Cardinal Values Research Articles

Neural evidence of core foundations and conceptual change in preschool numeracy.

Symbolic numeracy first emerges as children learn the meanings of number words and how to use them to precisely count sets of objects. This development starts before children enter school and forms a foundation for lifelong mathematics achievement. Despite its importance, exactly how children acquire this basic knowledge is unclear. Here we test competing theories of early number learning by measuring event-related brain potentials during a novel number word-quantity comparison task in 3-4-year-old preschool children (N=128). We find several qualitative differences in neural processing of number by conceptual stage of development. Specifically, we find differences in early attention-related parietal electrophysiology (N1), suggesting that less conceptually advanced children process arrays as individual objects and more advanced children distribute attention over the entire set. Subsequently, we find that only more conceptually advanced children show later-going frontal (N2) sensitivity to the numerical-distance relationship between the number word and visual quantity. The nature of this response suggested thatexact rather than approximate numerical meanings were being associated with number words over frontal sites. No evidence of numerical distance effects was observed over posterior scalp sites. Together these results suggest that children may engage parallel individuation of objects to learn the meanings of the first few number words, but, ultimately, create new exact cardinal value representations for number words that cannot be defined in terms of core, nonverbal number systems. More broadly, these results document an interaction between attentional and general cognitive mechanisms in cognitive development. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Conceptual development in numeracy is associated with a shift in attention from objects to sets. Children acquire meanings of the first few number words through associations with parallel attentional individuation of objects. Understanding of cardinality is associated with attentional processing of sets rather than individuals. Brain signatures suggest children attribute exact rather than approximate numerical meanings to the first few number words. Number-quantity relationship processing for the first few number words is evident in frontal but not parietal scalp electrophysiology of young children.

The seed germination spectrum of 486 plant species: A global meta-regression and phylogenetic pattern in relation to temperature and water potential

The germination niche of plant species depends primarily on the seeds’ responsiveness to temperature and water potential. However, to appreciate future climate risks to natural regeneration through germination, a global level synthesis across species is needed. We performed a meta-regression and phylogenetic patterning of primary data from 377 studies on 486 species, including trees, grasses, crops and wild species, to determine patterns and co-correlants in the cardinal values that define species’ germination niches. We found positive correlations between base temperature and other germination traits related to cardinal temperatures suggesting that plant species alter base temperature values in harmony with other thermal traits as a highly efficient adaptation strategy to coping with harsh conditions. A negative correlation was found between thermal time and base temperature, and positive correlations between other cardinal temperatures and base temperature. Mean values of thermal time indicate that annual crops germinate more rapidly compared to wild species, potentially as a consequence of domestication, and tropical tree seeds the slowest. Dryland species (Cactaceae and Agavaceae) have the widest upper thermal and lower moisture niches, indicative of abilities to grow under harsh conditions, while forages have the narrowest thermal and moisture niches, suggesting higher sensitivity to frost or drought. We propose a new conceptual framework for future research on germination niche as shaped by thermal and moisture traits. Our database represents a unique source of information to further determine the vegetation boundaries of wild or cultivated species, including within simulation studies on plant species adaptations under changing land-use and climate.

Inter-strain variability on the cardinal parameters (pH and Aw) of clinical and food isolates of Listeria monocytogenes using turbidimetric measurements

Listeria monocytogenes is a foodborne pathogen which, in 2021, was considered the fifth most commonly reported zoonosis in humans in the European Union (EU). Ready-to-eat (RTE) fishery products, deli meats or soft cheeses have been mostly involved in food safety alerts and outbreaks in the last years. Hurdle technology by food industries has been widely used to enhance the safety of foods. Among the barriers, the application of acid and osmotic stress during processing is extensively used worldwide. This study aims to gain knowledge about the inter-strain variability of twenty-six clinical and food L. monocytogenes isolates with the estimation of their cardinal parameters using turbidimetric measurements. To analyse the data and to obtain the estimated cardinal values, a common statistical procedure was set up. The estimation of cardinal parameters showed a high inter-strain variability of L. monocytogenes, and no correlation was observed between Aw min and pHmin values for the studied strains. By grouping the strains in clinical, meat and fish origin, it was observed that strains from the meat group presented the lowest average pHmin values (4.57), thus showing potential acid adaptation. This work contributes to gain knowledge of the inter-strain variability of L. monocytogenes in relation with pH and Aw cardinal values, as well as provide a starting point for future validation studies in fish and meat food matrices.

Bhagavata Gitā and Modern Business Management

The Bhagavata Gitā is one of the source books of philosophic inspiration and a foundational text in ethics. It outlives the speculative interest of the Brahmasutra and the Upanisads and suggests an outline of ideal living. The Bhagavata Gitā is a treatise of Yoga sādhanā pertaining to the discipline of mind. There is a scope of transformation of mind from the state of visāda or disappointment to the state of sanyāsa or detachment in the teachings of the Bhgavata Gitā. The first chapter of the Bhagavata Gitā is known as Visāda Yoga and the last chapter is known as Moksa Sanyāsa Yoga. Every man should be like a karma yogi and every action should be done in the sense of yajna. The Bhagavata Gitā has focused on Purusārthas, the four cardinal values of human life, such as, dhrama, artha, kāma and moksa. Artha and kāma are empirical pursuits which are to be guided by dharma in order to attain the ultimate end of life. Business management is basically the management of artha and kāma through the pursuit of dharma or the principle of righteousness. A true businessman should be like a karma yogi. Business is profit oriented but making profit at any cost is not the ethics of business. The Bhagavata gitā teaches the dexterity in action and steadiness in wisdom. Business is to be managed by proper skill with a mind of equanimity. A true businessman should be stable in mind and be able to take right decision in the right context. The Gitā teaches applied ethics which can be viable in the context of place, time and person. This teaching of the Gitā has direct impact on the modern business management. Artha leads to anartha if it is not managed rationally according to the business skills and responsibilities. Kāma or desire should be regulated so that a businessman should not behave like a greedy person and must have patience for the unexpected consequences. The highest value in the teachings of the Bhagavata Gitā is lokasangraha. Business management should be meant for the welfare of the people transcending the selfish motives for accumulating wealth by faul means. In this paper we would discuss the influence of the teachings of the Bhagavata Gitā on the modern business managaement from different perspectives.

How We Live: A Dialectical Examination of Human Existence

ABSTRACTThe author endeavors to show how dialectical methods can reveal and clarify Ayn Rand’s philosophy from the two vital perspectives of the lives of individual human beings in relation to the world and in relation to other people and the social institutions under which they live. In so doing, he applies Chris Matthew Sciabarra’s Tri-Level Analysis model of social relations (derived from Rand’s social commentaries) and relates Rand’s metaphysical value-judgments to the cardinal values and virtues of her ethics.

Coupling covariance matrix adaptation with continuum modeling for determination of kinetic parameters associated with electrochemical CO2 reduction

Coupling covariance matrix adaptation with continuum modeling for determination of kinetic parameters associated with electrochemical CO2 reduction

Impact of sodium chloride and carbon dioxide on conidial germination and radial growth of Penicillium camemberti

Penicillium camemberti is a domesticated species adapted to the dairy environment, which is used as adjunct cultures to ripen soft cheeses. A recent population genomics analysis on P. camemberti revealed that P. camemberti is a clonal lineage with two varieties almost identical genetically but with contrasting phenotypes in terms of growth, color, mycotoxin production and inhibition of contaminants. P. camemberti variety camemberti is found on Camembert and Brie cheeses, and P. camemberti variety caseifulvum is mainly found on other cheeses like Saint-Marcellin and Rigotte de Condrieu. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of water activity (aw) reduced by sodium chloride (NaCl) and the increase of carbon dioxide (CO2) partial pressure, on conidial germination and growth of two varieties of P. camemberti: var. Camemberti and var. Caseifulvum. Mathematical models were used to describe the responses of P. camemberti strains to both abiotic factors. The results showed that these genetically distant strains had similar responses to increase in NaCl and CO2 partial pressure. The estimated cardinal values were very close between the strains although all estimated cardinal values were significantly different (Likelihood ratio tests, pvalue = 0.05%). These results suggest that intraspecific variability could be more exacerbated during fungal growth compared with conidial germination, especially in terms of macroscopic morphology. Indeed, var. Caseifulvum seemed to be more sensitive to an increase of CO2 partial pressure, as shown by the fungal morphology, with the occurrence of irregular outgrowths, while the morphology of var. Camemberti remains circular. These data could make it possible to improve the control of fungal development as a function of salt and carbon dioxide partial pressure. These abiotic factors could serve as technological barriers to prevent spoilage and increase the shelf life of cheeses. The present data will allow more precise predictions of fungal proliferation as a function of salt and carbon dioxide partial pressure, which are significant technological hurdles in cheese production.

Depicting Deity: A Metatheological Approach

<i>Depicting Deity: A Metatheological Approach</i>

Philosophy and African Sapiential Tradition

In the first part of our considerations we show how, according to Senghor, going back to the source is necessary to discover the richness of African languages and their philosophical significance. It is an effort which will enable the African to be in harmony with his/her history and the cardinal values found in the original Africa. Identity awareness must push us to lay the groundwork for the African philosophical creation found in African languages themselves. In this paper, the second part of our considerations, we are going to revisit the kiluba language. Besides, we are also going to look at the seSotho language, the language spoken in the Southern part of the continent of Africa. The major interest of this article therefore is the openness to the treasures of African thought via its linguistic corpus.

Educational and rhetorical significance of proverbs in ancestral kongo society

The object of our research work is to study the mechanisms by which the proverb works by showing its contribution to the ancestral education of Kongo. The proverb is a multifunctional instrument which intervenes in the socialization of the child. It plays several functions, but as regards our study, we will only discuss two : the pedagogical function and the rhetorical function. The choice of these aforementioned functions is explained by the fact that in the context of the education of a child, the proverb is, and remains a necessary tool which allows to support him in the acquisition of knowledge and in the development of language by exercising it in wisdom, one of the cardinal values of Kimuntu. So, we proceeded by Interviews and Participant observation for the collection data on the field investigation. The thematic content analysis approach of Mucchielli (1996) and relativized functionalism of Merton (1968) will be used to analyze our paremic corpus. To this end, we will first make the methodological and theoritical study of the proverbs ; contribute by presenting their pedagogical and rhetorical functions ; finally, how the rhetorical scope of the proverbs submitted to our study manifests itself. Keywords : traditional education, rhetoric, proverbs, values, pedagogy,

Infinite Aggregation and Risk

ABSTRACT Aggregative theories of moral value have difficulty in ranking worlds that each contain infinitely many valuable events. And, although there are several existing proposals for doing so, few provide a cardinal measure of each world’s value. This raises the even greater challenge of ranking lotteries over such worlds: without cardinal values, we cannot apply expected value theory. How, then, can we compare such lotteries? To date, we have just one method for doing so (proposed separately by Arntzenius, Bostrom, and Meacham), which is to compare the prospects for value at each individual location, and then to represent and compare lotteries by their expected values at each of those locations. But, as I show here, this approach violates several key principles of decision theory and generates some implausible verdicts. I propose an alternative—one that delivers plausible rankings of lotteries, which is implied by a plausible collection of axioms, and that can be applied alongside almost any ranking of infinite worlds.

Ending Our Silence

The U.S. has never fully addressed the legacy of chattel slavery and institutionalized racism. H.R. 40 – Commission to Study and Develop Reparation Proposals/Processes for African Americans Act presents an opportunity to engage in a national discourse on the topic of federal reparations for the injustices of slavery and the present-day impact. The intent of the bill is to establish a commission to examine remedies for slavery and institutionalized discrimination. Enacting this bill is an important step in acknowledging the fundamental injustices of slavery. Social work, as a profession, has yet to acknowledge a position on this important issue. The historical context of reparations and institutionalized discrimination are presented to initiate a dialogue and call to action among social workers. Social workers are in a unique position to play an integral role in addressing the issues challenging passage of H.R. 40. The advocacy expertise of social workers situates them to support reparations as a policy priority that aligns with the cardinal values of the profession. Through capacity-building, the social work profession can dispel the myths and fears associated with reparations and move H.R. 40 forward.

Acquisition of the counting principles during the subset-knower stages: Insights from children's errors.

Studies on children's understanding of counting examine when and how children acquire the cardinal principle: the idea that the last word in a counted set reflects the cardinal value of the set. Using Wynn's (1990) Give-N Task, researchers classify children who can count to generate large sets as having acquired the cardinal principle (cardinal-principle-knowers) and those who cannot as lacking knowledge of it (subset-knowers). However, recent studies have provided a more nuanced view of number word acquisition. Here, we explore this view by examining the developmental progression of the counting principles with an aim to elucidate the gradual elements that lead to children successfully generating sets and being classified as CP-knowers on the Give-N Task. Specifically, we test the claim that subset-knowers lack cardinal principle knowledge by separating children's understanding of the cardinal principle from their ability to apply and implement counting procedures. We also ask when knowledge of Gelman & Gallistel's (1978) other how-to-count principles emerge in development. We analyzed how often children violated the three how-to-count principles in a secondary analysis of Give-N data (N=86). We found that children already have knowledge of the cardinal principle prior to becoming CP-knowers, and that understanding of the stable-order and word-object correspondence principles likely emerged earlier. These results suggest that gradual development may best characterize children's acquisition of the counting principles and that learning to coordinate all three principles represents an additional step beyond learning them individually.

Understanding Sentiment Toward “Black Lives Matter”

AbstractA publicized series of police (and other) violence against unarmed Black people over the last decade has fueled unprecedented mass protest as well as political and policy debate in the United States, and beyond. Given this ethical dispute over whether democratic society upholds its cardinal values of freedom and equality for all, sentiment toward Black Lives Matter is suggestive of what people believe police killings, and protest against them, say about the state of democracy itself. In this review, we use the latest empirical evidence in psychology and related sociobehavioral sciences to document sentiment regarding Black Lives Matter. Because continuing racial inequity is a foundational assumption of Black Lives Matter, we will also review the most relevant studies of attention to, knowledge of, and beliefs and feelings about police violence and related acts and issues that may be viewed as indicating racial inequity. Much of this work shows a dramatic divergence of sentiment across racial and political lines, as increased social and political polarization and insulation evidences in divergent attention, cognition, affect, emotion, motivation, and action regarding relevant events and social issues. In this way, examinations of the psychology of such sentiment reveal just how deep the social and political rifts run in society.

Effect of abiotic factors and culture media on the growth of cheese-associated Nectriaceae species

Nectriaceae species have been described in various natural environments or as plant or human pathogens. Within this family, the Bisifusarium domesticum species is of particular interest for food mycologists as it is used for technological functions in various cheese productions. Moreover, it has only been isolated from the cheese environment so far and, until recently, was the only Nectriaceae species described in this food product. Recently, four novel cheese-associated Nectriaceae species have been described, including two associated to the Bisifusarium genus and two to a new genus, Longinectria gen. nov.. These observations raise questions concerning the potential adaptation of these species to the cheese environment. In this context, this study first focused on determining the impact of abiotic factors on the growth of isolates belonging to the five cheese-associated species (i.e. B. allantoides sp. nov., B. domesticum, B. penicilloides sp. nov., L. lagenoides gen. nov. sp. nov. and L. verticilliforme gen. nov. sp. nov.) but also included phylogenetically close species. To do so, fungal growth kinetics in liquid medium (Potato Dextrose Broth) were determined by laser nephelometry at different temperatures, pH and water activities using NaCl as a depressor. Growth modeling was then performed to estimate cardinal values for each abiotic factor. Secondly, fungal growth was also evaluated on Potato Dextrose Agar (synthetic medium), cheese agar (cheese-mimicking medium) and Raclette de Savoie cheese (actual cheese). Our results clearly highlighted physiological differences in growth characteristics between the studied cheese-associated Nectriaceae spp. and the “non-cheese” species which could suggest, for the former, an adaptation to this food matrix. Indeed, regarding the impact of the tested abiotic factors, statistical analyses confirmed this dichotomy, with for example the lowest optimal temperatures estimated for the cheese-associated species (Topt 19.1–23.1 °C) while the other Bisifusarium species exhibited the highest optimal temperatures (Topt 26.1–36.2 °C). As for the impact of growth media, radial growth measurements highlighted that B. domesticum was the least affected species for growth on Raclette de Savoie and even grew faster on cheese agar than on synthetic medium confirming its strong adaptation to the cheese environment.

Measuring Emerging Number Knowledge in Toddlers.

Recent evidence suggests that infants and toddlers may recognize counting as numerically relevant long before they are able to count or understand the cardinal meaning of number words. The Give-N task, which asks children to produce sets of objects in different quantities, is commonly used to test children’s cardinal number knowledge and understanding of exact number words but does not capture children’s preliminary understanding of number words and is difficult to administer remotely. Here, we asked whether toddlers correctly map number words to the referred quantities in a two-alternative forced choice Point-to-X task (e.g., “Which has three?”). Two- to three-year-old toddlers (N = 100) completed a Give-N task and a Point-to-X task through in-person testing or online via videoconferencing software. Across number-word trials in Point-to-X, toddlers pointed to the correct image more often than predicted by chance, indicating that they had some understanding of the prompted number word that allowed them to rule out incorrect responses, despite limited understanding of exact cardinal values. No differences in Point-to-X performance were seen for children tested in-person versus remotely. Children with better understanding of exact number words as indicated on the Give-N task also answered more trials correctly in Point-to-X. Critically, in-depth analyses of Point-to-X performance for children who were identified as 1- or 2-knowers on Give-N showed that 1-knowers do not show a preliminary understanding of numbers above their knower-level, whereas 2-knowers do. As researchers move to administering assessments remotely, the Point-to-X task promises to be an easy-to-administer alternative to Give-N for measuring children’s emerging number knowledge and capturing nuances in children’s number-word knowledge that Give-N may miss.

Determining optimum carvacrol treatment as a cardinal value of a secondary model

Predictive microbiology methods were used to study the effect of carvacrol on the bacterial resistance to antimicrobials. Our objective was to estimate the optimum dose of carvacrol at concentrations below its MIC value (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration). As a fluorescent marker, ethidium bromide (EtBr) was applied to Escherichia coli to acquire raw data. The accumulation of EtBr was measured by its fluorescence signal (Fs), in the unit of RFU (Relative Fluorescence Unit). The temporal change of the fluorescence values, at a constant concentration of carvacrol, was described by a saturation curve (primary model). The difference, within the observation interval, between the fitted initial and maximum fluorescent values was chosen as the primary parameter to be fitted in the secondary model: a convex, asymmetric, bi-linear function of the carvacrol concentration changing between 0 and 0.5 MIC. Its breakpoint is the optimum value of the carvacrol, a cardinal parameter of the secondary model, where the chosen primary parameter assumes its highest value. This optimum was estimated with high uncertainty for individual experiments, but F-test showed that, with appropriate experimental and numerical procedure, its existence and value can be claimed with confidence. Our results demonstrate that the estimation of the optimum of the secondary model can be robust even if the full secondary model is uncertain.

ABOUT CHOOSING THE METHOD OF EXACT APPROXIMATIONS OF DISCRETE STATISTICS PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS

In the paper, we consider the methods of exact approximations of statistics probabilities distribution. As the exact approximations, we consider ∆-exact distributions. The difference between the ∆-exact distributions and the exact approximations does not exceed a predefined arbitrary small value ∆ that defines the accuracy of the approximations. Besides, we consider the methods of the first and second multiplicity, which use statistic characteristics of samples. The first multiplicity method is based on the properties of the components of the first multiplicity vector, which are nonnegative integer solutions of a linear equation. The linear equation relates the alphabet sign frequency and the sample size. The second multiplicity method is based on the solution of a system of linear equations. The linear equations of the system relate the sample size and the alphabet cardinality with the number of the alphabet signs that have equal frequency in the sample. For the considered methods of exact approximations, we give expressions to estimate the computational complexity of exact approximations of distributions for any sample parameters. To provide the approximations accuracy of 10–5, and the computing resource with the performance of 1018 operations per second, we calculated the sample parameters. For these samples, we can calculate the exact approximations of distributions, using the considered methods, the available computing resource, and the declared accuracy. We formed the parameter regions for the samples, and the exact approximations of distributions can be calculated for these samples with the help of various methods. We compared the regions themselves and with the so-called region of uncertainty, which is limited from above not more than 5-fold excess of the sample size over the alphabet cardinality. On the base of the comparison of the parameter regions of the samples, which are suitable for calculation of the exact approximations of the distributions, we compared their calculation methods. It is shown that owing to the second multiplicity method, we can make calculations for all values of the alphabet cardinality from 2 to 256. In contrast to the second multiplicity method, the first multiplicity method does not allow calculations for the alphabet cardinality over 73. The parameter region of the samples, which are suitable for calculation of the limit approximations of the distributions by the second multiplicity method, contains the complete parameter region of the samples, suitable for calculation of the limit approximations of the distributions by the first multiplicity method, and exceeds it more than in 52 times. Owing to the comparison of the methods of exact approximations, it is proved that if we have the same computing resource, we can calculate the exact approximations with the help of the second multiplicity method for a greater number of samples with the increased parameters in comparison with the first multiplicity method. Hence, to calculate the exact approximations of statistics probability distributions, we choose the second multiplicity method. Practical significance of the research is possibility of calculation of the maximal values of the sample parameters. The current technological level of computer systems allows calculation of the exact approximations of the distributions for these values, which provide the minimal loss of criteria efficiency in comparison with the limit approximations used for the sample parameters. The scientific novelty of the research is the comparative analysis of the methods of exact approximations of distributions for calculation of distributions for the sample parameters, which do not allow calculation of the exact distributions due to their high computational complexity.

Welcome to the Regular World! Exploring How Female Doctorate Holders in Education Transition from Irregular to Regular Work in South Korea

The purpose of this study was to explore the adaptation process of female Ph.D. holders working in universities who shifted from being irregular employees to regular employees. The study adopted a qualitative approach using in-depth interviews to investigate participants’ experiences and discover any inconsistencies, as well as how they are alleviated. The basic findings of the study indicate that the adaptation process is more feasible when the gap between the personal aspect of job adaptation and the organizational environment and satisfaction with it decreases. The participants in the study joined the labour union to convert to regular jobs. However, after transitioning to full-time positions, the participants did not realize the structural aspect of the contracts they had signed. Although they expected to make their unfair situation more fair through the transition of their job positions, they still faced structural discrimination. As the participants were women with doctoral degrees, their professionalism was considered a cardinal value, and their job satisfaction varied according to the degree of matching between their work and their expertise. Moreover, during the evaluation period, they began to establish themselves as legitimate members of their teams through the employee evaluation procedure of full-time employees, which is conducted mutually rather than unilaterally. Through its in-depth interviews with transitioning university staff, this study makes a significant contribution to our understanding of how female faculty adjust to changes in their life and position in the organization following a change in their status. These findings prove that higher education institutions need focus on career development for female students as well as their faculty and staff members. Such a focus also requires more active actions by university and college members.

Por que se interessar pelo patrimônio esportivo?

The sporting heritage includes buildings, theaters for sporting competitions, and equipment characteristic of each discipline, artistic works having a sport for object, written and published texts, audiovisual but also oral archives testifying to sporting practices and passions. . This very diverse heritage only takes on its full meaning if the elements preserved are placed in their context. The task of bringing together, safeguarding and exhibiting this heritage falls to specialized museums, a key to understanding the division of activities according to gender, the social stratification of tastes, the affirmation of local and regional identities, national (through the fervor aroused by major matches), the way in which our societies deal with the violence of confrontations, the canons of beauty and bodily decorum ... and the cardinal values of modern societies (the spirit of competition, between other).