Dissolution Of Carbonate Rocks Research Articles

Variability of Dissolved Inorganic Carbon in the Most Extensive Karst Estuarine-Lagoon System of the Southern Gulf of Mexico

AbstractCoastal ecosystems with karstic geology have a unique characteristic where the dissolution of carbonate rocks can increase total alkalinity (TA) and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC). This results in higher inorganic carbon budgets in coastal areas. One such ecosystem is the Terminos Lagoon, the most extensive tropical estuarine lagoon system in Mexico, located in the karstic aquifer of the Yucatan Peninsula and connected to the southern Gulf of Mexico (sGoM). We measured TA and DIC to evaluate the variability in Terminos Lagoon’s of the carbonate system. We also estimated pH, partial CO2 pressure (pCO2), and aragonite saturation (ΩAr) along two transects from the main lagoon tributaries (Palizada and Candelaria rivers) to the coastal zone during the dry and rainy seasons. During the dry season, TA and DIC concentrations were significantly higher (3092 ± 452 µmol kg-1 TA, 2943 ± 522 µmol kg-1 DIC) than during the rainy season (2533 ± 228 µmol kg−1 TA, 2492 ± 259 DIC µmol kg−1). Our calculations indicate that the rainy season pCO2 (2532 ± 2371 µatm) seems higher than in the dry season (1534 ± 1192 µatm). This leads to a reduction in pH (7.9 ± 0.3 to 7.8 ± 0.3). These significant changes indicate that rain increases the flow of unsaturated river water into the lagoon. The results of this work contribute toward a dissolved inorganic carbon variability baseline in the sGoM and can be helpful to Terminos Lagoon decision-makers.

An Integrated Numerical Study of CO2 Storage in Carbonate Gas Reservoirs with Chemical Interaction between CO2, Brine, and Carbonate Rock Matrix

In light of the burgeoning interest in mitigating anthropogenic CO2 emissions, carbonate reservoirs have emerged as promising sequestration sites due to their substantial storage potentials. However, the complexity of CO2 storage in carbonate reservoirs exceeds that in conventional sandstone reservoirs, predominantly due to the rapid interactions occurring between the injected CO2, brine, and carbonate rock matrix. In this study, a numerical model integrated with the chemical CO2–brine–rock matrix interaction was developed to analyze the carbonate rock dissolution process and the physical property variations of different carbonate gas reservoirs during the CO2 injection and sequestration process. More specifically, a total of twenty scenarios were simulated to examine the effects of lithology, pore size, pore–throat structures, and CO2 injection rate on carbonate rock matrix dissolution and reservoir property variation. Calcite is significantly easier and quicker to react with CO2-solvated brine than dolomite; as a result, limestones exhibit an expedited rock dissolution and pore volume increase, along with a slower pressure buildup in comparison to dolomites. Also, the carbonate reservoir with a smaller pore size has a higher rock dissolution rate than one with a larger pore size. Furthermore, the simulation results show injected CO2 can modify the pore-dominant carbonate reservoir to a more pronounced extent than the fracture-dominant carbonate reservoir. Lastly, the carbonate rock dissolution is more obvious at a lower CO2 injection rate. The insights derived from this research aid evaluations related to CO2 injectivity, storage capacity, and reservoir integrity, thereby paving the way for environmentally and structurally sound carbon sequestration strategies.

Hydrogeochemical process and coal mining-motivated effect on the hydrochemistry for the groundwater system in mining area of Western China

The Jurassic coalfield in the mining area of western China exhibits a multi-layered groundwater system. However, it is subject to an arid and semi-arid climate with limited water resources. Consequently, the ecological environment is highly vulnerable, and the chemistry and quality of groundwater may be influenced by multiple factors. This study systematically the coal mining-motivated effect on the hydrochemistry and water quality of the groundwater system, using the Caojiatan Coal Mine as a case study. The analysis incorporates a combination of the self-organizing maps (SOM), entropy-weighted water quality index (EWQI), and traditional hydrochemical analysis methods. After coal mining, there was an increase in the proportion of HCO3-Ca and HCO3-Mg in the groundwater samples of J2z, J2y4, and J2y5. The groundwater is controlled by cation exchange as a whole. The J2y4 and above groundwater is influenced by both the dissolution of carbonate and silicate rocks before coal mining. After coal mining, the Quaternary and J2a groundwater in the western wing is primarily influenced by the dissolution of carbonate rocks; the J2z, J2y4 and J2y5 groundwater is primarily governed by the dissolution of silicate rocks and the oxidation of FeS2; the J2y3 and below groundwater is primarily controlled by the dissolution of evaporate rocks. The resulting dilution effect after coal mining and the implementation of measures for the discharge of treated mine water make the groundwater quality of the J2y4 and higher aquifers tend to be better. The research findings serve as a valuable reference for promoting the sustainable development and protection of groundwater resources not only in the study area but also in other coal mines.

Effects of the hydrologic process and geochemistry on dissolved carbon in shallow groundwater surrounding Qinghai Lake

A high concentration of dissolved carbon in groundwater increases drinking water health risks and carbon transport. Understanding the comprehensive impact of hydrologic processes and geochemistry on dissolved carbon in shallow groundwater also is a fundamental prerequisite for estimating the carbon budget of lakes in the Tibetan Plateau. This study investigated the spatial–temporal characteristics of the hydrologic process, geochemistry and dissolved carbon in shallow groundwater by the stable isotope tracer method, Piper diagram and Boomerang envelope model. The driving factors of dissolved carbon in shallow groundwater were explored by correlation analysis and redundancy analysis. The results showed low dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) concentrations and high dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations during the thawing period and rainy season and high DIC concentrations and low DOC concentrations during the freezing period. The seepage velocity, soil carbon dioxide dissolution and gypsum dissolution were the main factors influencing DIC concentrations during the thawing period. The mineralization and decomposition of DOC and dissolution of carbonate rocks were the main factors influencing DIC concentrations during the freezing period. The concentrations of DOC were mainly controlled by the adsorption of Ca2+ and Mg2+, microbial activity and pollutants produced by human activities. Our results are useful for ecological sustainable development, human health, and research on the carbon transport in groundwater in the Tibetan Plateau.

Study on Hydrochemical Characteristics and Interactions between Groundwater and Surface Water in the Dongting Lake Plain

The Dongting Lake Plain is a major ecological reserve for river and lake wetlands in the Yangtze River Basin, with complex river and lake relationships and frequent water flow exchange. Studies on the hydrochemical characteristics and the mechanism of interaction between groundwater and surface water will actively promote the scientific management, utilization of water resources, and protection of the ecological environment in the Dongting Lake Plain. Based on hydrogeochemical statistics, Gibbs diagrams, ion ratios, rock weathering end-element diagrams, hydrogen–oxygen isotope relationship diagrams, and other technical methods, the chemical characteristics, ion sources, and the distribution of hydrogen–oxygen isotopes of groundwater and surface water in “the Three Inlets” and “the Four Rivers” water system areas as well as the Dongting Lake water were analyzed. Additionally, the interactions between groundwater and surface water and the proportions of these contributions were discussed. The results show that both groundwater and surface water in the Dongting Lake Plain are weakly acidic or alkaline, and the anions are mainly HCO3−, the cations are mainly Ca2+and Mg2+, with the hydrochemical types being mainly HCO3−Ca−Mg and HCO3−Ca. The chemical characteristics of groundwater and surface water are mainly affected by the interaction between water and rock; the ions in surface water mainly come from the weathered dissolution of carbonate and silicate rocks, while the ions in groundwater mainly come from the weathered dissolution of carbonate and silicate rocks, with the dissolution of evaporite rocks locally. Groundwater and surface water are mainly distributed near the local meteoric water line (LMWL), and the slope of the local evaporation line is less than that of the LMWL, which indicates that atmospheric rainfall is an important recharge source for groundwater and surface water and that at the same time, it is affected by evaporation to a certain extent. Part of the groundwater in the Dongting Lake Plain is discharged into the surface rivers in “the Three Inlets” and “the Four Rivers” water system areas, and the other part is directly discharged into Dongting Lake. According to the mass balance relationship of isotopes, the proportions of surface water in “the Three Inlets” and “the Four Rivers” water system areas contributing to Dongting Lake’s water are 18.48% and 60.38%, respectively, and the proportion of groundwater in the lake plain contributing to Dongting Lake water is 21.14%.

Analysis of the chemical characteristics and causes of high total hardness of groundwater in Jianghan Plain, China.

Familiarity with the chemical characteristics of regional groundwater can provide important guidance and reference for the development of regional groundwater exploitation. Jianghan Plain has been reported to have high groundwater total hardness (TH), resulting in the inability of local groundwater to be directly used as drinking water. In order to explore the causes of high TH, the paper analyzed the hydrochemical characteristics of shallow groundwater in Jianghan Plain combined with software of SPSS, JMP, and PHEEQC. The results showed that the cations in the groundwater in the area were mainly Ca2+, while the anions were mainly HCO3-. 20% of groundwater exceed the China national guideline for TH (i.e., 450mg/L). The groundwater chemistry in the study area was controlled by three main factors of dissolution of carbonate rocks, human activities, and redox conditions, among which the interaction between water and rock had the greatest impact. The water carbonate rock interaction within Jianghan Plain was affected by various factors such as water flow and aquifers and showed a gradually weakening trend from west to east. This work not only strengthened the understanding of the causes of the high TH of groundwater in the region, but also provided reference value for regional groundwater environmental management.

Predicting carbonate rock dissolution using multi-scale residual neural networks with prior knowledge

The factors that affect carbonate dissolution are complex, and it is crucial to acquire efficient and accurate knowledge of carbonate dissolution characteristics for CO2 capture and storage (CCS) projects. In current research, the most precise outcomes can be achieved through experimental or simulation techniques, but they are frequently computationally demanding and time-consuming. Data-driven machine learning methods can efficiently perform regression prediction tasks. In this paper, we propose a multi-scale hierarchical regression model for the dissolution problem based on residual neural networks, incorporating prior knowledge. We have developed new equations for carbonate rock dissolution and have incorporated the factors that influence this process into 3D image data by introducing Dissolution Degree (Dd) parameters. This allows the image data to include both the pore space structure and dissolution information with physical meaning. We utilize the pore phase and matrix phase grayscale thresholds (Pt, Mt) to eliminate voxel noise in the characteristic maps obtained from the model. This ensures that the predicted characteristics of carbonate rock dissolution are consistent with practical physics knowledge. We selected a total of 5 core samples to test the model. Among them, three samples are from the test set, and the additional two core samples selected have strong and weak correlations with the training set samples, respectively. The predictions were evaluated using semantic segmentation evaluation parameters, porosity, geometrical and topological structure parameters, Péclet and Damköhler numbers, porous media flow field simulations, and absolute permeability. The results of both visual comparisons and quantitative analyses demonstrated a high degree of consistency between predicted and experimental results, and the trained multi-scale hierarchical regression residual neural network with prior knowledge (MSR-Net) demonstrates good accuracy and generalization ability. The results of this study demonstrate that model based on MSR-Net can be utilized to predict the dissolution properties of the pore space in the formation where the core was extracted, along with the related formation.

Groundwater quality and non-carcinogenic element health risks assessment using multi-technical models: A case of the deep aquifer of the complex terminal in Ouargla city (southeastern Algeria)

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the groundwater quality and the health hazards related to non-carcinogenic elements present in the Complex Terminal (CT) Ouargla city. Thirty (30) samples were taken and physico-chemically analyzed collected from deep boreholes located in study area. Fluoride concentrations ranged between 1.07 and 3.7 mg/l, with 54% of samples having a value >1.5 mg/l as per potability limit. According to the fluoride pollution index (FPI), 63.67% of the boreholes were severely contaminated with F−. However, nitrate pollution index (NPI) revealed that approximately 71% of the samples showed no contamination. The pollution index of groundwater (PIG) ranging from 1.34 to 2.85 indicate the majorit of groundwater samples in the search zone was contaminated for human consumption. Based on the entropy water quality index (EWQI), 30% of samples had poor quality, while 70% were unfit for drinking. According to the statistical analysis used in this study, the dissolution of fluoride-rich carbonate rocks under high HCO3− contents enables the liberation of F− from fluorine-bearing minerals like calcite and fluorite. Regarding non-carcinogenic risks, the Hazard quotient (HQ) fluoride was obtained with a huge difference in exposure dose in children (0.89–3.08), women (0.62–2.13) and men (0.54–1.85), respectively. HQ nitrate values ranged from 0.08 to 1.40, 0.06–0.97 and 0.05–0.84 for men, women and children, correspondingly. The total hazard index (THI) clearly show that fluoride presents a higher health risk than nitrate, revealing that 53.3%, 66.7%, and 100% of the samples show that men, women and children, at risk respectively. It has been proven to be more susceptible to health hazards since it may be exposed to non-carcinogenic elements, and to avoid a further worsening of the health situation, those responsible and decision-makers will have to treat the water appropriately, identify the affected people and provide them with the necessary medical care.

Time Lapse Measurement of Reservoir’s Parameters Change due to CO2 Injection in Parigi Carbonate West Java

CO2 injection is a process that involves injecting carbon dioxide gas into various substances or environments for different purposes. This technique, also called Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) or Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS), aims to prevent or reduce carbon dioxide emissions from reaching the atmosphere as they would affect climate change and also global warming. CCUS can also use the captured carbon dioxide for various purposes, such as enhancing oil recovery, producing fuels, chemicals, or building materials, or storing it underground or underwater. In this study, we investigated the phenomena of CO2 injection in Parigi carbonate rock from West Java. Our study involved various laboratory measurements of Parigi carbonate rock, focusing on changes in porosity due to CO2 injection. The porosity changes were observed using micro images analysis from microscope time-lapse analysis, CT-Scan, and laboratory helium porosity meter. The laboratory measurements of CO2 injection in brine water showed that the pH of the water can decrease to below 5, creating an acidic environment that induces dissolution of the pore structure. We measure the effect of CO2 injection to the Parigi carbonate samples by time lapse measurement strategy. Results of the laboratory measurements showed that the porosity increased during CO2 injection and the mass of the samples decreased during the CO2 injection process. These phenomena suggest that CO2 may induce dissolution of carbonate rock. Furthermore, the changes in porosity confirm that there is a chemical reaction during CO2 injection processes in Parigi carbonate.

Hydrochemical Characteristics, Controlling Factors and Strontium Enrichment Sources of Groundwater in the Northwest Plain of Shandong Province, China

To elucidate the hydrochemical characteristics, controlling factors, sources and mechanisms of strontium ion enrichment in groundwater in the northwest plain of Shandong Province, China, 88 groundwater samples were collected, including 51 shallow pore groundwater samples, 29 deep pore groundwater samples and 8 karst groundwater samples. The hydrochemical characteristics of the different types of groundwater were quite different. The karst groundwater samples were all fresh water with a single hydrochemical type, either HCO3-Ca or HCO3-Ca·Mg. The deep pore groundwater samples were mainly brackish water, and the shallow pore groundwater samples were brackish water–salt water, which has complex hydrochemical types. The hydrochemical characteristics of all the types of groundwater were controlled by mineral dissolution and active positive cation exchange. In shallow pore groundwater, deep pore groundwater and karst groundwater, the dissolution of silicate, evaporite and carbonate minerals dominated the hydrogeochemical process. The strontium in groundwater was derived from the dissolution of minerals with strontium isomorphism. The average contents of strontium in shallow, deep and karst groundwater were 1.59 mg/L, 0.58 mg/L and 0.50 mg/L, respectively. The strontium in shallow pore groundwater was mainly derived from the enrichment of groundwater runoff, and its sources are abundant, with silicic rock being the main source. The deep pore groundwater mainly derived from the evaporative minerals containing strontium, and the karst water mainly derived from carbonate rock dissolution with similar characteristics.

Hydrochemical Characteristics and Its Origin of Surface Water and Groundwater in Dianbu River Basin

Chaohu lake is a key water body for water pollution prevention and treatment in our country. However， it has been at a higher eutrophication level recently. Here， the surface water and groundwater in the Dianbu River Basin， a secondary tributary of Chaohu Lake， were taken as the research object. In order to test the hydrochemical composition and hydrogen and oxygen isotope values of different water bodies， 30 groups of surface water samples， 36 groups of groundwater samples， 16 groups of hydrogen and oxygen stable isotope samples， and 18 groups of groundwater hydrogen and oxygen stable isotope samples were collected in August 2021 （wet season）， November 2021 （normal season）， and February 2022 （dry season）. The seasonal and spatial variation characteristics were analyzed to explore the hydrochemical characteristics and formation mechanism of water bodies by means of mathematical statistics， Piper triangular diagram， Gibbs figures， and ion ratios. The following results were obtained： ① precipitation was the main source of surface water and groundwater in Dianbu River Basin， and the evaporation fractionation effect of surface water was more significant than that of groundwater. At different periods， the surface water was more enriched with stable isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen than groundwater. The stable isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen in water showed seasonal variation， relative enrichment in the wet season， and depletion in the dry season. ② Both surface water and groundwater in the Dianbu River Basin were weakly alkaline， and the concentration of ions in surface water was significantly lower than that in groundwater. Ca2+ and Na+ were the main cations in surface water， Ca2+ was the main cation in groundwater， and the dominant anion in all water was HCO3-. The hydrochemical typology of surface water was mainly HCO3·Cl-Na·Ca， and that of groundwater was mainly HCO3-Na·Ca. ③ The concentrations of the main hydrochemical indexes of surface water and groundwater showed certain seasonal and spatial differences. From the wet season to the dry season， the concentrations of TDS， K+， Na+， Ca2+， Mg2+， Cl-， and SO42- in surface water showed an increasing trend on the whole. The concentrations of Na+， Ca2+， and Mg2+ in groundwater showed little change but increased slightly， whereas the concentrations of Cl-， SO42-， and NO3- showed an increasing trend on the whole. The concentrations of Cl-， SO42-， and NO3- in the water showed relatively large seasonal fluctuations. From upstream to downstream， the concentrations of the main hydrochemical indexes in surface water first decreased and then increased， among which the concentration of NO3- increased the most. The concentrations of the main hydrochemical indexes of groundwater in the direction of runoff changed little overall， but the concentration in the discharge area was higher than that in the recharge area. ④ The formation of hydrochemical characteristics of the water was mainly controlled by water-rock interaction but was also influenced by human factors. The water-rock action was mainly the weathering dissolution of silicate rock， salt rock， and carbonate rock. Man-made pollutants such as sewage from a sewage treatment plant， domestic sewage， and feces had obviously changed the hydrochemical characteristics of the local water. ⑤ Compared with that in 2016， the concentration of NO3- in surface water showed a certain degree of reduction. The nitrogen pollution control work carried out by the local government had achieved certain results， but it was still necessary to strengthen the pollution prevention and control of sewage and feces in the downstream of the Dianbu River， some tributaries （such as the Dingguang River and Maqiao River）， and some residential areas.

Stable isotope geochemistry evidences from fossil carbonate and sulfur minerals on the origin of geothermal water, Kızıldere Geothermal Field, Western Turkey

The Kızıldere geothermal field, located at the eastern part of the Büyük Menderes graben in Western Turkey, is the most important geothermal reservoir suitable for electricity generation. Current and fossil fumaroles and alteration zones are directly related to the tectonic zones influenced by N-S directional extension since Miocene period. Associated to fossil geothermal activities carbonate (calcite, dolomite) and sulfate (gypsum, anhydrite) minerals were occurred in the form of void/crack fill and bands/lenses parallel to bedding of Neogene clastic and carbonate rocks. The carbon (δ13CPDB ‰) and oxygen (δ18OPDB ‰) isotope compositions of hydrothermal calcites and dolomites and sulfur (δ34SCDT) and oxygen (δ18OSMOW) isotope compositions of gypsum and anhydrites are analyzed first time and correlated current geothermal water composition. The carbon and oxygen isotope data of calcites and dolomites have similar carbon but different oxygen isotope composition which increases in the direction of surface calcite – drill cuttings calcite – drill cuttings dolomite – surface dolomite. The isotope compositions of calcite and dolomite minerals range between limestone and marble host rock compositions and indicate the carbonate mineral-forming fluids originated from dissolution of carbonate rocks during the circulation of hot geothermal waters. According to the calcite-CO2 and dolomite-CO2 isotopic fractionation data for the 0–300 °C temperature range, the fossil isotope composition is higher than the composition of current CO2 and reflects relatively lower temperature conditions. The isotope compositions of gypsum and anhydrite minerals indicate that hot thermal waters dissolved terrestrial evaporites and formed a sulfur-rich geothermal solution, and hydrothermal gypsum and anhydrite precipitated from this solution. The δ34SCDT compositions of hydrothermal gypsum and anhydrites are similar to the current geothermal water compositions. Stable isotope geochemistry data of hydrothermal carbonate and sulfate minerals in the Kızıldere geothermal field have shown that the fluids forming these minerals were originated from host rocks instead of magmatic volatiles.

Experimental study of carbonate samples dissolution using X-ray microcomputer-based tomography

Background: The study of the interaction of hydrochloric acid with carbonate materialsis important in the oil and gas industry. Carbonate rocks are common rock types, and half of all petroleum reserves worldwide are found in carbonate deposits. Understanding the mechanisms and characteristics of dissolution of carbonate rocks is of great practical importance in the production of hydrocarbons and the injection of carbon dioxide into formations.
 Aim: The purpose of this article is to study the dissolution processes of carbonate samples in laboratory conditions using X-ray microcomputer-based tomography.
 Materials and methods: The study used 5 cylindrical carbonate samples, which were tested during the injection of hydrochloric acid solutions. Additional experimental and digital data from 8 samples are also used. The three-dimensional pore space of the samples was obtained using specialized software based on tomographic images.
 Results: The results obtained demonstrate the significance of the use of X-ray computed tomography for a deeper understanding of dissolution processes in geological and engineering studies. The study highlighted the complexity of the rock dissolution process, which depends on many factors. The created three-dimensional models of the samples allowed us to visualize wormholes, including branched and dominant wormholes. 3D imaging provided valuable information about changes in the pore structure of the samples before and after acid exposure.
 Conclusion: The results of this study highlight the importance of considering physical and structural properties when analyzing dissolution processes in carbonate samples. These data can have practical applications in the oil and gas industry, contributing to a more accurate understanding and optimization of the processes of interaction of acid solutions with carbonate samples.

Phosphorus Sources and Transport Pathways in the North Chaohu Lake Catchment of China

To understand the cause of the high content of phosphorus in the North Chaohu Lake Catchment of China, the distribution of the total phosphorus in groundwater and the dissolution of rock phosphorus near Chaohu Lake were investigated, and a few interesting findings have been revealed. Firstly, four main processes affecting the groundwater quality in North Chaohu Lake Catchment were identified with the results of factor analysis, including anthropogenic activities and the dissolution of carbonate rocks, phosphorus, and fluorine-bearing minerals. Secondly, the dissolution of rock phosphorus can be well described using the one-dimensional diffusion equation, with a semi-infinite boundary condition, and the Langmuir kinetic equation. A relatively low ambient temperature (less than 25 °C) was probably responsible for the small diffusion coefficient compared to that of the previous studies. Thirdly, the high-potential maximum dissolution of rock phosphorus (Cmax) indicated that the dissolution of rock phosphorus could pose a risk to the ambient water body, and Cmax was found to be independent of the total rock phosphorus content.

Research progress on algal biokarst and its implications for carbonate rock dissolution and weathering

Research progress on algal biokarst and its implications for carbonate rock dissolution and weathering

Hydrochemical Characteristics and Quality Evaluation of Groundwater in Jinta Basin, Northwest China

The ecological environment of the northwest inland basin is fragile. The groundwater environment is a crucial influencing factor for the harmonious and sustainable development of the local social economy and the ecological environment. It is significant to investigate the groundwater chemical characteristics, water quality, and the factors that influence groundwater chemistry for groundwater resources development and construction of the ecological environment. In this study, the Jinta Basin (JB), Gansu Province, was the selected study area. Three hundred and fifty groups of shallow groundwater samples in the JB were collected and analyzed, and the characteristics and controlling factors of groundwater were determined by using Piper diagram, Gibbs plot, ion ratio relationship, and factor analysis. Single index evaluation method, comprehensive evaluation method, and entropy-weighted water quality index method were used to evaluate the water quality of the groundwater. The results indicated that the shallow pore water in the JB was alkaline as a whole; the ranges of total dissolved solids (TDS) in the Beidahe River impact area (BIA), the transition area (TA) and the Heihe River impact area (HIA) were 328.4–12,400 mg·L−1, 372.70–3774.0 mg·L−1, and 366.30–75,200.0 mg·L−1, respectively; the major anions and cations of the shallow pore water were SO42−/Cl− and Mg2+/Na+, respectively. The Piper diagram illustrated that the hydrochemical type of groundwater in the JB were mainly HCO3·SO4-Mg type, SO4·HCO3-Mg type, SO4-Mg·Na type, SO4·Cl-Na·Mg type, and Cl-Na type. The overall water quality of the shallow groundwater in the JB was relatively poor, mainly falling into Class IV-V water quality. Sulfate, total hardness (TH), TDS, chloride and sodium were the main influencing factors of water quality. The chemical characteristics of groundwater in the JB were controlled by a variety of natural factors, including rock weathering, evaporative concentration, and cation exchange, among which the main controlling factors of shallow pore water were leaching, evaporative concentration and anthropogenic activities (contribution rate of 73.94%), and sulfate rock and carbonate rock dissolution (contribution rate of 14.91%).

Control of brine composition over reactive transport processes in calcium carbonate rock dissolution: Time-lapse imaging of evolving dissolution patterns

This study investigates the impact of brine composition—specifically calcium ions and NaCl-based salinity—on the development of dissolution features in Ketton, a porous calcium carbonate rock. Utilizing a laboratory XMT (X-ray microtomography) scanner, we captured time-lapse in situ images of Ketton samples throughout various dissolution experiments, conducting four distinct flow-through experiments with differing brine solutions at a flow rate of 0.26 ml min⁻1. The scans yielded a voxel size of 6 μm, enabling the assessment of the temporal evolution of porosity and pore structure through image analysis and permeability evaluations via single-phase fluid flow simulations employing direct numerical solutions and network modeling, as opposed to direct measurement.Time-lapse imaging technique has delineated the extent to which the concentrations of CaCl₂ and NaCl in the injecting solution control the structural evolution of dissolution patterns, subsequently triggering the development of characteristic dissolution pattern. The inflow solution with no Ca2+ ions and with the minimal salt content manifested maximum dissolution near the sample inlet, coupled with the formation of numerous dissolution channels, i.e., wormholes. Conversely, solutions with a trace amount of Ca2⁺ ions induced focused dissolution, resulting in the formation of sparsely located channels. Inflow solutions with high concentrations of both Ca2⁺ ions and salt facilitated uniformly dispersed dissolution, primarily within microporous domains, initiating particle detachment and displacement and leading to localized pore-clogging. The relative increase in permeability, in each experiment, was correlated with the developed dissolution pattern. It was discerned that varying ratios of salt and calcium concentrations in the injected solution systematically influenced image-based permeability simulations and porosity, allowing for the depiction of an empirical porosity-permeability relationship.

Hydrochemical and Stable Isotope characteristics of surface water and groundwater in Xiliugou and Wulagai River basin, North China

The investigation of the correlation between groundwater and surface water in terms of water origin and transformation is crucial for comprehending hydrological processes . Focuses on the Wulagai river and Xiliugou river basin located in East and West Inner Mongolia. It employs hydrochemical analysis and stable HO isotopes techniques to investigate the hydrochemical properties of the basin and quantitatively assess the interconversion between groundwater and surface water. The results suggest that the Xiliugou and Wulagai river basins were originally nourished by atmospheric precipitation, with lower δD and δ18O values in groundwater compared to surface water, attributed to factors such as evaporation, water vapor source, altitude, and latitude. The surface waters in the Xiliugou and Wulagai River exhibit dominance of Na•Ca-SO4•HCO3 and Ca•Na-HCO3 types, respectively, while the groundwater is characterized by dominance of Na•Ca-HCO3 and Ca•Mg-HCO3 types, respectively. The water chemistry of surface water and groundwater in the two basins is influenced by water-rock interactions and processes of evaporation and concentration, primarily observed in the dissolution of carbonate rocks and evaporites. Hydrograph separation using End-Members Mixing Analysis (EMMA) revealed that during the growing season, groundwater in Xiliugou was primarily recharged by precipitation (76.87 %) and surface water (23.13 %), while in Wulagai, groundwater was mainly recharged by precipitation (65 %) and surface water (35 %). The presence of comparable hydrochemical constituents and shared regulatory mechanisms between groundwater and surface water within a given basin provides further evidence of a discernible hydraulic interconnection, primarily driven by the replenishment of groundwater through surface water recharge.

Hydrogeochemical Characteristics and Genetic Analysis of Karst Groundwater in the Fengfeng Mining Area

The karst water resources in the Fengfeng mining area are an important water supply source in the region. In recent years, due to the influence of external environment changes, the hydrochemical environment of karst groundwater has changed. In order to scientifically understand karst groundwater and rationally develop groundwater resources, it is necessary to study the hydrochemical characteristics and evolution laws of groundwater in this area. In this study, major elements in karst groundwater of different years and hydrogen and oxygen isotopes in 2022 were analyzed. The hydrochemical types of the study area were analyzed by using the Piper trilinear diagram drawn with Aquachem10.0 software. D and 18O were used to analyze the source and elevation of groundwater recharge. Origin software was used to draw Gibbs diagrams, three-terminal diagrams, ion ratio diagrams, etc., to analyze the influencing factors of groundwater chemical components. The research results show that: (1) The groundwater in the study area is mainly HCO3-Ca(Mg) type water; (2) The main supply source of karst water in the study area is atmospheric precipitation, and the supply elevation ranges from 1166.7 to 1533.3 m; (3) Most of the karst groundwater in the study area is affected by the dissolution of carbonate and silicate rocks; (4) With the influence of human activities, mainly agricultural activities, with the passage of time, the impact of industrial activities on groundwater has been weakening.

Application of Judgmental Sampling Approach for the Monitoring of Groundwater Quality and Quantity Evolution in Mediterranean Catchments

Groundwater monitoring is critically important, even though it is costly and often neglected. In this study, a judgmental monitoring of groundwater offering solutions based on a cost and time-effective research approach is presented. The method was performed in three Mediterranean areas in Greece and Italy to examine its advantages and disadvantages. As a first step, a multi-statistical analysis was practiced to assess and apportion the potential contributions of pollution sources of groundwater. Pearson correlation, principal component analysis, and factor analysis were applied to groundwater samples to characterize the evolution of hydrochemical processes. High concentrations of chlorides and nitrates highlight that salinization and the extensive use of nitrate fertilizers dominate in the coastal part of Eastern Thermaikos Gulf, the dissolution of carbonate rocks and livestock/industrial activities drive the groundwater quality status in the Upper Volturno basin, while in the Mouriki basin thermal power plant and the use of zinc fertilizers are the main factors of groundwater quality degradation. The determination of the critical sampling points was applied, considering the land use and hydrogeological and morphological characteristics of the areas. The application of the judgmental sampling approach provides reliable results regarding groundwater evolution. These results were compared to previous works and found that a non-probability sampling technique can provide the same results as a more costly method in the Mediterranean region. Thus, judgmental sampling is crucial for the optimal application of water resource management and control techniques in basins to avoid gaps in data collection.