Vulcan Carbon Research Articles

Highly Efficient Electrochemical Hydrogen Evolution with Ultra-Low Loading of Strongly Adhered Pt Nanoparticles on Carbon.

The development of robust electrocatalysts with low platinum content for acidic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is paramount for large scale commercialization of proton exchange membrane electrolyzers. Herein, a simple strategy is reported to synthesize a well anchored, low Pt containing Vulcan carbon catalyst using ZnO as a sacrificial template. Pt containing ZnO (PZ) is prepared by a simultaneous borohydride reduction. PZ is then loaded onto Vulcan carbon to produce a very low Pt content electrocatalyst, PZ@VC. PZ@VC with 2wt.% Pt shows excellent performance for acidic HER in comparison to the commercial Pt/C (20wt.%) catalyst. PZ@VC with a very low Pt loading shows significantly low η10 and η100 values (15 and 46mV, respectively). PZ@VC on coating with Nafion (PZ@VC-N) shows further improvement in its performance (η10 of 7mV, η100 of 28mV) with ≈300h of stability (≈10mA cm-2 ) with only 4 µgPt cm-2 . PZ@VC-N shows a record high mass activity of 71 A mgPt -1 (32 times larger than Pt/C (20 wt.%) at 50mV of overpotential. Post reaction characterizations reveal Pt nanoparticles are embedded onto VC with no traces of zinc, suggestive of a strong metal-support interaction leading to this high stability at low Pt loading.

Ag-Cu Nanoparticles as Cathodic Catalysts for an Anion Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell

In this work, the synthesis of bimetallic Ag and Cu particles on carbon vulcan (AgCu/C) is reported, synthesized by a simple galvanic displacement method using citrate tribasic hydrate as a co-reducing agent and a commercial material based on Cu/C as a template. The materials were characterized by several physicochemical techniques, including TGA, ICP-OES, XRD, SEM, and BET. The catalysts were evaluated as cathodic catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and were used for the preparation of membrane electrode assemblies for evaluation in an Anion Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (AEMFC). The results were compared with the commercial Ag/C and Cu/C catalysts; the bimetallic catalyst obtained a higher power density, which was attributed to a synergistic effect between Ag and Cu particles.

Synthesis, characterization, and enhanced hydrogen generation from NaBH4 methanolysis of highly dispersed bimetallic PdNi nanoparticles supported on Vulcan carbon

In this presented work, the bimetallic palladium-nickel nanoparticles (PdNi NPs) supported by Vulcan carbon (VC) were synthesized by chemical method. The morphological structure of the synthesized PdNi@VC NPs was determined by ultraviolet-visible spectrum (UV–Vis), Fourier infrared spectrometry (FTIR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) characterization performed. According to the characterization results obtained, the size of the NPs was found to be 8.523 ± 2.036 nm. Then, hydrogen production efficiencies were tested according to different temperatures, substrate, and catalyst concentrations. Finally, the reusability test was performed. According to the results obtained, the hydrogen average production efficiency of NPs was calculated as 84%. The activation energy (Ea), enthalpy (ΔH), and entropy (ΔS) values of the catalyst were found to be 54.2 kJ/mol, 51.7 kJ/mol, -134.5 J/mol.K, respectively. This study guides the new catalytic energy production studies to be carried out on nanotechnological platforms. These synthesized nanoparticles can be developed to be an efficient catalyst for hydrogen generation as an alternative energy source.

Characterization of Oxygen and Ion Mass Transport Resistance in Fuel Cell Catalyst Layers in Gas Diffusion Electrode Setups

Fuel cell catalyst layers contain an essential active catalyst, a support material for electron conductivity, ionomer for proton conductivity, and porosity for gas transport, which build up complex interfaces that determine the overall performance. Subtle variations in the processing of the catalyst layers can significantly alter the performance, which demands intensive research efforts, and requires considerable amount of time. In the last few years, gas diffusion electrode (GDE) half-cell setups have been introduced as a promising approach to speed up catalyst layer evaluation. Yet, advanced methods to thoroughly characterize transport phenomena within the catalyst layer have not been established for GDE half-cell setups. In the present work, we adapt electrochemical characterization methods, such as O 2 transport resistance and CO-displacement, which have been previously developed for single cell testing, to enable unique insights into catalyst layers’ structure-performance relationships with the GDE method. Utilizing a commercial Pt/Vulcan catalyst as a test system, we identify the cause of mass transport limitations due to different ionomer contents. We show that an intermediate I/C ratio of 0.70, which forms a thin layer of ionomer, leads to an optimal performance for the Vulcan carbon support, due to an optimal compromise between O2 and proton accessibility.

Synthesis of Ni–TiO2 Nanocomposites as Enzyme–Less, Amperometric Sensors for the Electrooxidation of Glucose

The simple synthesis of a Ni–TiO2 nanocomposite supported on Vulcan carbon (XC–72 R) for the electrooxidation reaction of glucose is reported. Four transition metal weight ratios were synthesized and characterized. Cyclic voltammetry studies in 0.1 M NaOH demonstrate that the four metal catalysts can effectively oxidize 1 mM glucose, with the 3:1 (60%) Ni to Ti nanocomposite yielding the highest current. The 60% Ni–TiO2/XC72R catalyst was used to construct an enzyme–less, chronoamperometric sensor for glucose detection in an alkaline medium. Using 50 μM aliquots of glucose at a potential of +0.7 V (vs Hg/HgO), the sensor responded rapidly (<3 s), provided a sensitivity of 3300 μA mM−1 cm−2, detection limits of 144 nM (Signal/Noise = 3), and excellent selectivity and reproducibility. The glucose aliquot concentrations were then increased to 1 mM to mimic physiological blood conditions of 1–20 mM. At a potential of +0.7 V (vs Hg/HgO), the sensor continued to respond rapidly (<1 s), showed a sensitivity of 273.7 μA mM−1 cm−2, detection limits of 3.13 μM (S/N = 3), and excellent selectivity and reproducibility. The catalyst also exhibited an ideal anti–poisoning capability to free chloride ions and negligible signals towards other interfering species.

Optimisation and characterisation of graphene-based microporous layers for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells

The viability of graphene-based microporous layers (MPLs) for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells is critically assessed through detailed characterisation of the morphology, microstructure, transport properties and electrochemical characterisation. Microporous layer composition was optimised by the fabrication of several hybrid MPLs produced from various ratios of graphene to Vulcan carbon black. Single cell tests were performed at various relative humidities between 25% and 100% at 80 °C, in order to provide a detailed understanding of the effect of the graphene-based MPL composition on the fuel cell performance. The inclusion of graphene in the MPL alters the pores size distribution of the layer and results in presence of higher amount of mesopores. Polarisation curves indicate that a small addition of graphene (i.e. 30 wt %) in the microporous layer improves the fuel cell performance under low humidity conditions (e.g. 25% relative humidity). On the other hand, under high humidity conditions (≥50% relative humidity), adding higher amounts of graphene (≥50 wt %) improves the fuel cell performance as it creates a good amount of mesopores required to drive excess water away from the cathode electrode, particularly when operating with high current densities.

Size sensitivity of supported Ni nanoparticles on carbon for the synthesis of secondary amines from acceptorless dehydrogenation-hydrogenation of primary amines

Earth-abundant metal catalysts, especially Ni, are highly favourable in heterogeneous reactions compared with noble metal ones. Herein, Ni nanoparticle catalysts supported on Vulcan carbon (VCX) support were prepared through a simple impregnation-reduction method and utilized for the acceptorless dehydrogenation of primary amines to secondary amines. The best performance was achieved with Ni(A)/VXC with Ni particle size of 11.9 nm at 150 °C. Smaller or larger particle sizes resulted in a lower TOF, indicating a structure-sensitive activity. This work may serve as inspiration for further investigation into acceptorless dehydrogenation using non-noble metal catalysts.

A Porous Wrinkled Graphitic Carbon as Corrosion‐Resistant Carbon Support for Durable Fuel‐Cell Catalysts

AbstractThe lifespan of proton‐exchange membrane fuel cells heavily relies on the durability of the carbon support of cathode catalysts. However, commercial carbon supports like ketjenblack (KB) and Vulcan carbon (VC) face the challenge of balancing porosity, surface area, and electrochemical stability. To address this issue, a 3D porous wrinkled graphitic carbon (PWGC) is designed and synthesized using a catalyst‐free, plasma‐enhanced chemical vapor deposition approach. The resulting PWGC possesses a hierarchically porous structure with a high surface area, a high degree of graphitization, and exceptional corrosion resistance. As a result, the Pt/PWGC catalysts with the use of PWGC as the carbon support demonstrate superior high potential stability compared to those made with KB and VC as the carbon support. Additionally, a sacrificial layer strategy is introduced to further reduce PWGC corrosion, resulting in Pt@C/PWGC catalysts that show significantly improved durability in membrane electrode assembly tests. After 5K voltage cycles from 1.0 to 1.5 V, the retention of electrochemically active surface area approaches 56.8%, surpassing the 23.6% retention of commercial Pt/C catalysts tested under the same conditions.

The Role of a Sn Promoter on an Anodic Pt Electrocatalyst Prepared over H2 O2 -Functionalized Carbon Supports for Direct Ethanol Fuel Cell (DEFC) Applications.

Multiwalled carbon nanotubes and Vulcan carbon were functionalized with a 30 %v/v hydrogen peroxide solution and employed as supports for Pt and PtSn catalysts prepared by the polyol method. PtSn catalysts with a Pt loading of 20 wt.% and a Pt : Sn atomic ratio equal to 3 : 1 were evaluated in the ethanol electrooxidation reaction. The effects of the oxidizing treatment on the surface area and the surface chemical nature were analyzed through N2 adsorption, isoelectric point, and temperature-programmed desorption measurements. Results showed that the H2 O2 treatment affects the surface area of the carbons to a great extent. Characterization results indicated that the performance of the electrocatalysts strongly depends both on the presence of Sn and on the support functionalization. PtSn/CNT-H2 O2 electrocatalyst displays a high electrochemical surface area and enhanced catalytic activity for ethanol oxidation in comparison to other catalysts in the present study.

Enhanced Electro-Oxidation of Ethylene Glycol over Cu/C Catalysts Using Different Forms of Carbon

In present work copper has been studied as the active material supported on different forms of carbons, such as activated carbon (AC), reduced graphene oxide (RGO), alumina based templated carbon (TC) and vulcan carbon (VC), for electro-oxidation of ethylene glycol (EG). Different carbon supports were observed to impart different physical and electrochemical characteristics to the catalysts in spite of presence of same active metal with similar loadings of 20 wt%. 20Cu-RGO showed highest current density of 5.61 mA/cm2 followed by 20Cu-VC at 2.59 mA/cm2 in acidic medium. The higher electrochemical surface area, pore size, metal dispersion, work function and content of oxygen containing functional groups were observed to favour better performance for electro-oxidation. The time constants for all the catalysts decreased in acidic medium and increased in basic medium upon addition of ethylene glycol. It was observed that electrochemical reaction was slower process in comparison to charge transfer irrespective of the type of medium. Oxalic acid was obtained as the main product during electro-oxidation of EG in both medium. The glyoxylic acid was detected as intermediate only in basic medium. The catalysts proved to be physically and chemically stable in both mediums.

Glycerol Electro-Oxidation in Alkaline Medium with Pt-Fe/C Electrocatalysts Synthesized by the Polyol Method: Increased Selectivity and Activity Provided by Less Expensive Catalysts.

We have investigated platinum catalysts containing iron as a modifier to obtain catalysts with superior electrocatalytic activity toward glycerol electro-oxidation in an alkaline medium. The electrocatalysts, supported on carbon Vulcan, were synthesized by the polyol method. The physicochemical characterization data showed that the metals were well distributed on the carbon support and had small particle size (2 nm). The Pt:Fe metal ratio differed from the nominal composition, indicating that reducing iron with platinum was difficult, even though some parameters of the synthesis process were changed. Electrochemical analyses revealed that PtFe/C was more active and stable than commercial Pt/C was, and analysis of the electrolysis by-products showed that iron addition to Pt/C boosted the glycerol conversion and selectivity for glyceric acid formation.

Synergistic Catalytic Effects of CeCuO3 @ Vulcan Carbon Composites on the Oxygen Reduction Reaction

AbstractThe reduction of molecular oxygen is considered to be a key reaction for electrochemical energy conversion in direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs). The slow kinetics of oxygen reduction reaction along with the high cost of Pt catalyst hampers the application of fuel cells. In this study, we have reported for the first time oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity on rare earth cerium containing perovskite oxides composite with vulcan carbon (VC) in alkaline media. The study has demonstrated the synergistic role of vulcan carbon in cerium perovskite nanomaterials‐VC composite for improving ORR activity. The 60 % CeCuO3‐VC perovskite oxide composite with surface areas of 180 m2/g showed better oxygen reduction capability as compared to that of bare cerium perovskite. On optimization, among all the prepared catalysts 60 % CeCuO3‐VC showed the highest ORR activity with low onset potential and high current density. Further, the optimized 60 % CeCuO3‐VC followed the 4e− pathway with 95 % methanol tolerance properties and high stability i.e 76 %. This study on cerium‐based perovskite with vulcan carbon will provide an opportunity for the study of rare earth cerium perovskite electrocatalysts for electrochemical energy conversion.

Mixed Transition-Metal Oxides on Reduced Graphene Oxide as a Selective Catalyst for Alkaline Oxygen Reduction.

The development of highly efficient, stable, and selective non-precious-metal catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in alkaline fuel cell applications is essential. A novel nanocomposite of zinc- and cerium-modified cobalt-manganese oxide on reduced graphene oxide mixed with Vulcan carbon (ZnCe-CMO/rGO-VC) was prepared. Physicochemical characterization reveals uniform distribution of nanoparticles strongly anchored on the carbon support resulting in a high specific surface area with abundant active sites. Electrochemical analyses demonstrate a high selectivity in the presence of ethanol compared to commercial Pt/C and excellent ORR activity and stability with a limiting current density of -3.07 mA cm-2, onset and half-wave potentials of 0.91 and 0.83 V vs reversible hydrogen reference electrode (RHE), respectively, a high electron transfer number, and an outstanding stability of 91%. Such a catalyst could be an efficient and cost-effective alternative to modern noble-metal ORR catalysts in alkaline media.

Autonomous electrochemical system for ammonia oxidation reaction measurements at the International Space Station

An autonomous electrochemical system prototype for ammonia oxidation reaction (AOR) measurements was efficiently done inside a 4'' x 4'' x 8'' 2U Nanoracks module at the International Space Station (ISS). This device, the Ammonia Electrooxidation Lab at the ISS (AELISS), included an autonomous electrochemical system that complied with NASA ISS nondisclosure agreements, power, safety, security, size constrain, and material compatibility established for space missions. The integrated autonomous electrochemical system was tested on-ground and deployed to the International Space Station as a “proof-of-concept” ammonia oxidation reaction testing space device. Here are discussed the results of cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry measurements done at the ISS with a commercially available channel flow-cell with eight screen-printed electrodes, including Ag quasi-reference (Ag QRE) and carbon counter electrodes. Pt nanocubes in Carbon Vulcan XC-72R were used as the catalyst for the AOR and 2 μL drop of Pt nanocubes/ Carbon Vulcan XC-72R, 20 wt%, ink was placed on the carbon working electrodes and allowed to dry in air. After the AELISS was prepared for launch to the ISS, a 4 days delayed (2 days in the space vehicle Antares and 2 days space transit to the ISS) cause a slight shift on the Ag QRE potential. Nevertheless, the AOR cyclic voltametric peak was observed in the ISS and showed ca. 70% current density decrease due to the buoyancy effect in agreement with previous microgravity experiments done at the zero-g aircraft.

Multiple‐length scale investigation of Pt/C degradation by identical‐location transmission electron microscopy

AbstractPt‐based electrocatalysts on the cathode side of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) generally undergo severe degradation, which contributes to the short life span of PEMFCs. Thus, it is crucial to understand the structural degradation of Pt‐based electrocatalysts. Here, various degradation mechanisms of individual Pt nanoparticles supported on Vulcan carbon during load‐cycle accelerated stress tests were investigated and quantified by identical‐location transmission electron microscopy (IL‐TEM). The atomic‐scale IL‐STEM imaging revealed the formation of Pt single atoms on the carbon support, which resulted from the dissolution of nanoparticles, and the following pathway change in the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) was analyzed by rotating ring‐disk electrode tests. Our study provides new insight for understanding the relationship between the decline in the ORR activity and the formation of Pt atomic species resulting from the electrochemical degradation of Pt/C.

Experimental dissolution of carbonaceous materials in water at 1 GPa and 550°C: Assessing the role of carbon forms and redox state on COH fluid production and composition during forearc subduction of organic matter

Biogenic carbonaceous material (CM) is the main carrier of organic carbon in the subduction zone and contributes to COH fluid production and volcanic arc gaseous emissions. Here we investigated the effect of the structural, textural and chemical heterogeneity of CM on its reactivity and redox dissolution by conducting short-lived (1 h) experiments, where synthetic analogues of CM [ordered graphite, graphite oxide (GO), mesoporous carbon (MC), Vulcan® carbon (VC) and glass-like carbon (GC)], are reacted with water at p = 1GPa and T = 550°C–conditions typical of a warm forearc subduction–and fO2 buffered from ▵FMQ ≈ +4 to −7. We show that the amount of dissolved CM (CMdissolved) and the proportion of volatile carbon species (Cvolatile) in the fluid is related both to the structure and the peculiar surficial properties of the carbon forms, such as carbon sp2-and sp3-hybridization, amount of oxygen heteroatoms, presence of oxygenated functional groups (OFGs) and of active sites. MC and graphite (C(sp2) &amp;gt; 94 at%, O &amp;lt; 1 at%, OFGs &amp;lt; 2.2 at %, high proportion of active sites) are relatively inert (CMdissolved &amp;lt; 0.4 mol%) but the former reacts more extensively at extreme redox conditions (producing CO2 + CO and CO2 + CH4 Cvolatile mixtures at ▵FMQ ≈ +4 and −7, respectively), while the latter has a maximum of Cvolatile production (CO2 + CH4) at ▵FMQ ≈ 0, which is not observed in a 10-day long run; partly-ordered GO (C(sp3) ∼ 92 at%, O ∼31 at%, OFGs ∼41 at%) is the most reactive material at all redox conditions (CMdissolved &amp;lt; 2.6 mol%) and produces CO2 as the dominant Cvolatile species; disordered GC, and VC (C(sp3) &amp;lt; 18 at%, O &amp;lt; 8 at%, OFGs &amp;lt; 30 at%) are more reactive at ▵FMQ ≈ +4 (CMdissolved ∼ 1mol%) and ▵FMQ ≈ −7 (CMdissolved &amp;lt; 1 mol%), where Cvolatile is dominantly CO2 and CH4, respectively. Besides the significant deviations from thermodynamically predicted graphite-saturated COH fluid composition and speciation, our results suggests that: 1) immature CM [disordered, rich in C(sp3), O, OFGs] is preferentially dissolved under high fluid fluxes and may buffer fluids to rather oxidizing conditions; 2) a descending flux of oxygen (and hydrogen) bond to CM may exist.

Fe3O4-Nanoparticle-Modified Sensor for the Detection of Dopamine, Uric Acid and Ascorbic Acid

A simple electrochemical sensor based on electrochemically synthesized Fe3O4 nanoparticles was constructed by an ink with the nanoparticles, isopropanol, NAFION and carbon Vulcan to detect dopamine, uric acid and ascorbic acid. The electrocatalytic activity of the nanoparticles for the oxidation of the analyte molecules was examined by means of cyclic voltammetry and square wave voltammetry. The parameters controlling the performance of the sensor were optimized, such as the amount of Fe3O4 nanoparticles (1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 10 mg), amount of binder (5, 10, 15 µL) and carbon Vulcan in the ink (4, 6, 8 mg). The temperature was maintained at 25 °C and the pH was 7.5 with buffer phosphate. The optimal sensor conditions were 8 mg magnetite, 4 mg carbon Vulcan and 5 µL of NAFION@ 117. The calibration curves for the three analytes were determined separately, obtaining linear ranges of 10–100, 20–160 and 1050–2300 µM and limits of detection of 4.5, 14 and 95 µM for dopamine, uric acid and ascorbic acid, respectively. This electrochemical sensor has also shown significant sensitivity and selectivity without interference from the three analyte molecules presented simultaneously in solution. This sensor was applied for the detection of these molecules in real samples.

Pd-Ni-B/C Nanocatalysts for Electrochemical Oxidation of Ethanol in Alkaline Media

This paper describes the synthesis of Pd&lt;sub&gt;0.70&lt;/sub&gt;-Ni&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt;-B&lt;sub&gt;y&lt;/sub&gt; nanoparticles (x:y = 0.30:0, 0:0.30, 0.25:0.05, 0.20:0.10, 0.15:0.15, and 0.10:0.20) supported on carbon Vulcan XC-72 R by the chemical reduction method using ethylene glycol as a reducing agent for the study of the electrochemical oxidation of ethanol in alkaline media. Neither surfactants nor templates were used during the syntheses. The catalysts were physically characterized by transmission electron microscopy that showed the formation of nanoparticles with diameters of approximately 3 nm. Analyses of X-ray dispersive energy spectroscopy coupled with scanning electron microscopy identified the presence of the synthesized metals in concentrations close to the nominal ones. The electrochemical study was performed by CO-stripping, cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry, and steady-state polarization curves. The catalytic efficiency was also evaluated against the oxidation of CO, which is the principal intermediate adsorbed on the surface of catalysts during ethanol oxidation. The Pd&lt;sub&gt;0.70&lt;/sub&gt;Ni&lt;sub&gt;0.15&lt;/sub&gt;B&lt;sub&gt;0.15&lt;/sub&gt;/C catalyst showed the lowest oxidation onset potentials for both CO (0.37 V) and ethanol oxidation (0.51 V) compared with the Pd/C catalyst (0.63 V and 0.64 V). Chronoamperometric tests also revealed that the Pd&lt;sub&gt;0.70&lt;/sub&gt;Ni&lt;sub&gt;0.15&lt;/sub&gt;B&lt;sub&gt;0.15&lt;/sub&gt;/C catalyst displayed current densities four times higher than those of the Pd/C catalyst, probably because of the electronic and geometric effect that favors the removal of intermediate species from the catalyst surface. The synthesized ternary catalysts were more efficient toward the electrochemical oxidation of ethanol in alkaline media than Pd&lt;sub&gt;0.7&lt;/sub&gt;Ni&lt;sub&gt;0.3&lt;/sub&gt;/C and Pd/C catalysts. Thus, the synergistic effect of boron on the structure of binary nanoparticle catalysts supported on carbon for use in direct alcohol fuel cells was demonstrated for the first time.

Ag nanoparticles on mesoporous carbon support as cathode catalyst for anion exchange membrane fuel cell

Silver nanocatalyst (40 wt%) is deposited on commercial mesoporous carbon support material (Ag/C) using two different wet chemical methods, to obtain high electrochemically active surface area. The catalyst materials are characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis and are evaluated toward the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in alkaline media employing the rotating disk electrode method. It is worth noting that the Ag/C leads to oxygen reduction through a direct four-electron pathway in alkaline medium. The silver catalyst on mesoporous carbon exhibits relatively higher mass activity for ORR (38 A g−1) compared to that with Vulcan carbon (32 A g−1) at −0.2 V vs SCE at room temperature. Anion exchange membrane fuel cell shows maximum power density of 310 mW cm−2 with Ag/C cathode catalyst using H2 and O2 gases at 65% RH conditions at 65 °C.

Immobilization of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for application in paper-based microfluidic fuel cell

Microfluidic fuel cells that use microorganisms to oxidize different organic substances to generate electricity are gaining importance due to their versatility to use different fuels. Saccharomyces cerevisiae has used for various purposes due to its capacity to ferment broad spectrum of carbohydrates. In this research, the development of bioanodes based on the immobilization of this yeast was carried out to apply them in the evaluation of a paper lateral-flow microfluidic fuel cell. Immobilization was performed using two different supports, Vulcan carbon and graphene oxide, and four carbohydrates as fuel (saccharose, glucose, fructose, and maltose). The results indicated that the yeast is better distributed and reaches a higher capacity to oxidize carbohydrates when is immobilized on graphene oxide, this bioanode shows better performance in the microfluidic device, reaching a potential above 0.9V when saccharose are used as fuel, representing a promising approach to use microbial bioanodes in small energy conversion devices.