Gelatin Carboxymethyl Cellulose Research Articles

Gel strength estimation and optimizing textural behavior of mixed gelatin–carboxymethylcellulose hydrogel

AbstractRheological and textural behavior of mixed hydrolgels gelatin‐carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) were examined to evaluate the influence of hydrogel concentration (0.5, 0.75, and 1.0%), hydrogel mixed ratio (1:2, 1:1, and 2:1), temperature (4, 12, and 20 °C) and pH (3, 5, and 7.0) on gel strength. Depending on the experimental design, chemical weak and physical mixed gelatin‐CMC hydrogels were obtained according to small amplitude oscillation (SAOS) test. The most effective factor was found as pH followed by hydrogel mixed ratio and hydrogel concentration for gel strength according to design model. The optimum textural conditions for mixed hydrogels were also determined to be 1.0% of hydrogel concentration, 2:1 of hydrogel mixed ratio, 4 °C of temperature, and pH of 7.0 with texture of 1.30 N. It is concluded that gel strength is more sensitive to temperature from rheological measurement than from getting textural measurements.Practical applicationsHydrogel is a good film form to resist water vapor and air diffusion in coating for fruit and vegetables. Combination of different hydrogels is increased rheological properties such as gel strength due to the synergistic interactions. Thus, gel strength estimation is a critical issue to be explored in food industry especially in food coatings for the improvement of texture, stability, and shelf life extension of food products. As a consequence, there is need to evaluate stability of gel strength under different gel production and processing conditions.

Formulation and Evaluation of Pediatric Oral Soft Jellies of Salbutamol Sulphate

Medicated oral jelly formulations are more preferable for pediatric patients, which provide rapid dissolution and absorption of drugs thereby early onset of action. The aim of the present investigation was to formulate and evaluate oral jelly formulations of salbutamol sulphate. Salbutamol sulphate oral jellies were prepared using gelatin alone, methyl cellulose-gelatin and sodium carboxy methyl cellulose-gelatin in combination as gelling agents. The prepared jelly formulations were evaluated for pre-formulation studies, physical characteristics, drug content, pH, rheological properties, syneresis and in vitro dissolution testing. Fourier transform infrared analysis showed that there was no incompatibility between drug and excipients. The pH of all the formulations was found between pH 6.54 ± 0.06 and 6.74 ± 0.02. The weight variation was found between 0.99% ± 1.24 and 1.01% ± 0.74 in all prepared jelly formulations. The drug content was found in the range of 98.23% ± 0.58 to 99.25% ± 0.35, which was in conformity with the pharmacopoeial specification of 98% - 101%. Syneresis was not observed in jellies. All formulations showed more than 50% drug release within 15 min. From the results of in vitro dissolution study, it was found that the rate of dissolution of salbutamol sulphate from F5 (gelatin - methyl cellulose combination) and F7 (gelatin - sodium CMC combination) was found to be higher and in conformance with the bio-pharmaceutical classification system (BCS) concept for the immediate release formulations (>85% in 30 min).

Synthesis and characterization of mechanically strong carboxymethyl cellulose–gelatin–hydroxyapatite nanocomposite for load-bearing orthopedic application

Novel three-dimensional hybrid polymer–hydroxyapatite nanocomposites have been developed as load-bearing synthetic bone graft through in situ mineralization process, using natural polymers carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and gelatin (Gel) as matrix. This process is simple and does not involve any chemical cross-linker. Detailed structural and physicochemical characterization of the samples disclosed that incorporation of gelatin with CMC assists the formation of CMC-Gel polymeric network of new conformational structure through non-covalent interactions (H-bond). The formation of hydroxyapatite (HA) in this polymeric network was occurred in such a fashion that the HA serves as bridging molecule which strengthen the polymeric network more and formed a mechanically strong three-dimensional CMC-Gel-HA nanocomposite. The synthesized CMC-Gel-HA nanocomposites have compressive strength and modulus in the range of 40–86 MPa and 0.4–1.2 GPa, respectively, analogous to human cancellous as well as cortical bone. In vitro cell interaction of the synthesized nanocomposites with osteoblast-like MG-63 cells has been evaluated. Results showed that synthesized CMC-Gel-HA nanocomposite promote cells for high alkaline phosphatase activity and extracellular mineralization. Extracellular mineralization ability of nanocomposite was investigated by alizarin red staining and von Kossa staining. Biodegradable nature and bone apatite formation ability of CMC-Gel-HA nanocomposite under simulated physiological environment were investigated by different characterization processes. Results indicated that the synthesized CMC-Gel-HA nanocomposite has great potential to be used as regenerative bone graft in major load-bearing region.

Effect of xanthan gum on the physical and mechanical properties of gelatin-carboxymethyl cellulose film blends

Abstract The aim of this study is to develop composite edible films from three different polymers to induce cross-link reactions that improved the quality of films made from two polymer types. Gelatin-carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)-xanthan gum films were prepared by casting to study effects from the addition of different concentrations (0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25%, w/w solid) of xanthan gum to gelatin-CMC film. Physical and mechanical properties of the respective films were evaluated. The addition of xanthan gum increased the thickness, moisture content and water vapour permeability of gelatin-CMC film (p

Iron cross-linked carboxymethyl cellulose–gelatin complex coacervate beads for sustained drug delivery

The formation and smooth recovery of ibuprofen encapsulated in microcapsules using gelatin and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) complex coacervation without glutaraldehyde were the objectives of this investigation. The microcapsules were recovered as ionically cross-linked beads using aqueous ferric chloride in 50 vol. % of 2-propanol. A physical mixture of CMC/gelatin (FP1) and CMC alone (FP2) beads was also prepared for comparison. The drug-entrapment efficiency of complex coacervate beads (FP3–FP5) was dependent on the drug-to-polymer ratio and was in the range of 86–92 mass %. Beads prepared with the highest ratio of the drug (FP5) exhibited the lowest entrapment. FP1 and FP2 beads exhibited an entrapment efficiency of 98.5 mass % and 91.3 mass %, respectively. Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) revealed different functional groups in complex coacervate, physical mixture and FP2 beads. Optical and scanning electron microscopy revealed the distinct appearance and surface morphology of the various beads. The stable and crystalline nature of ibuprofen in the beads was confirmed by FTIR and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), respectively. Ibuprofen release from FP1 and FP2 beads was very slow and unsuitable for oral delivery. The bead prepared by complex coacervation (FP5) showed a better release profile over 48 h and could be developed as a sustained drug delivery system.

Caboxymetylcellulose/Gelatin Blends Loaded with Piroxicam: Preparation, Characterization and Evaluation of in Vitro Release Profile

Piroxicam is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) exhibiting analgesic and antipiretic properties and widely used in the management of chronic diseases. Associated with these use, there are registers of adverse reactions. Microparticle formulations in hydrogel matrix can be used to form a semi-permeable barrier which enables their actions and can reduce the effects. This work presents a study on the effect of gelatin/carboxymethyl cellulose (Gel/CMC) semi-IPN matrix composition on the retention and kinetic behavior of releasing this drug. The microparticles were obtained through the emulsion-crosslinking method using 23 factorial planning and the piroxicam was added as solid particles. In order to characterize the interaction between matrix-active agent and quantification of the drug, the following techniques were applied: SEM, DSC and XRD. SEM micrographs revealed microparticles with regular and spherical shape and that in some compositions the drug is partially absorbed and not encapsulated. Beyond that DSC and XRD analyses indicate that the piroxicam remained in the matrixes, maintains the same crystalline form. The factorial planning analysis indicated that matrix obtained a maximum encapsulation efficiency (EE%) of 10.64% and became possible to create a response surface graph using a EE% as answer. In addition to this, release kinetics analyses demonstrated that the release process seems to be governed by distinctly kinetic models, considering the composition of the sample. In some samples the release can be driven by Fickinianan diffusion, others by anomalous transport or swelling.

A novel carboxymethylcellulose–gelatin–titanium dioxide–superoxide dismutase biosensor; electrochemical properties of carboxymethylcellulose–gelatin–titanium dioxide–superoxide dismutase

A novel highly sensitive electrochemical carboxymethylcellulose–gelatin–TiO2–superoxide dismutase biosensor for the determination of O2•− was developed. The biosensor exhibits high analytical performance with a wide linear range (1.5nM to 2mM), low detection limit (1.5nM), high sensitivity and low response time (1.8s). The electron transfer of superoxide dismutase was first accomplished at the carboxymethylcellulose–gelatin–Pt and carboxymethylcellulose–gelatin–TiO2–Pt surface. The electron transfer between superoxide dismutase and the carboxymethylcellulose–gelatin–Pt wihout Fe(CN)64−/3− and carboxymethylcellulose–gelatin–Pt, carboxymethylcellulose–gelatin–TiO2–Pt with Fe(CN)64−/3− is quasireversible with a formal potential of 200mV, 207mV, and 200mV vs Ag|AgCl respectively. The anodic (ksa) and cathodic (ksc) electron transfer rate constants and the anodic (αa) and cathodic (αc) transfer coefficients were evaluated: ksa=6.15s−1, αa=0.79, and ksc=1.48s−1αc=0.19 for carboxymethylcellulose–superoxide dismutase without Fe(CN)64−/3−, ksa=6.77s−1, αa=0.87, and ksc=1s−1αc=0.13 for carboxymethylcellulose–superoxide dismutase with Fe(CN)64−/3−, ksa=6.85s−1, αa=0.88, and ksc=0.76s−1αc=0.1 carboxymethylcellulose–gelatin–TiO2–superoxide dismutase. The electron transfer rate between superoxide dismutase and the Pt electrode is remarkably enhanced due to immobilizing superoxide dismutase in carboxymethylcellulose–gelatin and TiO2 nanoparticles tend to act like nanoscale electrodes.

An in situ cross-linking hybrid hydrogel for controlled release of proteins

There is a clear need for methods to provide a safe controlled release of therapeutic proteins, either to achieve and maintain high local protein concentrations, or for sustained systemic delivery. We have developed a protein delivery system that combines in situ cross-linkable polysaccharide hydrogels with gelatin. This formulation is injectable, easy to apply, and obviates the need for organic solvents or potentially toxic cross-linking agents in the formulation process. The cross-linked polysaccharides themselves (comprising hyaluronic acid, dextran and/or carboxymethylcellulose) provided prolonged release of fluorescently labeled albumin (FITC-albumin). The duration of release was markedly extended by the incorporation of gelatin into the formulation: FITC-albumin and interleukin-2 (IL-2) were released over the course of more than 3weeks. The IL-2 maintained >70% activity throughout that time. Gelatin also accelerated the gelation time of the hydrogels, and reduced their swelling in phosphate-buffered saline. The composite hydrogel (dextran–carboxymethylcellulose–gelatin) showed minimal cytotoxicity in vitro, and benign tissue reaction after subcutaneous injection in rats.

Thermal analysis of controlled‐release formulations based on entrapment of a larvicide in cross‐linked carboxymethylcellulose

AbstractThermal analysis of controlled‐release formulations of fenthion, prepared by its entrapment in cross‐linked carboxymethylcellulose and carboxymethylcellulose–gelatin matrices was carried out by thermogravimetric analysis and under accelerated storage conditions. Thermograms of samples of sodium carboxymethylcellulose, cross‐linked polymer samples, and the formulations were studied. The thermogravimetric analysis showed improved heat resistance and retention of fenthion or its decomposition products in the formulated samples. The decomposition maximum of technical‐grade fenthion was 260°C and the corresponding weight loss was about 90%, whereas fenthion or its decomposition products appear to be retained up to temperatures ranging from 400 to 500°C in the formulations. The half‐life of fenthion in the mechanical mixture with the carrier polymer was found to range from 19.92 to 29.98 days, whereas in the formulated samples, it was found to range between 41.54 and 113.35 days. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.