Carbon Monoxide Research Articles

The role of hydrogen sulfide regulation of ferroptosis in different diseases.

Ferroptosis is a programmed cell death that relies on iron and lipid peroxidation. It differs from other forms of programmed cell death such as necrosis, apoptosis and autophagy. More and more evidence indicates that ferroptosis participates in many types of diseases, such as neurodegenerative diseases, ischemia-reperfusion injury, cardiovascular diseases and so on. Hence, clarifying the role and mechanism of ferroptosis in diseases is of great significance for further understanding the pathogenesis and treatment of some diseases. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a colorless and flammable gas with the smell of rotten eggs. Many years ago, H2S was considered as a toxic gas. however, in recent years, increasing evidence indicates that it is the third important gas signaling molecule after nitric oxide and carbon monoxide. H2S has various physiological and pathological functions such as antioxidant stress, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic and anti-tumor, and can participate in various diseases. It has been reported that H2S regulation of ferroptosis plays an important role in many types of diseases, however, the related mechanisms are not fully clear. In this review, we reviewed the recent literature about the role of H2S regulation of ferroptosis in diseases, and analyzed the relevant mechanisms, hoping to provide references for future in-depth researches.

Age and sex differences in the effects of short- and long-term exposure to air pollution on endothelial dysfunction.

The effects of air pollution on endothelial function remain unclear across populations. We aimed to use brachial artery flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) to identify demographic differences in the effects of air pollution exposure on endothelial dysfunction. We measured FMD in 850 participants from October 2016 to January 2020. Location-specific concentrations of fine particulate matter < 2.5μm aerodynamic diameter (PM2.5), inhalable particulate matter < 10μm aerodynamic diameter (PM10), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon monoxide (CO), and ozone (O3) measured by fixed ambient air monitoring stations were collected for short- and long-term exposure assessment. Multiple linear regression models and restricted cubic splines were used to assess the associations before and after stratification by age and sex. This study eventually included 828 participants [551 (66.5%) younger than 65 years and 553 (66.8%) men]. Each 10µg/m3 increase in 7-day exposure to PM2.5 and PM10 was significantly linearly associated with a 0.07% (β = -0.07, 95% CI: -0.13 to -0.004) and 0.05% (β = -0.05, 95% CI: -0.10 to -0.004) decrease in FMD in the fully adjusted model. After full adjustment, long-term exposure to all air pollutants was significantly associated with impaired FMD. Each 10µg/m3 increase in long-term exposure to PM2.5 and PM10 was significantly associated with a -0.18% (95% CI: -0.34 to -0.03) and - 0.23% (95% CI: -0.40 to -0.06) change in FMD, respectively. After stratification, the associations of lower FMD with long-term exposure to PM2.5, PM10, SO2, NO2, and CO significantly persisted in men and participants younger than 65 years instead of women or older participants. For short-term exposure, we observed differences consistent with long-term exposure and a stronger effect of 7-day exposure to SO2 in men due to a significant interaction effect. Short- and long-term exposure to different air pollutants are strongly associated with decreased endothelial function, and susceptibility to air pollution varies significantly with age and sex.

Adsorbed Carbon Monoxide-Enabled Self-Terminated Au-Grafting on Pt6 Nanoclusters for Enhanced Methanol Electrooxidation.

The study presents the first example of an adsorbed carbon monoxide (CO) enabled self-terminated Au-grafting on triphenylphosphine (PPh3) stabilized Pt6 nanoclusters (NCs) (Pt6 (PPh3)4Cl5 NCs or Pt6 NCs). Adsorbed PPh3 ligands weaken the Pt-CO bond enabling the self-terminated Au-grafting on Pt6 NCs. The Au-grafted Pt6 NCs exhibit enhanced methanol electrooxidation (MOR) in acidic solutions. The surface is composed of a PtAu ensemble exhibiting enhanced MOR and CO tolerance due to the synergistic interaction of Pt with Au and PPh3. The hydrogen underpotential deposition (H-UPD) signal from a CO-covered surface reveals the existence of free-Pt sites on the PtAu ensemble causing higher MOR reactivity. The Au and PPh3 ensure electrocatalytic activity of the NCs, depriving of them at anodic potentials results in "a death-valley" trend.

Evaluation of hydrogen production via steam reforming and partial oxidation of dimethyl ether using response surface methodology and artificial neural network

This study aims to develop two models for thermodynamic data on hydrogen generation from the combined processes of dimethyl ether steam reforming and partial oxidation, applying artificial neural networks (ANN) and response surface methodology (RSM). Three factors are recognized as important determinants for the hydrogen and carbon monoxide mole fractions. The RSM used the quadratic model to formulate two correlations for the outcomes. The ANN modeling used two algorithms, namely multilayer perceptron (MLP) and radial basis function (RBF). The optimum configuration for the MLP, employing the Levenberg–Marquardt (trainlm) algorithm, consisted of three hidden layers with 15, 10, and 5 neurons, respectively. The ideal RBF configuration contained a total of 80 neurons. The optimum configuration of ANN achieved the best mean squared error (MSE) performance of 3.95e−05 for the hydrogen mole fraction and 4.88e−05 for the carbon monoxide mole fraction after nine epochs. Each of the ANN and RSM models produced accurate predictions of the actual data. The prediction performance of the ANN model was 0.9994, which is higher than the RSM model's 0.9771. The optimal condition was obtained at O/C of 0.4, S/C of 2.5, and temperature of 250 °C to achieve the highest H2 production with the lowest CO emission.

Fe(III)-Based Fluorescent Probe for High-Performance Recognition, Test Strip Analysis, and Cell Imaging of Carbon Monoxide.

Fluorescence sensing and imaging techniques are being widely studied for detecting carbon monoxide (CO) in living organisms due to their speed, sensitivity, and ease of use to biological systems. Most fluorescent probes used for this purpose are based on heavy metal ions like Pd, with a few using elements like Ru, Rh, Ir, Os, Tb, and Eu. However, these metals can be expensive and toxic to cells. There is a need for more affordable and biologically safe fluorescent probes for CO detection. Drawing inspiration from the robust affinity exhibited by heme iron toward CO, in this work, a rhodamine derivative called RBF was developed for imaging CO in living cells by binding to Fe(III) and could be used for CO sensing. A Fe(III)-based fluorescent probe for CO imaging in living cells offers advantages of cost effectiveness, low toxicity, and ease of use. The fluorescence detection using the RBF-Fe system showed a direct correlation with increasing levels of CORM-3 (LOD = 146 nM) or the exposure time of CO gas, displaying reduced fluorescence. A CO test paper based on RBF-Fe was created for simple on-site CO detection, where fluorescence would diminish in response to CO exposure, allowing rapid (2 min) visual identification. Imaging of CO in living cells was successfully conducted using the probe system, showing a decrease in fluorescence intensity as CORM-3 concentrations increased, indicating its effectiveness in monitoring CO levels accurately within living cells.

Chemical insights into plasma-assisted dry reforming of methane in a nanosecond discharge

The present study explores the chemical kinetics of plasma-assisted dry reforming of methane (340 K, 30 Torr) in a flow reactor activated by a nanosecond pulsed dielectric barrier discharge (DBD). Experiments are conducted with the inlet CO2/CH4 mol ratios varying from 0.4 to 2.8 in CH4/CO2/Ar mixture. Synchrotron vacuum ultraviolet photoionization mass spectrometry (SVUV-PIMS) is employed for detailed species measurement of the ions, radicals, and molecules in this system. Eight ions are observed, including CH3+, O+, CH4+, Ar2+, CO+, C2H4+, Ar+, and CO2+. The identification of several intermediate species and products are achieved based on the photoionization efficiency (PIE) spectra, such as methyl radical (CH3), water (H2O), acetylene (C2H2), carbon monoxide (CO), ethylene (C2H4), formaldehyde (CH2O), methanol (CH3OH), ketene (CH2CO), and acetone (CH3COCH3). Species mole fraction profiles as a function of inlet CO2 concentrations are obtained. The present work provides a unique dataset and enriches our understanding of the kinetics of plasma-assisted dry reforming of methane. A kinetic mechanism incorporating plasma reactions and combustion reactions is developed for this system, and its prediction performance of the product selectivity is validated against the experimental data. The main reaction pathways for the consumption of CH4 and CO2 and the formation of products and intermediates are indicated based on the rate of production (ROP) analysis. The ionic reactions are predominant for CH4 consumption, leading to CH4+ and CH5+, while CH4 reactions with electrons and Ar* contribute to CH2 and CH3 formation. CO2 mainly reacts with electrons and Ar*, producing CO, and can also undergo reactions with CH4+ and CH5+, forming HCO2+. The principal formation pathways for H2, CO, CH2O, and CH3OH are discussed. A competition between the discharge pathways and oxygen-containing pathways in CH4/CO2/Ar plasma is proposed.

Air Pollution and Stroke: What Nurses Need to Know.

Air pollution exposure is linked to an increased risk of stroke. Elevated levels of pollution (carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, sulfur dioxide, coarse particulate matter [PM10], and especially fine particulate matter [PM2.5]) cause systemic inflammation after the particles are inhaled and lodge into lung tissue, causing an increased incidence of stroke, hospitalizations for stroke, and stroke mortality. Until air pollution levels are remediated, assessing Air Quality Index (AQI) and following the guidelines to decrease illness from exposure is imperative. AQI levels are reported hourly, identifying ambient PM2.5 and ozone levels. When AQI levels are low, the risk of exposure to PM2.5 is low. As the AQI increases, there is more risk. It is important to take steps to decrease exposure to PM2.5, especially for those with cardiovascular comorbidities such as diabetes and those with previous stroke events. This is important information for nurses to understand and share with their patients as a risk reduction strategy.

One-Pot Synthesis of 4-Chloroquinolines via Bis(trichloromethyl) Carbonate and Triphenylphosphine Oxide-Mediated Cascade Reactions of N-Aryl Enaminones.

A novel method for synthesizing substituted 4-chloroquinolines has been devised, utilizing a cascade reaction of N-aryl enaminones promoted by bis(trichloromethyl) carbonate (BTC) and triphenylphosphine oxide (TPPO). This approach features accessible starting materials, a broad substrate range, extensive functional group compatibility, gentle reaction conditions, and straightforward operation. Its versatility is evidenced by its facile scalability and suitability for late-stage derivatization. A plausible mechanism involving α-carbonylation, 6π-azaelectrocyclization, and dehydroxychlorination sequence is proposed.

Characterization of a MHYT domain-coupled transcriptional regulator that responds to carbon monoxide.

The MHYT domain, identified over two decades ago for its potential to detect diatomic gases like CO, O2or NO, has awaited experimental validation as a protein sensory domain. Here, we characterize the MHYT domain-containing transcriptional regulator CoxC, which governs the expression of the cox genes responsible for aerobic CO oxidation in the carboxidotrophic bacterium Afipia carboxidovorans OM5. The C-terminal LytTR-type DNA-binding domain of CoxC binds to an operator region consisting of three direct repeats sequences overlapping the -35 box at the target PcoxB promoter, which is consistent with the role of CoxC as a specific transcriptional repressor of the cox genes. Notably, the N-terminal transmembrane MHYT domain endows CoxC with the ability to sense CO as an effector molecule, as demonstrated by the relief of CoxC-mediated repression and binding to the PcoxB promoter upon CO exposure. Furthermore, copper serves as the essential divalent cation for the interaction of CO with CoxC, thereby confirming previous hypothesis regarding the role of copper in the gas-sensing mechanism of MHYT domains. CoxC represents the prototype of a novel subfamily of single-component LytTR transcriptional regulators, characterized by the fusion of a DNA-binding domain with a membrane-bound MHYT sensor domain.

Sprint interval training in the postpartum period maintains the enhanced cardiac output of pregnancy: A case study.

During pregnancy an increased cardiac output ( ) and blood volume (BV) occur to support fetal growth. Increased and BV also occur during chronic endurance exercise training and benefit performance. We investigated if sprint interval training (SIT) undertaken early postpartum maintains the elevated and BV of pregnancy and benefits performance. The participant, a competitive field hockey player and former cyclist, visited our laboratory at 2weeks of gestation (baseline) and postpartum pre-, mid- and post-intervention (PPpre, PPmid and PPpost). Delivery was uncomplicated and she felt ready to start the SIT programme 5weeks postpartum. Inert gas rebreathing was used to measure peak exercise ( peak); was measured with a metabolic cart; and postpartum haematological values were measured with carbon monoxide rebreathing. The 18 SIT sessions progressed from four to eight sprints at 130% of peak power output. peak increased from baseline at all postpartum time points (baseline 16.2 vs. 17.5, 16.8 and 17.2L/min at PPpre, PPmid and PPpost, respectively). Relative remained below baseline values at all postpartum measurements (baseline 44.9 vs. 41.0, 42.3 and 42.5mL/kg/min at PPpre, PPmid and PPpost, respectively) whereas absolute rapidly reached baseline values postpartum (baseline 3.19 vs. 3.12, 3.23 and 3.18L/min at PPpre, PPmid and PPpost, respectively). Postpartum BV (5257, 4271 and 5214mL at PPpre, PPmid and PPpost, respectively) and Hbmass (654, 525 and 641g at PPpre, PPmid and PPpost, respectively) were similar between PPpre and PPpost but decreased alongside peak at PPmid. Peak power was returned to pre-pregnancy values by intervention end (302 vs. 303W, baseline vs. PPpost). These findings show that SIT undertaken early postpartumdefends the elevated peak of pregnancy and rapidly returns absolute and peak power to baseline levels. HIGHLIGHTS: What is the central question of this study? Can the enhanced cardiac output of pregnancy be maintained with strenous exercise training undertaken early postpartum. What is the main finding and its importance? Baseline values of absolute oxygen consumption, peak power output and peak exercise cardiac outputcan be regained rapidly or surpassed following 6weeks of sprint interval training postpartum. Sprint interval training can be used by endurance trained females to safely resume training early postpartum, allowing a rapid and efficient return to baseline fitness levels.

Impact of Marijuana Use on Lung Health.

The widespread use of marijuana in the context of increasing legalization has both short- and long-term health implications. Although various modes of marijuana use-smoked, vaped, or ingested-may lead to a wide scope of potential systemic effects, we focus here on inhalational use of marijuana as the most common mode with the lung as the organ that is most directly exposed to its effects. Smoked marijuana has been associated with symptoms of chronic bronchitis and histopathologic changes in airway epithelium, but without consistent evidence of long-term decline in pulmonary function. Its role in immunomodulation, both for risk of infection and protection against a hyperinflammatory host response to infection, has been suggested in animal models and in vitro without conclusive extrapolation to humans. Marijuana smoke contains carcinogens like those found in tobacco, raising concern about its role in lung cancer, but evidence is mixed and made challenging by concurrent tobacco use. Vaping may offer a potential degree of harm reduction when compared with smoking marijuana with reduction of exposure to several toxins, including carbon monoxide, and reduction in chronic respiratory symptoms. However, these potential benefits are counterbalanced by risks including vaping-associated lung injury, potentially more intense drug exposure, and other yet not well-understood toxicities. As more states legalize marijuana and the federal government considers changing this from a Schedule I to a Schedule III controlled substance, we anticipate an increase in prospective medical studies concerning the risks related to marijuana use. This review is based on currently available data concerning the impact of inhaled marijuana on lung health.

Carbon monoxide (CO)-releasing micelles enable efficient treatment of MRSA-induced septic arthritis and rheumatoid arthritis

Septic arthritis (SA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are prevalent and challenging joint diseases that often lead to severe consequences, including sepsis, disability, and life-threatening conditions. However, their distinct etiologies and pathological mechanisms require different treatment strategies. We herein report a single formulation of carbon monoxide (CO)-releasing micelles capable of efficient treatment of both SA and RA diseases. Our findings demonstrate that the local release of CO under red light stimulus effectively eradicates methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) pathogens while safeguarding MRSA-infected chondrocytes and osteogenic cells. Furthermore, CO delivery orchestrates macrophage polarization homeostasis via the nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor (Nrf2)/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) pathway, manifesting unique anti-inflammatory and anti-osteoclastic effects. These remarkable properties empower CO-releasing micelles to emerge as a singular treatment approach, addressing both SA and RA in murine models without the need for conventional medications such as antibiotics and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).

Carbon taxation on high utility transport fuels: An implementation of enviro-economic analysis for the sustainable environment”

The humongous increase in carbon emissions in the past few decades presents an environmental challenge to the scientific community. The current study proposes a method of taxation on high-carbon emission fuels. For this purpose, a comparative enviro-economic analysis is carried out on the three most commonly used fuels (gasoline, Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG), and Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)). The speed of the test engine varied from 1800 to 4200 Revolution per Minute (RPM) in increments of 400 RPM. Performance parameters (Brake Power (BP), Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTHE), and Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC)) were measured using a hydro dynamometer. Emission analysis, including Carbon Dioxide (CO2), Carbon Monoxide (CO), Unburned Hydrocarbons (HC), and Nitrogen Oxide (NOx), was conducted using the TESTO 350 analyzer. The application of Weibull distribution with a 95 % confidence interval, on emission data, explained the adequacy of the data. Among test fuels, CNG emerged as an environment-friendly fuel with an emission reduction of 16, 42, and 43 percent for CO2, CO, and HC in comparison to gasoline. Also, BTHE and BSFC of CNG were better than other alternatives. Moreover, the carbon penalty for CNG fuel showed a price reduction of 32 and 20.8 percent in comparison to gasoline and LPG respectively. The study provides a novel approach to assess the environmental impact of fuels by economic analysis based on emitted carbon quantity. In addition, this very idea is novel in promoting the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) of the United Nations (UN) through carbon taxation.

Time‐Resolved Mechanistic Depiction of Photoinduced CO2 Reduction Catalysis on a Urea‐Modified Iron Porphyrin

AbstractThe development of functional artificial photosynthetic devices relies on the understanding of mechanistic aspects involved in specialized photocatalysts. Modified iron porphyrins have long been explored as efficient catalysts for the light‐induced reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) towards solar fuels. In spite of the advancements in homogeneous catalysis, the development of the next generation of catalysts requires a complete understanding of the fundamental photoinduced processes taking place prior to and after activation of the substrate by the catalyst. In this work, we employ a state‐of‐the‐art nanosecond optical transient absorption spectroscopic setup with a double excitation capability to induce charge accumulation and trigger the reduction of CO2 to carbon monoxide (CO). Our biomimetic system is composed of a urea‐modified iron(III) tetraphenylporphyrin (UrFeIII) catalyst, the prototypical [Ru(bpy)3]2+ (bpy=2,2’‐bipyridine) used as a photosensitizer, and sodium ascorbate as an electron donor. Under inert atmosphere, we show that two electrons can be successively accumulated on the catalyst as the fates of the photogenerated UrFeII and UrFeI reduced species are tracked. In the presence of CO2, the catalytic cycle is kick‐started providing further evidence on CO2 activation by the UrFe catalyst in its formal FeI oxidation state.

Environmental impacts of shifts in surface urban heat island, emissions, and nighttime light during the Russia-Ukraine war in Ukrainian cities.

As recent geopolitical conflicts and climate change escalate, the effects of war on the atmosphere remain uncertain, in particular in the context of the recent large-scale war between Russia and Ukraine. We use satellite remote sensing techniques to establish the effects that reduced human activities in urban centers of Ukraine (Kharkiv, Donetsk, and Mariupol) have on Land Surface Temperatures (LST), Urban Heat Islands (UHI), emissions, and nighttime light. A variety of climate indicators, such as hot spots, changes in the intensity and area of the UHI, and changes in LST thresholds during 2022, are differentiated with pre-war conditions as a reference period (i.e., 2012-2022). Findings show that nighttime hot spots in 2022 for all three cities cover a smaller area than during the reference period, with a maximum decrease of 3.9% recorded for Donetsk. The largest areal decrease of nighttime UHI is recorded for Kharkiv (- 12.86%). Our results for air quality changes show a significant decrease in carbon monoxide (- 2.7%, based on the average for the three cities investigated) and an increase in Absorbing Aerosol Index (27.2%, based on the average for the three cities investigated) during the war (2022), compared to the years before the war (2019-2021). The 27.2% reduction in nighttime urban light during the first year of the war, compared to the years before the war, provides another measure of conflict-impact in the socio-economic urban environment. This study demonstrates the innovative application of satellite remote sensing to provide unique insights into the local-scale atmospheric consequences of human-related disasters, such as war. The use of high-resolution satellite data allows for the detection of subtle changes in urban climates and air quality, which are crucial for understanding the broader environmental impacts of geopolitical conflicts. Our approach not only enhances the understanding of war-related impacts on urban environments but also underscores the importance of continuous monitoring and assessment to inform policy and mitigation strategies.

Limits of the harmonic approach for the Morse potential

This paper presents the solution of the Morse potential via the Variational Method using a trial eigenfunction based on the harmonic oscillator and without variational parameters. The first fundamental state and the first nine excited states for the diatomic molecules of hydrogen, lithium hydride, sodium hydride, oxygen, carbon monoxide and silicon monoxide are calculated. The results obtained by the variational method are compared with the values obtained by the exact solution of the same potential in order to establish a percentage error for each energy level of the molecules analyzed and to verify up to which level the chosen trial eigenfunction describes the original system well. That shows that the approximation of the trial eigenfunction is reasonable for the first excited states. From the fourth or fifth excited state, depending on the molecule, the discrepancy no longer reasonable.

Chitosan/MgO NPs/CQDs bionanocomposite coating: Fabrication, characterization and determination of antimicrobial efficacy

The development of new polymer nanocomposites or antibacterial coatings is crucial in combating drug-resistant infections, particularly bacterial infections. In this study, a new chitosan polymer based nanocomposite reinforced with magnesium oxide nanopowders and carbon quantum dots was fabricated by sol-gel technique and coated on 316 L stainless steel. In order to gaining the optimal amount of components to achieve the maximum antibacterial properties, the effect of concentration of nanocomposite components on its antibacterial properties was investigated. Crystal structure, microstructure, elemental dispersion, size distribution, chemical composition and morphology of nanocomposite and coating were characterized with various analyses. The obtained results exhibited that the carbon quantum dot and magnesium oxide nanopowders were distributed uniformly and without agglomeration in the chitosan matrix and created a uniform coating. The antibacterial properties of the synthesized samples against Staphylococcus aureus bacteria (gram positive) were evaluated using disk diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) antibacterial tests. The inhibition growth zone formed around the antibiotic and nanocomposite 25 mg/ml under dark and light was about 32 and 14, 11 mm, respectively. Also, MIC and MBC values for final nanocomposite were 62.5 and 125 μg/ml, respectively.

Association between swallowing dynamics, tongue pressure and pulmonary function in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

BackgroundSwallowing is a complex process that requires the coordination of muscles in the mouth, pharynx, larynx, and esophagus. Dysphagia occurs when a person has difficulty swallowing. In the case of subjects with respiratory diseases, the presence of oropharyngeal dysphagia potentially increases lung disease exacerbations, which can lead to a rapid decline in lung function. This study aimed to analyze the swallowing of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF).MethodsPatients with IPF were evaluated using the Eating Assessment Tool (EAT-10), tongue pressure, the Timed Water Swallow Test (TWST), and the Test of Mastication and Swallowing Solids (TOMASS). The findings were related to dyspnea severity assessed by the modified Medical Research Counsil (mMRC) score; the nutritional status screened with Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) tool; and pulmonary function tests, specifically spirometry and measurement of the diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO), the maximal inspiratory pressure (PImax), and the maximal expiratory pressure (PEmax).ResultsThe sample consisted of 34 individuals with IPF. Those who exhibited swallowing modifications scored lower on the MNA than those who did not (9.6 ± 0.76 vs. 11.64 ± 0.41 points; mean difference 1.98 ± 0.81 points; p = 0.02). They also showed poorer lung function when considering the predicted force vital capacity (FVC; 81.5% ± 4.61% vs. 61.87% ± 8.48%; mean difference 19.63% ± 9.02%; p = 0.03). The speed of liquid swallowing was altered in 31of 34 of the evaluated subjects (91.1%). The number of liquid swallows correlated significantly with the forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1)/FVC ratio (r = 0.3; p = 0.02). Solid eating and swallowing assessed with the TOMASS score correlated with lung function. The number of chewing cycles correlated negatively with PImax% predicted (r = -0.4; p = 0.0008) and PEmax% predicted (r = -0.3; p = 0.02). FVC% predicted correlated with increased solid swallowing time (r = -0.3; p = 0.02; power = 0.6). Swallowing solids was also impacted by dyspnea.ConclusionPatients with mild-to-moderate IPF can present feeding adaptations, which can be related to the nutritional status, lung function, and the severity of dyspnea.

CoCorrole-Functionalized PCN-222 for Carbon Monoxide Selective Adsorption.

The high risk of CO poisoning justifies the need for indoor air quality control and warning systems based on the detection of low concentrations (ppm-ppb) of CO. Cobalt corrole complexes selectively bind CO vs. O2, CO2, N2, opening new fields of applications. By combining the CO chemisorption properties of cobalt corroles with the known sorption capacity of MOFs, we hope to obtain high performance sensing materials for CO detection. In addition, the exposed metal sites of MOFs lead to CO2 physisorption, allowing the co-detection of CO and CO2. In this work, PCN-222 a stable Zr-based MOF made from Ni(TCPP) with natural vacancies has been used as a porous matrix for the grafting of electron-poor metallocorroles. The materials were characterized by powder XRD, SEM and optical microscopy, BET analyses and gas adsorption measurements at 298 K. No degradation of the crystalline structure of PCN-222 was observed. At 1 atm, the adsorbed CO(g) volumes measured for the best materials were 12.15 cm3 g-1 and 14.01 cm3 g-1 for CoCorr2@PCN-222 and CoCorr3@PCN-222 respectively, and both materials exhibited high CO chemisorption and selectivity against O2, N2, and CO2 at low pressure due to the highest energy of the chemisorption process vs physisorption. (198 Words).

Improved Air Quality and Asthma Incidence from School-Age to Young Adulthood: A Population-based Prospective Cohort Study.

Background The benefits of improved air quality on asthma remain understudied. Therefore, our aim was to investigate associations of changes in ambient air pollution with incident asthma from school-age until young adulthood in an area with mostly low air pollution levels. Methods Participants in the BAMSE birth cohort from Stockholm without asthma before the 8-year follow-up were included (N=2371). We estimated the association of change in individual-level air pollutant exposure (particulate matter with diameter ⩽2.5 μm (PM2.5) and, ⩽10 μm (PM10), black carbon (BC) and nitrogen oxides (NOx)) from the first year of life to the 8-year follow-up with asthma incidence from the 8-year until the 24-year follow-up. Multi-pollutant trajectories were identified using Group-Based Multivariate Trajectory model. We also used parametric g-computation to quantify the asthma incidence under different hypothetical interventions regarding air pollution levels. Results Air pollution levels at residency decreased during the period, with median reductions of 5.6% for PM2.5, 3.1% for PM10, 5.9% for BC, and 26.8% for NOx. A total of 395 incident asthma cases were identified from the 8-year until the 24-year follow-up. The odds ratio for asthma was 0.89 (95%CI: 0.80, 0.99) for each interquartile range reduction in PM2.5 (equal to 8.1% reduction). Associations appeared less clear for PM10, BC and NOx. Five multi-pollutant trajectories were identified, where the largest reduction trajectory displayed the lowest odds of asthma (OR=0.55, 95%CI: 0.31, 0.98) compared with the least reduction trajectory. If the PM2.5 exposure had not declined up to the 8-year follow-up, the hypothetical asthma incidence was estimated to have been 10.9% higher (95%CI: 0.8%, 20.8%). Conclusions Decrease in PM2.5 levels during childhood was associated with lower risk of incident asthma from school-age to young adulthood in an area with relatively low air pollution levels, suggesting broad respiratory health benefits from improved air quality. This article is open access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).