Cardboard Tubes Research Articles

What a card!

Hilary White suggests some intriguing ideas for craft projects with cardboard tubes. Based on an extract from The Arts and Crafts Handbook by Hilary White, order from Practical Pre-school Books www.practicalpreschoolbooks.com

Special Treasures

‘Today, Mrs Dunkirk said we would make the corner of our classroom into a jungle because that is what we had to learn about. She said we would make it with tissue paper and other stuff except there was no other stuff except cardboard tubes and paper plates, and Lego. She said we could not dangle the tissue down from the ceiling because it was a fire risk, and that silly boys like Craig Wise and Denis Bellamy would pull and tug at it like they did with the Christmas decorations. At Christmas!

Creating from cardboard tubes

Craft activities needn’t be expensive. In a new series, Christine Green reveals how everyday items can be transformed into imaginative makes.

Locomotor response to light and surface angle in three species of desert fleas

We studied the relocation of newly emerged and fed individuals of three species of desert fleas (Xenopsylla conformis, Xenopsylla ramesis, and Parapulex chephrenis) in response to light and surface angle. We observed flea movements inside of either horizontal or tilted cardboard tubes with different light regime at their ends. Proportion of relocating X. conformis and X. ramesis was significantly higher than that of P. chephrenis. In this species only, adult individuals relocated more frequently than newly emerged individuals, and females relocated more frequently than males. In general, the majority of fleas moved toward light independently of its position in relation to the surface angle. Fleas moved toward light even if it was positioned at the lower end of a tube. When both ends of a tube were darkened, newly emerged Xenopsylla moved randomly toward the upper or lower end of a tube, whereas newly emerged P. chephrenis moved mainly toward the upper end of a tube. Adult P. chephrenis and X. conformis also moved mainly toward the upper end of a tube, whereas adult X. ramesis moved mainly toward the lower end. When both ends of a tube were lighted up, newly emerged females of all species, as well as newly emerged female X. ramesis, randomly relocated toward the upper or lower end of a tube. In contrast, newly emerged males and adults of both sexes of P. chephrenis and X. conformis as well as adult female X. ramesis moved mainly toward the upper end of a tube, whereas adult male X. ramesis moved mainly down. Results of this study suggest that light is a more important abiotic signal for flea orientation than surface angle, and there are species-specific differences in flea responses to light and angle stimuli. These differences are related to spatial ecology and behavior of fleas' main hosts as well as to fleas' environmental preferences.

Pyrotechnic and Thermal Studies on the Magnesium‐Strontium Nitrate Pyrotechnic System

AbstractThe pyrotechnic and thermal properties of a range of binary magnesium‐strontium nitrate compositions containing from 10% to 90% by mass of magnesium have been determined. The burning rate and light output were measured after consolidating the compositions into cardboard tubes. The exothermicity, temperature of ignition and time to ignition of the compositions were also determined and the products of combustion were characterized.

Progressive Education in a New Era

Tables and chairs are pushed back against the walls of the classroom. Books are spread around. Small groups of children huddle over large pictures of bridges and blueprints. Raising their voices, they earnestly debate the relative merit of different types of construction materials and the structural demands of their project: to build a model of Philadelphia’s Ben Franklin Bridge, which spans the Delaware. Their own sketches of that bridge and their keen observations are scattered on the floor and tables with the books their teacher has collected from libraries. For the next couple of weeks, much of their curriculum will be set aside as they bring together their mathematical, literacy, and scientific knowledge to solve the problem of how to construct a model of the bridge across the entire classroom. In another classroom across the city it is project time. Thirty-two second graders spread out to the corners of the classroom, talking and bumping into one another as they claim tables and begin working on their chosen activities. Some students find their weaving looms made from large cardboard tubes. As they plan the order and colors of the stripes they are weaving, they learn about patterns. Another group is exploring place value by counting Dienes blocks and noting the numbers in charts. On the rug in the back of the room, children are building an elaborate marble track, experimenting with motion, balance, and design. A small group clusters around a cage holding the class snake, writing notes about the snake’s actions and looking intently through the books at the table. Children are reading on their own and in pairs; others explore on the classroom computers. There is an order and purposefulness in the room as students make familiar and sometimes new choices to follow their interests and extend projects begun as a whole group. These two sketches of learning are from classrooms that I would consider examples of progressive education. The first is from my

Bone bobbins and metal buttons

Bone bobbins and metal buttons sound like the contents of a sewing basket rather than a surgeon's kit. But bobbins and buttons have all been tried as solutions to the surgeon's dilemma of how best to make anastomoses in the gastrointestinal tract. The problem of getting secure anastomosis without stenosis has been known for centuries. Medieval writers advocated using the trachea of a goose to keep the gut lumen open, secured by four interrupted sutures. Later, cylinders of fish glue, cardboard tubes smeared with sweet oil and turpentine, solid rods of tallow, metal rings, and tubes of elder wood were all tried.

Challenges and opportunities

Can a pile of cardboard tubes and boxes help to fight Huntington's Disease? Apparently so, at least if you happen to be a mouse, reports Jeremy Thomson.

Effect of feed and environmental enrichment on development of stereotypic wire-gnawing in laboratory mice

At 21 days of age, 16 pairs of male laboratory mice of the ICR strain were weaned and allocated to four treatment groups in a 2×2 factorial design matched for genetic background (litter) and body weight. Factor one was the hardness of the food pellets with a significant 2.5-fold difference between soft and hard feed. Factor two was the environment, with half of the mice being kept in barren standard cages, while the other half were additionally provided with a cardboard tube. Subjects were videotaped during the full 12-h dark period on three occasions: 3 days after weaning, when stereotypies start to develop (24 days), at an early stage of stereotypy development (34 days), and when adult with fully established stereotypies (80 days). Since feed hardness had no effect on time spent feeding, the absence of an effect of the feeding treatment on stereotypic wire-gnawing remains inconclusive with respect to the role of feeding motivation in the development of this stereotypy. The interaction between the development of feeding and wire-gnawing, respectively, does not, however, suggest a strong relationship. In contrast, enrichment significantly reduced stereotypic wire-gnawing in adults by 40% ( F=4.47, df=1,26, p<0.05), presumably as a consequence of the cover provided by the cardboard tubes. This is substantiated by observations that the tubes were used as a place to retreat upon disturbance as well as for resting. As a consequence, when adult the mice showed more resting ( F=6.46, df=1,26, p<0.05) and less grooming ( F=9.79, df=1,26, p<0.01) in cages containing them, suggesting that mice with access to a cardboard tube (and hence shelter) perceived a greater level of security in these cages. Cardboard tubes therefore provide a simple means of environmental enrichment to reduce the development of abnormal behaviours in laboratory mice and may thus be beneficial in terms of their well-being.

Teacher to Teacher: Cardboard Tubes Bring Geometry from Home

No matter what their ages, students who see mathematics used in the real world-a world they really do see and use every day-begin to appreciate the relationship between mathematics and their lives. Spending a lot of money to see that spark of connection in students' eyes is unnecessary. even with today's glitzy, worldly attractions. For example, the cardboard tube found inside a roll of tissue or paper towels can help students examine and extend their understanding of geometric properties of parallelograms.

Rat toys, reinforcers, and response strength: An examination of the Re parameter in Herrnstein's equation

The response-strength equation is a mathematical model used to explain responding on variable-interval (VI) schedules. This equation has two fitted parameters, k and R e . Empirical research suggests that k is a measure of motor performance and R e is a measure of background sources of reinforcement relative to the arranged reinforcer. This experiment examined the interpretation of the R e parameter by augmenting the background reinforcement with a qualitatively different source of background reinforcement. Rats were food deprived and received sucrose solution for lever responding. Each experimental session consisted of a series of seven VI schedules, providing reinforcement rates that varied between 20 to 1200 h −1. Occasionally, cardboard tubes were introduced into the experimental chambers in order to provide the rats with another source of reinforcement distinct from the lever-response specific sucrose reinforcer. The k parameter did not change systematically as a result of the experimental manipulations, but R e was significantly larger when tubes were introduced into the chambers. These results are consistent with the interpretation that k and R e measure two independent and experimentally distinguishable parameters and that R e is a measure of reinforcement of background sources to the arranged reinforcer.

Osmiarufa L. (Hym. Megachilidae) as a Pollinator of Plants in Greenhouses

Abstract Osmiarufa has been successfully used as a pollinator of early flowering plants in an unheated greenhouse. This species showed a favourable sex ratio which enhanced propagation; it readily occupied artificial domiciles, hibernated well at 4–-5°C in a refrigerator, and could be available for immediate use as pollinator. The bees were easily trapped in nature by means of cardboard tubes. The females preferred tubes of 6 mm diameter, but also nested in 8 mm tubes. The latter tubes gave a considerable increase in sex ratio both in nature and under greenhouse conditions. The value of O. rufa as a pollinator is discussed.

Scale-Model Displacement Studies To Predict Flow Behavior During Cementing

Tests were conducted in model wellbores at lower laminar and turbulent flow to determine the influence of relative mud-cement weights and yield values upon displacement efficiency. Fluid properties were examined in both a model and a rotational viscometer and the results were compared so that additional scale-model values could be predicted. Introduction Several noteworthy publications written before 1960 apply either directly or indirectly to the problems in fluid flow with which we are concerned here. Among them are the Babbitt and Caldwell report of experiments with sludges and the Metzner and Reed work with the Power Law model for fluid-flow calculations. Weltmann and Green describe the phenomenon of thixotropy. Of the many good examinations in the geometries of fluid flow, two of special interest are those from Piercy et al. and Melrose et al. that consider annular configurations. Howard and Clark applied the known technology to the process of oil-well cementing in their experiments. Although it appeared that the problems were alleviated, cementing difficulties continue. In more recent work, the techniques of nonNewtonian rheology have been applied to real fluid systems, and the limitations of the mathematical models frequently used for generalized calculations have been explored. Ritter and Batycky and Perkins and Turner have applied the concept of thixotropy to improve pipeline design for handling rheologically complex fluids. McLean et al. and others have explored the variation of geometric factors and have evaluated the analytical techniques for solving problems considering this variable. problems considering this variable. The work discussed here seeks to determine how relative mud-cement density and yield values influence displacement efficiency during lower laminar flow and turbulent-flow cementing operations. Mud was displaced by cement at different flow rates from the centralized annulus of a 1-in. pipe in a series of 2.5-in.-ID cardboard tubes. The annular flow rates were chosen to approximate the shear rates of 50, 100, and 200 rpm in a rotational viscometer. A shear rate of 1,300 sec-1 was chosen for turbulent flow. The dependency of yield value on quiescent time and load rate was examined in viscometer, a pipe, and a model, and the results were compared for prediction of additional values from viscometer data. Cardboard tubes were selected to represent the wellbore in these experiments because they will absorb water from the mud and permit a filter cake to form; and to a reasonable extent one can control the thickness of the filter cake by controlling the time that the system is wetted with water before the mud is introduced. The models were designed with the bottom end of the pipe closed so that circulation was through six ports whose total cross-sectional area equalled the area inside the pipe. These ports were located 6 in. from bottom and phased 60 apart. Future investigations using the methods reported here are expected to include an evaluation of simulated washouts of several shapes and sizes as well as a study of the effect of eccentric rather than concentric location of the pipe. JPT P. 1081

Responses of female rats to the individual body odors of male rats

Sixteen receptive females were first observed during a 10-min habituation period that consisted of presenting them with two empty cardboard tubes housing the odors from the same male. After the habituation period one tube was removed and replaced with a tube housing the odors from a novel male. During the second 10-min testing period, the females spent a significantly greater amount of time with the novel males’ odor, after both 5 min (p &lt;.02) and 10 min (p &gt;.01) of testing. The females’ response to the novel males’ odor indicated that female rats can use olfactory cues to discriminate between individual male rats.