first events including 35 deaths, 66 heart transplants, and 7 mechanical heart implantations. The strongest prognostic factors in the univariate analysis were V˙O2-REC2, V˙O2peak, V˙O2 efficiency slope, and ventilation to carbon dioxide excretion ratio slope (all P < 0.0001). Multivariate analysis showed that V˙O2-REC2 (P < 0.0001), ventilation to carbon dioxide excretion ratio slope (P = 0.0022), use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers (P = 0.0042), presence of a defibrillator (P = 0.0127), and mean arterial pressure (P = 0.0151) were independent predictors of event-free survival time. ConclusionsV˙O2-REC2 was the strongest prognostic marker of death, heart transplantation, and mechanical heart implantation in severe CHF. This finding should be confirmed prospectively.

Spiroergometryczna próba wysiłkowa – zastosowanie w kardiologii i medycynie pracy

Cardiopulmonary exercise testing is a method used to assess the exercise capacity. It is used in cardiology to define the diagnostic and prognostic information, the treatment and its effectiveness. This method is also useful in sport medicine and in occupational medicine. The cardiopulmonary exercise test involves measuring of gas exchange during exercise testing. The article presents the main parameters assessed during the test and the indications and contraindications for conducting the test. It also reveals the results of recently published clinical trials on the use of cardiopulmonary exercise test in patients with cardiovascular disease and in the working population. The study included variability of respiratory parameters during the cardiopulmonary exercise test and after its completion, as well as their impact on the prognostic value. In addition, the results of a study involving an optimal choice of interval training on the basis of oxygen consumption at peak exercise are summarized.

Exercise Limitation Associated With Asymptomatic Left Ventricular Impairment: Analogy With Stage B Heart Failure

BackgroundStage B heart failure (SBHF) describes asymptomatic ventricular disease that may presage the development of heart failure (HF) symptoms. This entity has been largely defined by structural changes; the roles of sensitive indicators of nonischemic left ventricular (LV) dysfunction, such as LV strain, are undefined. ObjectivesThis study sought to define the association of exercise capacity with left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and systolic/diastolic dysfunction in asymptomatic patients with HF risk factors. MethodsWe used echocardiography to study 510 asymptomatic patients (age 58 ± 12 years) with type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, or obesity. The results of cardiopulmonary exercise testing in patients with structural evidence of SBHF were compared with those in patients with subclinical dysfunction, defined by reduced LV strain (>−18%) or increased LV filling pressure (E/e′ >13). ResultsCompared with healthy subjects, groups with LV abnormalities differed in terms of oxygen uptake (peak VO2): 25.5 ± 8.2 versus 21.0 ± 8.2 for strain >−18% (p < 0.001); 26.4 ± 8.0 versus 19.0 ± 7.2 for E/e′ >13 (p < 0.0001); and 26.0 ± 7.7 versus 15.9 ± 6.9 ml/kg/min for LVH (p < 0.0001). SBHF, defined as ≥1 imaging variable present, was associated with lower peak VO2 (beta = −0.20; p < 0.0001) and metabolic equivalents (beta = −0.21; p < 0.0001), independent of higher body mass index and insulin resistance, older age, male sex, and treatment with beta-blockers. ConclusionsLVH, elevated LV filling pressure, and abnormal myocardial deformation were independently associated with impaired exercise capacity. Including functional markers may improve identification of SBHF in nonischemic heart disease.

Relationship between non-invasive haemodynamic responses and cardiopulmonary exercise testing in patients with coronary artery disease.

Non-invasive assessment of haemodynamic function by impedance cardiography (IC) constitutes an interesting approach to monitor cardiac function in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). However, such measurements are most often performed at rest, whereas symptoms are also possible during exertion, particularly at higher intensities. In addition, the association between IC during exertion and cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPX) is not well understood in these patients, which was the aim of this study. Nineteen men (age = 62 ± 6 years) with CAD [left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) = 61 ± 10%] underwent a CPX using an incremental protocol on a cycle ergometer, with simultaneous measurement of IC. Cardiac output (CO), stroke volume (SV), cardiac index (CI), peak oxygen consumption (VO2 ), the oxygen uptake efficiency slope (OUES), circulatory power and ventilatory power were determined. Pearson product-moment correlation analysis revealed peak VO2 (r = 0·46) was significantly related to CO. Peak oxygen pulse (0·52) was associated with SV. OUES was associated with resting SV (0·47) and with peak SV (r = 0·52). These findings suggest that IC indices are associated with certain, but not all, established CPX measures in patients with stable CAD.

Comparison of Maximal Oxygen Uptake Calculated With Incremental Shuttle Walking Test and Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test in Patients With COPD

Comparison of Maximal Oxygen Uptake Calculated With Incremental Shuttle Walking Test and Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test in Patients With COPD