Card Board Research Articles

Anaerobic co-digestion of chicken manure and cardboard waste: Focusing on methane production, microbial community analysis and energy evaluation

This study aimed to investigate the synergistic effect and microbial community changes between chicken manure (CM) and cardboard (CB) during anaerobic co-digestion. Meanwhile, the energy balance of biogas engineering was extrapolated based on the batch tests. In batch tests, co-digestion system achieved the highest improvement (14.2%) and produced 319.62 mL CH4/gVS with a 65:35 ratio of CB: CM. More extracellular polymeric substance secretion promoted the electron transfer for acidogenesis and more hydrolase was provided with 31.6% improvement. The microbial analysis illustrated that higher acetoclastic Methanosaeta abundance was achieved, leading to 211% enhancement of acetoclastic pathway. Moreover, associated network illustrated that the higher methane production was mainly achieved through matching of hydrolytic bacteria and acidogenesis bacteria. As for energy balance, the synergistic effect increased the energy output by 38% and energy recovery to 46.4%.

Anaerobic co-digestion of food waste and cardboard in different mixing ratios: Impact of ultrasound pre-treatment on soluble organic matter and biogas generation potential at varying food to inoculum ratios

The aim of the present work is to investigate the impact of acetic acid assisted ultrasound pre-treatment of food waste (FW) and cardboard (CB) to overcome the barriers of substrate characteristics. Anaerobic co-digestion (ACoD) experiments were conducted with FW and CB in the mixing ratios of 100:0, 80:20, 60:40 and 50:50 at a food to inoculum (F/I) ratio of 1:1 and 1:2 to investigate its impact on biogas yield, volatile solids (VS) removal, solubilization of organic matter and the specific energy (SE) required. Results revealed that the biogas yield obtained from ultrasound pre-treated samples regardless of mixing ratio was higher at a F/I ratio of 1:2 compared to 1:1. The formation of bubbles, cavities and floc matrix significantly increased and the particle size decreased from 100 μm to 10 μm for FW:CB of 60:40 and 50:50 after pre-treatment. Ultrasound pre-treatment for 45 min was adequate for FW:CB of 100:0 and 80:20 while it was 60 min for 60:40 and 50:50 for increased sCOD between 37 % - 53 %. The VS removal efficiencies increased between 3–15 % from pre-treated samples compared to untreated. The CB mixing ratio is inversely related to SE while directly related to sCOD. Overall, during ACoD of FW and CB, the FW:CB of 80:20 gave a higher biogas yield of 471 mL/g VSadded followed by 60:40 and 50:50.

Simulation and Design of Multistage Unlimited Packers in Horizontal Wells

The staged fracturing technology for horizontal wells has successfully promoted the development of unconventional oil and gas, but it faces the challenges of rapid production decline in oil and gas wells. Studies on the multistage unlimited fracturing technology, that is, the existing fracturing tools are redesigned, the fully bored wellbore can be modified, any number of stages can be designed, and the technical advantages such as maximizing reservoir reconstruction can be achieved. The conventional packers cannot achieve the multistage unlimited fracturing, the packers are redesigned in this study. Through the Solid works software, the single use pin is transformed into a one-way internal tooth and a locking mechanism of the card board. The structure can be hydraulically applied to the piston, and the piston drives the internal teeth of the sealing sleeve to perform locking and adduction, so as to achieve repeated setting and unsealing of the packer. By means of ANSYS software and finite element calculation method, it is verified that the designed packer meets the third strength theory and safety requirements.

Determination of engineering properties of pearl millet (Bajra)

The engineering properties of Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) were determined at moisture content of 9.066 ± 0.078 % (wb). The mean values obtained for length, width and thickness were 3.522, 2.590 and 2.100 mm, respectively. The average value for geometric mean diameter, sphericity, weight of thousand grains, bulk density, true density and porosity were 2.511 mm, 0.676, 9.896 g, 852.644 kg.m-3, 1267.236 kg.m-3 and 32.716 % respectively. The angle of repose mean value was 38. The co-efficient of static friction on three types of structural material was found to be ranging from 0.378 (steel sheet), 0.422, (galvanised iron sheet) and 0.426 (card board).

Effect of Different Packaging Material on Shelf Life and Quality of Banana (Musa spp)

An experimental was carried out at Wolkite university horticulture laboratory to investigate the effect of different packaging materials on shelf life and quality of banana fruits. the experimental treatments were different packaging materials (banana leaf, straw, card board (carton) and polyethylene bag) and control. The experiment was laid out in a complete randomized design (CRD) with three replications. Data was collected from each packaging materials between the gap of 4 days interval, sample of banana fruits in each treatment was taken to measure color, TSS, physiological weight loss, pH and shelf life. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) for all the recorded parameters of weight loss, pH, Total soluble solid (TSS) and color were showed highly significantly (p<0.01) difference. The highest physiological weight loss (21.74) was recorded at the control (unpackaged) followed by banana leaf (15.59) whereas the lowest weight loss (6.56) was recorded from polyethylene bag. Bananas fruits packed using polyethylene bag, teff straw and banana leaf developed excellent type of colour whereas fruits kept in carton and the control showed dull type of colour. The highest pH value was recorded for bananas packed by banana leaf and teff straw whereas the lowest pH was observed in the control treatment followed by banana treated by carton box and polyethylene bag. pH of the banana fruit increased with the advancement of fruit ripening. the maximum value of TSS was recorded on fruits treated by polyethylene bag (21.36 0 Brix) followed by teff straw (20.36 0 brix) whereas the minimum value of TSS was recorded in the control (13.88 0 Brix). Keywords: Banana, Packaging Materials, Shelf Life DOI: 10.7176/JAAS/61-01 Publication date: February 29 th 2020

PENGARUH PENGUNAAN MEDIA PAPAN KARTU TEKA-TEKI UNTUK MEINGKATKAN PERKEMBANGAN KOGNITIF ANAK KELOMPOK B TK GENERASI HARAPAN KECAMATAN SUKODADI KABUPATEN LAMONGAN

The problems in this study are: (1) how children's cognitive development; (2) is there any difficulty in using card board puzzle media; (3) whether there is influence of card board media on children's cognitive development. The purpose of this study is (1) to determine the level of cognitive development of children; (2) to find out the difficulty of using card board puzzle media; (3) to find out the influence of the card board puzzle media. The subjects in this study were students in the Generasi Harapan kindergarten group in Sukodadi Subdistrict which were registered in the 2018/2019 school year. There are 23 children. The results of the study in group B in TK Sukodadi District showed that of 23 children who were the subjects of research on cognitive development in using puzzle board card media to get to know the names of land vehicles. The design of this study uses the experimental results of data collection techniques used are observation and documentation. The analysis technique used is descriptive statistics and differential statistics.

A new experience for child in paediatric dental clinic during pulp therapy procedures with the Google card–board device

Introduction Emotions like fear and anxiety prevail in children which may hamper effective dental treatment. Thus the need for behaviour management is mandatory in Paediatric dentistry.Aim To determine the effectiveness of ldquoGoogle Cardboard Devicerdquo Virtual RealityVR distraction method of behaviour management on anxiety and disruptive behaviour during pulp therapy procedures among children aged 5-8 years.Materials and Methods The proposed study was conducted split mouth as a Single Blinded Cross Over design in children age group of 5-8 years to assess the efficacy of the conventional method and VR distraction by ldquoGoogle Cardboard Devicerdquo during pulp therapy procedures. Disruptive behaviour of children assessed by the FLACC scale and anxiety levels according to pulse oximetry and MCDAS f. All the data were statistically analysed.Result Childrenrsquos disruptive behaviour anxiety levels and time required for the pulp therapy procedures were reduced in both the groups having statistically significant p value while using Google card-board device.Conclusion VR distraction method was using Google card-board device effectively reduced childrenrsquos disruptive behaviour anxiety levels and time required for the pulp therapy procedures.

KEEFEKTIFAN MODEL STUDENT FACILITATOR AND EXPLAINING BERBANTU MEDIA PAPAN KARTU TEMPEL TERHADAP HASIL BELAJAR SISWA KELAS IV TEMA CITA-CITAKU SDN 01 GEMUHBLANTEN

This research aimed to determine the effectiveness of the Student Facilitator and Explaining models with the help of the Paste Card media on the learning outcomes of the fourth grade students on the theme of My Story SDN 01 Gemuhblanten. The population were all fourth grade students of SDN 01 Gemuhblanten Kendal academic year 2018/ 2019. This research was an experimental study with a quantitative approach. The design of this study was a pre-experimental study with the type of research used is one group pretest-posttest design that uses a sampling technique that is non probability sampling. Data collection techniques are carried out using interview, observation, documentation, and test techniques. Student learning outcomes are seen from the average pretest value of 59.00 and increase in the posttest value with an average of 83.37. From the calculation of t-test obtained t count greater than t table that is 20,391>2,101, then H 0 is rejected and H a is accepted. The conclusion is that the Student Facilitator and Explaining learning model is assisted by the media of the Paste Card Board effective on the learning outcomes of the fourth grade students on the theme of My Story SDN 01 Gemuhblanten.

Enhancing the Production Efficiency in Paper Recycling Plant through Thickness Measurement

The whole world is moving towards recycling or green campus; such an initiative is focused here. In order to make use of the recycled raw materials completely without any wastage, certain measurements are necessary. Such measurement is the paper or board thickness has been proposed in this paper. The paper thickness measurement plays a vital role in order to minimize the pulp wastage and increase the production rate. The measurement technique utilized for paper thickness measurement is the ultrasonic method. The ultrasonic sensor-based paper thickness measurement helps in getting optimized results of maximum utility and minimal wastage. The thickness measurement indicator is designed to monitor the paper or card board thickness in an effective way. The improves the productivity of the paper production plant.

Development of readout electronics for bunch arrival-time monitor system at SXFEL

A bunch arrival-time monitor (BAM) system, based on electro-optical intensity modulation scheme, is under study at Shanghai Soft X-ray Free Electron Laser. The aim of the study is to achieve high-precision time measurement for minimizing bunch fluctuations. A readout electronics is developed to fulfill the requirements of the BAM system. The readout electronics is mainly composed of a signal conditioning circuit, field-programmable gate array (FPGA), mezzanine card (FMC150), and powerful FPGA carrier board. The signal conditioning circuit converts the laser pulses into electrical pulse signals using a photodiode. Thereafter, it performs splitting and low-noise amplification to achieve the best voltage sampling performance of the dual-channel analog-to-digital converter (ADC) in FMC150. The FMC150 ADC daughter card includes a 14-bit 250 Msps dual-channel high-speed ADC, a clock configuration, and a management module. The powerful FPGA carrier board is a commercial high-performance Xilinx Kintex-7 FPGA evaluation board. To achieve clock and data alignment for ADC data capture at a high sampling rate, we used ISERDES, IDELAY, and dedicated carry-in resources in the Kintex-7 FPGA. This paper presents a detailed development of the readout electronics in the BAM system and its performance.

Production of bioethanol by an innovative biological pre-treatment of a novel mixture of surgical waste cotton and waste card board

ABSTRACTAn optimized innovative biological pretreatment (avoiding the generation of inhibitors) of a novel mixture of surgical waste cotton and card board was performed for 14 ± 0.5 days using a fungi Paecilomyces inflatus ATCC® 32919™ resulting in 76 ± 0.14% and 25 ± 0.009% lignin and hemicellulose degradations, respectively. SEM analysis, X-ray diffraction analysis, and FT-IR spectroscopy revealed changes in the pretreated biomass mixture. Saccharification (57.09 ± 1%) was achieved for the pretreated mixture using in-house cellulases. Fermentation of the enzymatically saccharified hydrolysate using Saccharomyces cereviseae RW143 yielded 51.24 ± 1.2 g/L ethanol, with a cellulose conversion of 58.42 ± 1%. The biological pretreatment was 80% cheaper than conventional pretreatments giving a fermentation yield of 0.42 ± 0.08 g ethanol/g of glucose. A total of 90% (v/v) with 180 proof purity (twice the volume percentage by US standard) ethanol was obtained. A total of 96 ± 1.4% of diesel fuel’s cylinder pressure was achieved in an internal combustion engine testing for the produced ethanol’s blend with diesel.

Removal of Starch Glue from Wastewater by Coupling Coagulation and Electroflotation Processes

The aim of the current study is to optimize the treatment of wastewater rich in starch glue issued from the card board industry by coupling coagulation and electroflotation processes. The treatment consists of maximizing the removal rate of suspended solids contained in wastewater. This study includes both batch and continuous modes. In batch mode, a model water solution was used in order to evaluate the influence of pH, current density, and coagulant concentration, which were selected as operating parameters to be optimized. The methodology of experimental research, with an orthogonal central composite plan, was approved. In order to approach the process to the industrial scale and to improve the suspended solids removal rate, a continuous mode was also studied. The purification efficiency consisting in the elimination of suspended solids exceeded 95%. Physicochemical characterization of the effluent was performed before and after the treatment in batch and continuous modes to improve the efficiency of this process. This characterization included pH, conductivity, salinity, chemical oxygen demand, biochemical oxygen demand, and suspended solids.

Production of bio-ethanol from an innovative mixture of surgical waste cotton and waste card board after ammonia pre-treatment

ABSTRACTEthanol production from waste biomass using a slightly modified bio-refinery approach was performed in this work to cater to the increasing need of alternate fuels and fuel additives globally. A surgical waste cotton and waste packaging cardboard mixture after a 15% v/v ammonia pre-treatment showed 70% lignin removal. An optimized saccharification using In-house Cellulases produced from Trichoderma harzanium ATCC 20846 had a percentage saccharification of 45% and percentage yield saccharification of 94.6%. An optimized fermentation using Saccharomyces cereviseae strain RW143 resulted in the yield of 0.4 g ethanol/g glucose from the 15% (v/v) glucose in the enzymatically saccharified hydrolysate loaded. The distilled ethanol had 90% (v/v) concentration and180 proof (twice the amount of concentration percentage in v/v) purity. 1 kg biomass mixture when processed as mentioned would yield 120 mL ethanol. Two diesel-ethanol blends (E-10 and E-20) and a commercial Diesel control were used to rate an IC engine’s brake power.

Highly scalable intelligent sensory application and time domain matrix for safety-critical system design

The designs of highly scalable intelligent sensory application—Ethernet-based communication architectures—are moving toward the integration of a fault recovery and fault-detection algorithm on the automotive industry. In particular, each port on the same network interface card design is required to provide highly scalable and low-latency communication. In this article, we present a study of intelligent sensory application for the Ethernet-based communication architecture and performance of multi-port configuration which is mainly used in safety-enhanced application such as automotive, military, finance, and aerospace, in other words, safety-critical applications. Our contributions and observations on the highly scalable intelligent behavior: (1) proposed network interface card board design scheme and architecture with multi-port configuration are a stable network configuration; (2) timing matrix is defined for fault detection and recovery time; (3) experimental and related verification methods by cyclic redundancy check between client–server and testing platform provide comparable results to each port configurations; and (4) application program interface–level algorithm is defined to make network interface card ready for fault detection.

Use of local bioresources for post-harvest management of white rot of apple caused by Botryosphaeria dothidea

Post-harvest fungal pathogens are reported to cause 10 to 25 percent losses in apple. Among various pathogens, white rot caused by Botryosphaeria dothidea is one of the important post-harvest diseases. Incidence of white rot was recorded between3.0-14.1 percent in important marketing yards of Himachal Pradesh. Golden Delicious variety of apple has been found to be most susceptible to white rot pathogen. Two botanical formulations by mixing equal quantity of leaves of Karu (Roylea elegans), Artemisia (Artemisia roxburghiana), Neem (Azadirachta indica), Bana (Vitex negundo), Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum) and seeds of Darek (Melia azedarach) made in water and cowurine were evaluated against the white rot pathogen. Fruit dip for 30 minutes in cow urine based formulation did not allowed the disease development to form lesions in artificially inoculated apple fruits. Also, fruits dipped in cow urine based formulation followed by their storage in card board boxes at room temperature (25± 30C) for 30 days storage had minimum incidence (2.8%) of white rot disease. Therefore, dip treatment of apple fruits with different bio -resources including water and cow urine based botanical formulation separately proved effective in the management of white rot (Botryosphaeria dothidea) of apple.

Anatomical crown-root-ratio: A proxy to root length determination in rural endodontic practice

Background: Power supply has become increasingly erratic. In the rural communities it may be completely lacking, making radiography impossible. Tooth multiplication factor is a viable option to periapical radiographs in endodontic treatment.Methodology: A total of 120 upper central permanent incisor teeth were selected from 2,765 extracted teeth used for teaching of oral biology to dental students. These teeth were collected over 10-year period. The permanent central incisors were sorted using size, shape, colour and specific central incisor indices as parameter. Tooth location to the left or right was not of prime importance.Anatomical root-crown-ratio was determined using calibrated card board paper, simple ruler and Vernier calipers. One hundred and twenty upper permanent central incisors were randomly divided into six groups (A to F) before measurement of crown and root lengths.Result: Crown-root-ratio was 1:1.375. Every millimeter of crown is equal to1.375mm of root. Where (x) is the crown length. Therefore an anatomical crown length of 10mm will have an endodontic root length of 13.75mm given a total canal length of 23.75mm which is in tandem with reported average maxillary central incisors average canal length of 22mm – 23.8mm &#x0D; Conclusion: Tooth multiplication factor is recommended for trial especially in this power situation, especially worse in rural communities

Pyrolysis and combustion of municipal solid wastes: Evaluation of synergistic effects using TGA-MS

A thermogravimetric methodology was developed to investigate and semi-quantify the extent of synergistic effects during pyrolysis and combustion of municipal solid waste (MSW). Results from TGA-MS were used to compare the pyrolysis and combustion characteristics of single municipal solid waste components (polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS), branches (BR), leaves (LV), grass (GR), packaging paper (PK), hygienic paper (HP) and cardboard (CB)) and a mixture (MX) of PP, BR and CB. Samples were heated under dynamic conditions at 20°C/min from 25°C to 1000°C with the continuous record of their main evolved fragments. Synergistic effects were evaluated by comparing experimental and calculated weight losses and relative areas of MS peaks. Pyrolysis of the mixture happened in two stages, with the release of H2, CH4, H2O, CO and CO2 between 200 and 415°C and the release of CH4, CxHy, CO and CO2 between 415 and 525°C. Negative synergistic effect in the 1st stage was attributed to the presence of PP where the release of hydrocarbons and CO2 from BR and CB was inhibited, whereas positive synergistic effects were observed during the 2nd degradation stage. In a second part of the study, synergistic effects were related to the dependency of the effective activation energy (Eα) versus the conversion (α). Higher Eαs were obtained for MX during its 1st stage of pyrolysis and lower Eαs for the 2nd stage when compared to the individual components. On the other hand, mostly positive synergistic effects were observed during the combustion of the same mixture, for which lower Eαs were recorded.

Classification of domestic burning smell using covariance k- nearest neighbour algorithm for early fire detection application

Fire is one of the most common hazards in households. It is the fifth leading unintentional cause of injury and death, behind motor vehicle crashes, falls, poisoning by solids or liquids, and drowning. It also ranks as the first cause of death for children under the age of 15 at home. Roughly, 80 percent of all fire deaths occur in places where people sleep, such as in homes, dormitories, barracks, or hotels. 74% of the deaths result from fires in homes with no smoke alarms or no working smoke alarms while surveys report that 96% of all homes have at least one smoke alarm. Nearly all home and other building fires are preventable. No fire is inevitable. Determination of burning smell is important because it can help in early fire detection and prevention. This preliminary study discusses the development of a fire sensing system that is not only capable of detecting fire in its early stage but also of classifying the fire based on the smell of the smoke in the environment. A domestic burning smell classification system for early fire detection application has been proposed using new covariance k-nearest neighbour (Ck-NN) algorithm. The experiments were performed on recorded smell samples from combustion of ten different commonly available domestic odour sources, including candle, joss sticks, air freshener, mosquito coil, newspaper, card board, plastic materials, Styrofoam and wood. All the experiments were done in a test chamber with humidity and temperature sensors. Portable Electronic Nose (PEN3) from AirSense Analytics is used as the measurement device. The smell source is placed 0.3m from the PEN3 and the time-series signal is measured for two minutes. The odour metrics consist of 66000 odour samples are modelled using Ck-NN algorithm. It is found that the average mean classification accuracy for the model is 99.63%.

Comparison of polyolefin biocomposites prepared with waste cardboard, microcrystalline cellulose, and cellulose nanocrystals via solid-state shear pulverization

As a significant part of municipal solid waste (MSW), waste cardboard (CB) is a sustainable, inexpensive, and rich source of cellulose. Previous studies of polyolefin/CB composites have reported modest enhancement to major reduction in modulus and major reduction in elongation at break values relative to neat polymer. Here, green hybrids of low density polyethylene (LDPE) and polypropylene (PP) with 5–25 wt% CB are made by solid-state shear pulverization (SSSP), which achieves both size reduction of 2–3 cm sized CB pieces to the micron level and dispersion in polymer. The properties obtained with CB incorporation in LDPE and PP are compared and contrasted with those obtained with incorporation of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and cellulose nanocrystal (CNC). Polyolefin composites with CB made by SSSP exhibit major enhancement in Young's modulus (63% and 71% increases for 10 wt% CB in LDPE and 15 wt% CB in PP, respectively). The PP/CB composites exhibit a broad range of property enhancements relative to neat PP, including a nearly 50% nucleating efficiency, as much as an 8% increase in PP crystallinity, and a factor of ∼3 decrease in crystallization half-time. Well-dispersed CB particles improve LDPE and PP thermo-oxidative stability as shown by thermogravimetric analysis (∼5–20 °C increase in 20% mass loss temperature in air with 15–20 wt% CB addition) and isothermal shear flow rheology. Similarly, post-SSSP high-temperature, long-time melt mixing results in no apparent degradation of LDPE/CB and MCC composites whereas LDPE/CNC composites show major degradation. When incorporated into polyolefin composites, low cost, cellulose-rich MSW can often produce reinforcement similar to glass fibers and thus has potential as filler for structural composite applications.

Urban biowaste for solid fuel production: waste suitability assessment and experimental carbonization in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.

The poor state of solid waste management in Dar es Salaam (DSM), Tanzania, the large fraction of organic waste generated and a high charcoal consumption by city residents has triggered this research on carbonization of municipal biowaste. Char produced by the thermochemical conversion method of slow pyrolysis can be briquetted and used as cooking fuel alternative to wood-based charcoal. To explore the potential of biowaste carbonization in DSM, the most suitable organic wastes were selected and pyrolyzed in a simple, externally heated carbonization system developed as part of this study. A Multi-Criteria Analysis framework allowed to assess prevailing biowaste types regarding availability and accessibility, and respective suitability in terms of physical-chemical properties. The assessment, using data from a survey and lab analysis, revealed the following biowaste types with highest overall potential for char production in DSM: packaging grass/leaves (PG) used for transportation of fruit and vegetables to the markets, wood waste (WW) from wood workshops, and cardboard (CB) waste. Best practice carbonization of these biowastes in the pyrolyzer showed satisfactory char yields (PG: 38.7%; WW: 36.2%; CB: 35.7% on dry basis). Proximate composition (including volatile, fixed carbon and ash content) and heating value (PG: 20.1 MJ kg(-1); WW: 29.4 MJ kg(-1); CB: 26.7 MJ kg(-1)) of the produced char also compare well with literature data. The energy and emission-related aspects of the system still require further research and optimizations to allow financially viable and safe operation.