Carbon Steel In Formation Water Research Articles

Eco-friendly orange peel extract as corrosion resistant for carbon steel's deterioration in petroleum formation water

The goal of the ongoing study is to determine how orange peel extract (OPE), an environmentally benign additive, affects the corrosion resistance of carbon steel in formation water (FW). The study utilized diverse techniques to investigate the effects of different peel extract concentrations, ranging from 0.5 to 2.5 percent (v/v), and concentrations of 100 to 500 ppm at room temperature (25 °C). Subsequently, the optimal concentration of 2.5 percent (v/v) was identified, and the temperature range was expanded to 25–55 °C for further examination. These techniques include dielectric spectroscopy (EIS), potentiodynamic polarisation, open circuit potential, and weight loss quantification. The inhibitory efficiency was assessed using the aforementioned techniques, and the results were further verified through the utilization of energy-dispersive radiation (EDS) and FTIR analyses. The outcomes of electrochemical testing demonstrated that orange peel extract (OPE) displayed significant effectiveness in preventing corrosion, with an inhibition rate of 90.13% when used at a concentration of 2.5% and a temperature of 25 °C. The findings suggested that orange peel extract (OPE) acts as a corrosion inhibitor with both inhibitory mechanisms. Its performance improves as the concentration of the inhibitor increases, conforming to the Langmuir adsorption isotherm model, and it adsorbed to the steel surface through physical adsorption. The findings revealed that orange peel extract (OPE) effectively served as a corrosion inhibitor for carbon steel by adsorbing its active components onto the surface of the steel. This adsorption process was primarily physical and followed the Langmuir isotherm.

Chemical, electrochemical and morphology studies of three di-cationic amphiphiles and their applications: Corrosion inhibitors for carbon steel in formation water during gas and oil production and as broad antimicrobial agents against standard microbial strains

In the present work, the previously synthesized di-cationic amphiphiles surfactants have displayed an excellent surface attitude in formation water, according to surface tension findings. The three di-cationic amphiphiles surfactants (CSI, CSII, and CSIII) were tested as corrosion inhibitors for carbon steel (CS) in the formation water during gas and oil production using weight loss (WL), Tafel polarization (TP) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and surface morphology using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). The obtained results demonstrated that the di-cationic amphiphiles surfactants are good corrosion inhibitors in the formation water.As the concentration of the inhibitors increased, the effectiveness of the dissuasion increased. The Tafel polarization results showed that, corrosion current densities (icorr) decreased whereas inhibition effecenicy (ηp) increased as the inhibitor concentration increased. EIS results showed that, the constant phase element (CPE) values decreased and the polarization resistance (RP) values increased with increasing the inhibitor concentrations. SEM & AFM photos exhibited a good CS surface in presence of the CSI, CSII & CSIII in opposite of the absence of them. Furthermore, the three di-cationic amphiphiles surfactants (CSI, CSII, and CSIII) were applied as broad antimicrobial agents against standard microbial strains (bacterial and candida strains). Results demonstrated a great broad antimicrobial activity of the three di-cationic amphiphiles surfactants with a zone of inhibitions ranging from (15–30) mm for the bacterial strains and (25–30) mm for the candida standard stain in comparison to the positive control antimicrobial agents. Moreover, the CSI, CSII & CSIII have displayed the highest antibacterial efficiency against the Gram-positive (27–30 mm) than the Gram-negative bacterial strains (15–19 mm).

Benzalkoniumchloride ionic liquids as novel corrosion inhibitors for carbon steel in formation water

New benzalkoniumchloride derivatives ionic liquids (ILs) were synthesized in ≥ 97% yield and their inhibiting properties for the corrosion of carbon steel in formation water had been evaluated using chemical methods. The structures of the ILs compounds were investigated by elemental analysis, FT-IR spectrophotometer and 1H NMR spectroscopy. The designed molecular structure of ILs, with N atoms, makes it good corrosion inhibitor via the adsorption of ILs on the carbon steel surface to suppress both anodic and cathodic processes. The inhibition efficiency increases with increased ILs concentration.

Synthesis and Evaluation of New Poly Cationic Surfactants as Corrosion Inhibitors of Carbon Steel in Formation Water

TWO new polycationic surfactants abbreviated as (PTEAA.10 and PTEAA.12) were prepared by homopolymerization of triethanolamine acrylate monomer followed by quaternization with 1-bromodecane and 1-bromododecane. FT-IR, 1H-13CNMR, and GPC have been used to confirm the chemical structure of the prepared surfactants.The prepared polycationic surfactants have been tested as corrosion inhibitors for carbon steel X65 in formation water. Weight loss, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and potentiodynamic polarization accompanied by SEM and EDX techniques were used to study the inhibition performance of PTEAA.10 and PTEAA.12. The prepared polymeric cationic surfactants act as mixed type inhibitors according to Tafel data. The inhibition efficiency of PTEAA.12 at 250 ppm was 92.8 %. The inhibition action was attributed to the formation of the adsorbed layer of surfactants over X65 surface that was follow Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The resistance of the adsorbed layer (Rct) was a function in concentration and hydrophobicity of the surfactants.

Quantum Chemical and Electrochemical Evaluation of Alkyl Phosphine Oxide in Corrosion Inhibition of Carbon Steel in Formation Water

Abstract In this study, quantum chemical calculations and molecular dynamics simulations studies of a series of five nonionic surfactants namely: dimethyl alkyl phosphine oxide surfactants (C10-18PO) containing decyl, dodecyl-, tetradecyl-, hexadecyl-, and octadecyl alkyl chains were implemented using the density functional theory (DFT) method to interpret the correlation between the inhibition efficiency and the molecular structure of the different inhibitors in formation water. The global quantities including: highest occupied molecular orbital energy (HOMO), lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy (LUMO), energy gap (ΔE), dipole moment (μ), total energy (TE), ionization potential (I), electron affinity (A), electronegativity (χ), chemical potential (π), global hardness (η), global softness (σ), global electrophilicity (ω), polarizabilities <α> and fraction of electrons transferred (ΔN) were calculated for the different inhibitors in formation water. The dependence of surface activities of the nonionic surfactants on the alkyl chain length was studied in distilled water. The surface activities and surface parameters of the studied surfactants were described using: surface tension and interfacial tension measurements. The determined surface parameters of the studied surfactants were surface tension, critical micelle concentration, effectiveness, efficiency, maximum surface excess and minimum surface area at 25 °C. The thermodynamic evaluation of the surfactants was performed by calculating the standard free energies of micellization and adsorption. The structure-corrosion inhibition performance was estimated using potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance measurements and quantum chemical studies at 25 °C in true sample formation water.

High performance corrosion inhibition of novel tricationic surfactants on carbon steel in formation water: Electrochemical and computational evaluations

Three tricationic surfactants were prepared from quaternization of pentamethyl diethylene triamine. Their chemical structures were characterized using FTIR and 1H NMR spectroscopy. Their surface activities were determined using surface tension, critical micelle concentration, interfacial tension and emulsification power measurements. The results revealed that the surface activity was increased by increasing the hydrophobic chain length of the different surfactants. Increasing the hydrophobic chain length decreased the critical micelle concentrations, effectiveness and area at interface. Electrochemical polarization and impedance spectroscopy were used to investigate their molecular action as efficient corrosion inhibitors. The different inhibitors showed high inhibition efficiencies in protection of carbon steel in formation water, which was increased by increasing their concentration in the medium. Quantum chemical studies were correlated the inhibition efficiencies including: highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO), lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO), energy gap (ΔE), dipole moment (DM), softness (σ), hardness (η), total negative charge (ΔN), molecular volume (MV), chemical potential (μ) and electronegativity (χ). The computational study supported the electrochemical studies and gave a clear sight on the mechanism of the surfactants during their inhibition process of carbon steel corrosion.

Corrosion behaviour of N80 carbon steel in formation water under dynamic supercritical CO2 condition

The corrosion behaviour of N80 carbon steel under dynamic supercritical CO2-water environment was studied by weight loss, electrochemical measurements, and surface analysis. It is demonstrated that there is no essential difference in the electrochemical corrosion mechanism under supercritical CO2 and non-supercritical CO2 environments. The corrosion rate under dynamic condition is higher than that under static condition, especially in the initial period. There is difference in the impedance spectra under dynamic and static conditions in the initial period, but no difference in the late period. Flow fluid hinders the formation of protective corrosion products film, and then increases the corrosion rate.

Synthesis of non-ionic surfactants based on alkylene diamine and evaluation of their corrosion inhibition efficiency on carbon steel in formation water

The inhibitive effects of newly synthesized non-ionic surfactant based on alkylene diamine surfactants on X-65 carbon steel in formation water was investigated by means of electrochemical techniques and quantum chemical study. These derivatives were characterized by FT-IR, and the surface tension and thermodynamic parameters were calculated. The polarization showed that the inhibition efficiency of the prepared compounds was increased with increasing the length of the internal alkyl chain between the two terminal amino groups of diamine. The electronic properties obtained using quantum chemical approach were correlated with the experimental inhibition efficiencies. The surface morphology of carbon steel was investigated using SEM.

Downhole corrosion behavior of NiW coated carbon steel in spent acid & formation water and its application in full-scale tubing

Abstract Downhole corrosion behavior of Ni W coated carbon steel tubing was investigated in spent acid (dilute HCl) solution and formation water by using autoclave and electrochemical techniques, in which dilute HCl with different pH is used to simulate the spent acid during flowback in acidizing process before well production, and the formation water is used to simulate the fluid during well production. Weight loss test in autoclave and electrochemical measurement indicated that Ni W coated carbon steel exhibited higher corrosion resistance than carbon steel in spent acid and formation water, especially in spent acid with low pH and formation water at high temperature. According to weight loss test, corrosion rate ratio of carbon steel and Ni W coated carbon steel in spent acid with pH = 1, pH = 2, and pH = 4 is 13.7, 14.5, and 6.9, respectively, while corrosion rate ratio of carbon steel and Ni W coated carbon steel in formation water at 30 °C, 60 °C, and 90 °C is 85.5, 73.5, and 125.9, respectively. Moreover, the sealing performance of full-scale Ni W coated carbon steel tubing was evaluated by using make-and-break test, hydraulic bursting test, and extreme downhole condition corrosion test. No sticky thread was found after 4 times of make up and three times of break out by using maximum recommended makeup torque of 4258 lbf ft, no leakage was detected after hydraulic bursting test at 95.0 MPa for 30 min, and it is observed very slight corrosion on the tubing shoulder experienced make-and-break test under extreme downhole condition.

Cyclic voltammetric studies of carbon steel corrosion in chloride-formation water solution and effect of some inorganic salts

The influence of sulfide, sulfate and bicarbonate anions on the pitting corrosion behavior of carbon steel in formation water containing chloride ions were analyzed by means of cyclic voltammetry technique and complemented by X-ray diffraction (XRD) investigation. The anodic response exhibits a well-defined anodic peak A, followed by a passive region. A pronounced increase in the anodic current density is observed in the passive region at pitting potential (Epit). On the other hand, the cathodic sweep shows two cathodic peaks CI and CII. The data show that the presence of chloride ions causes pitting corrosion of carbon steel in formation water. It was found that both the pitting potential Epit and the repassivation potential (Epro) decreased with increase in Cl− ions concentration. Data clearly show that the presence of Na2S with 0.3M of chloride ions has a strong accelerating effect on the active dissolution and pitting corrosion of carbon steel in formation water, while the presence of Na2SO4 and NaHCO3 with chloride ions has an inhibiting effect on the active dissolution and pitting corrosion.

Corrosion of N80 carbon steel in oil field formation water containing CO 2 in the absence and presence of acetic acid

Corrosion behaviour of N80 carbon steel in formation water containing CO 2 was studied by polarization curve technique, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, weight loss test, scanning electron microscope, and X-ray diffraction. Effects of temperature and acetic acid concentration on the corrosion behaviour of N80 carbon steel were discussed. The results showed that increasing temperature not only enhanced the dissolution of steel substrate, but also promoted the precipitation of FeCO 3, the addition of acetic acid enhanced localized corrosion attack on N80 carbon steel. FeCO 3 was the main corrosion product. And there was a transition region between CO 2 corrosion control and HAc corrosion control.

Effect of cationic surfactant and inorganic anions on the electrochemical behavior of carbon steel in formation water

Corrosion behavior of carbon steel in formation water associated crude oil from Egyptian western desert was studied at various concentrations of dodecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (CS) as a cationic surfactant. Polarization curves indicate that CS has a good inhibition efficiency for carbon steel in formation water and behaves as cathodic inhibitor. The inhibition efficiency was found to increase with increase in CS concentration until reaches a maximum constant value corresponding to the critical micelle concentration of CS and decrease with increase in solution temperature. The adsorption of CS follows the kinetic thermodynamic model and Flory–Huggins isotherm. Thermodynamic parameters obtained indicate that that the presence of the CS increases the activation energy. Polarization and Impedance measurements indicate that the addition of KI has a significant synergistic effect with CS and results in increase the inhibition efficiency of CS in formation water.

Effect of some organic surfactants on the electrochemical behaviour of carbon steel in formation water

The effect of adding some organic surfactants, cocamide diethanol amine as a nonionic surfactant (NS), cetrimonium chloride as a cationic surfactant (CS), and cocamidopropyl betaine as an amphoteric surfactant (AmS), on the electrochemical behaviour of carbon steel in formation water was investigated by using a potentiodynamic and impedance techniques. Results reported in this study show that the addition of these surfactants inhibits the corrosion of carbon steel and the extent of inhibition depends upon the type and concentration of the surfactant. The inhibition efficiency for three organic surfactants increase with the increase in the surfactants concentration but decrease with increasing temperature. The inhibition efficiency of each of AmS, NS, and CS reaches a maximum value around their critical micelle concentrations. The percentage of corrosion inhibition of these surfactants decreases in the order AmS > NS > CS. The inhibition occurs through adsorption of the organic surfactants on the metal surface without modifying the mechanism of corrosion process. The experimental data fit both of Flory-Huggins and kinetic-thermodynamic isotherm.

Reactivity of polyester aliphatic amine surfactants as corrosion inhibitors for carbon steel in formation water (deep well water)

Effect of different concentrations, 40–200 ppm, of various polyester aliphatic amine surfactants on inhibition of the corrosion of carbon steel in the formation water (deep well water) was investigated. These surfactants exhibit different levels of inhibition particularly at high concentration (200 ppm). Inhibition efficiencies in the range 86–96% were determined by weight loss method. Comparable results were obtained from electrochemical measurements using Tafel extrapolation and polarisation resistance methods. It was shown that all the investigated surfactants act primarily as anodic inhibitors; however, they also affect the rate and mechanism of the cathodic reaction. These compounds function via adsorption on reactive sites on the corroding surface reducing the corrosion rate of the metal. It was revealed that the adsorption of these surfactants obey Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The inhibition effectiveness increases with the length of the aliphatic hydrocarbon chain, being a maximum in the presence of surfactant IV (∼96% efficiency). The corrosion inhibition feature of this compound is attributed to the presence of a long hydrocarbon chain that ensures large surface coverage as well as the presence of multiple active centers for adsorption. Scanning electron microscopy, SEM, has been applied to identify the surface morphology of carbon steel alloy in the absence and presence of the inhibitor molecules.

Some ethoxylated fatty acids as corrosion inhibitors for low carbon steel in formation water

A series of ethoxylated fatty acids have been studied in order to evaluate their effect on the corrosion inhibition of low carbon steel. The behavior of these compounds is illustrated by the adsorption isotherms and weight loss measurements. The adsorption isotherms for saturated samples Pa(EO) 80 and St(EO) 80 exhibit an L-shaped isotherms while the unsaturated samples Ol(EO) 80, Li(EO) 80, and Soy(EO) 80 show an S-shaped isotherms. The inhibition efficiency of the first type increases with the decrease in the hydrophobic chain length; and also increases with increasing the number of the double bond present in the hydrophobic chain for the second type. Among all the tested inhibitors, the commercial inhibitor Soy(EO) 80 possesses the highest inhibition efficiency. The surface film is characterized by SEM and the morphologies promote the formation of inhibiting film on the steel surface.