Cardanol Derivatives Research Articles

Manganese and iron tetraphenylporphyrin-catalyzed oxidation of a cardanol derivative (hydrogenated tert-butylcardanol)

Manganese and iron 2,6-disubstituted meso-tetraphenylporphyrins, bearing halogen atoms on the β-positions, have been used as catalysts for the oxidation of a cardanol derivative (hydrogenated tert-butylcardanol), using iodosilbenzene or hydrogen peroxide as oxygen atom donors. The reaction products can be correlated to the catalyst structure and to the nature of the oxidants.

Absolute rate constants for the reaction of peroxyl radicals with cardanol derivatives

Industrial grade cardanol is a yellow oil containing mostly cardanol with smaller percentages of cardol and methylcardol, obtained by thermal treatment and subsequent distillation of cashew nut shell liquid available in large amounts in some developing countries. In order to find useful applications of this widely available and renewable raw material in fine chemical processes we undertook a kinetic investigation of the antioxidant activity of some hydrogenated cardanol and cardol derivatives, compared with that of analogous commercial products.

A new and efficient synthesis of ortho- and para-benzoquinones of cardanol derivatives by the catalytic system MeReO3–H2O2

A convenient and efficient application of the catalytic system H2O2–MeReO3 for the first reported preparation of ortho- and para-benzoquinones of cardanol derivatives is described.

Polymers from Renewable Resources. XXVII. Studies on Synthesis, Characterization, and Thermal properties of Resins Derived from Cardanyl Acrylate-Furfural-Organic Compounds

Cardanol, the major constituent of cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL), is extracted from CNSL by vacuum distillation at 3–4 mm pressure of mercury and 230–240°C temperature. Cardanyl acrylate, a derivative of cardanol, is prepared by the Kaliyappan method. A number of resins have been synthesized by condensing cardanyl acrylate with furfural and selective organic compounds in the presence of acid as catalyst. The resins have been characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectra. Solvent absorptivity of the resins have been studied by taking toluene and dimethyl formamide as solvents. The thermal behavior of the resins have been studied. The overall activation energy and order of degradation of the resins have also been evaluated using the Freeman-Anderson method.

Polymers from Renewable Resources. XXVIII. Synthesis, Characterization, and Thermal Studies of Semi-Interpenetrating Polymer Networks Derived from Castor-Oil-Based Polyurethanes and Cardanol Derivatives

Cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) and its polymeric products find a wide range of industrial applications due to their higher thermal stability and mechanical strength. Cardanol is obtained from the vacuum distillation of CNSL at 230–240°C. The distilled cardanol was reacted with acetic anhydride and orthophosphoric acid to get acetylated cardanol (AC) and phosphorylated cardanol (PC), respectively. The Fourier transform infrared spectra of the above cardanol derivatives have been reported. A number of castor-oil-based polyurethanes were obtained using diisocyanates like hexamethylene diisocyanate and diphenylmethane diisocyanate. Then, a number of semi-interpenetrating polymer networks (semi-IPNs) were synthesized using the polyurethane, cardanol derivatives (AC and PC). The semi-IPNs were subjected to thermal analysis and the kinetic parameters were calculated by the Freeman and Anderson method.

Effect of chemical treatment on the tensile properties of short sisal fibre-reinforced polyethylene composites

The effect of chemical treatment on the tensile properties of sisal fibre-reinforced LDPE (low density polyethylene) composites was investigated. Treatments using chemicals such as sodium hydroxide, isocyanate, permanganate and peroxide were carried out to improve the bonding at the fibre polymer interface. The treatments enhanced the tensile properties of the composites considerably, but to varying degrees. The SEM (scanning electron microscopy) photomicrographs of fracture surfaces of the treated composites clearly indicated the extent of fibre matrix interface adhesion. It has been demonstrated that the CTDIC (cardanol derivative of toluene diisocyanate) treatment reduced the hydrophilic nature of the sisal fibre and thereby enhanced the tensile properties of the sisal LDPE composites. The SEM photomicrographs of the fracture surfaces have also shown that PE was highly bonded to the sisal fibre in CTDIC treated composites. The observed enhancement in tensile properties with the addition of small amounts of peroxides was attributed to the peroxide induced grafting of PE on to sisal fibre surfaces, as evident from the SEM photomicrographs of the fracture surfaces. It has been found that a low concentration of permanganate in the sisal-LDPE system during mixing considerably enhanced the mechanical properties. Among the various treatments, peroxide treatment of fibre imparted maximum interfacial interactions.

Polymers from Renewable Resources. Xi. Synthesis and Characterization of Thermosetting Resins Derived from Cardanyl Acrylate-Formaldehyde-Substituted Aromatic Compounds

Abstract A large number of resins have been synthesised by condensing cardanyl acrylate, a derivative of cardanol (a constituent of Cashewnut Shell Liquid) with formaldehyde and substituted aromatic compounds in the presence of acids as catalyst. The resins have been characterized by IR spectra. The thermal behaviour of the resins have also been studied. The kinetic parameters for the degradation of the resins have also been evaluated by using computer analysis, the LOTUS package, method.

Effect of ageing on the physical and mechanical properties of sisal-fiber-reinforced polyethylene composites

The effects of ageing on the mechanical properties and dimensional stability of cardanol derivative of toluene diisocyanate (CTDIC) treated and untreated sisal/LDPE composites have been studied. The ageing properties of the sisal composites were compared to those of glass-fiber composites aged under identical conditions. The tensile properties and dimensional stability were evaluated under two different ageing conditions. In the first case, samples were immersed in boiling water for 7 h under atmospheric pressure; in the second case, samples were heated at 70 °C in an air circulating oven for 7 days. The mechanical properties, weights and dimensions of the aged samples were measured. It was noted that CTDIC-treated composites showed superior mechanical properties and better dimensional stability compared to untreated composites under identical ageing conditions. The greater resistance of the treated composites under different ageing conditions indicated the existence of an efficient interfacial area between the fiber and the polymer matrix.

Biologically based QSARs: study of cardanol derivatives on interaction with Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Derivatives of the cashew nut component shell liquid have been examined for antifungal activity by microcalorimetry. The dose/response data are shown to be useful in establishing a Linear Free Energy Relationship. The data are the first to show that such a biologically based quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) can be applied to antifungals — and to derivatives of natural products.

Cardanol derivatives as PVC plasticizers. II. Plasticizer evaluation

A series of cardanol derivatives prepared in a preceding study1 are evaluated as PVC plasticizers. These include butyl anacardate (3), cyclohexyl anacardate (4), 3-(pentadec-8′-enyl)phenyl acetate (5), 3-(8′,9′-diacetoxypentadecyl)phenyl acetate (6), and 3-(8′-epoxypentadecyl)phenyl acetate (7). The evaluation initially involves compatibility and Brabender plastification testing. The two acetates 6 and 7 as the most promising compounds are selected for further investigation, comprising the determination of tensile properties and thermal stability behavior of compression-molded plasticized PVC sheet material. The extrudability of a plasticized wire coating formulation is also studied. The plasticizing efficiency of both 6 and 7 is on a par with di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate used as a standard plasticizer. In addition, both acetates show distinct costabilizing efficiency, the expoxyacetate 7 in this respect being superior to the other compounds tested. Cardanol, readily available as a by-product of cashew nut processing, thus may represent a welcome addition to the strained raw material market in the plasticizer field.