Carbon Nanotube Interconnects Research Articles

Nanoconfined Magnetic Network Constructed by a NiCo Alloy Doped Interconnected Carbon Nanotube toward Enhanced Electromagnetic Wave Absorption Performance

Nanoconfined Magnetic Network Constructed by a NiCo Alloy Doped Interconnected Carbon Nanotube toward Enhanced Electromagnetic Wave Absorption Performance

Rational engineering WO3-X/CNTs@carbon fiber membrane for the high-efficient produce H2O2 via electrochemical two-electron water oxidation route

The electrochemical two-electron water oxidation reaction (2e-WOR) offers a promising avenue for hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production. It is crucial to design electrocatalysts with high selectivity, yield, resource abundance, and environmental friendliness. In this paper, as a new generation 2e-WOR electrocatalyst, the WO3-X/CNTs@carbon fiber membrane nanostructure with abundant oxygen-rich vacancy (OV) has been discovered by a series of test techniques including XRD, FE-SEM, TEM, FT-IR, Raman and XPS, comprising interconnected carbon nanotubes and carbon fibers enveloped in WO3 nanorods with oxygen-rich vacancies. By comparing the specific surface area of WO3-x/CNTs@carbon fiber membrane at different temperatures, it was observed that the maximum value is 44.09 m2/g when the mass ratio of AMT to PAN was 3:2 at 600 °C. Furthermore, the WO3-X/CNTs@carbon fiber membrane can be directly utilized as an independent electrode. The electrochemical performance test revealed that the Faraday efficiency of the WO3-X/CNTs @CF-600-2 can reach 54 % (2.48 V vs RHE (reversible hydrogen electrode)), while the H2O2 yield can achieve 10.3 μmol· min−1·cm−2, nearly ten times higher than that of pure WO3. Furthermore, the stability testing demonstrated that after 12 h, the WO3-X/CNTs @CF-600-2 exhibited excellent stability with minimal change in its Faraday efficiency. This enhancement is attributed to the improved selectivity of WO3, excellent electrical conductivity, and mass transfer performance of carbon fiber. Finally, we proposed a mechanism for 2e-WOR and provided some perspectives on this reaction along with summarizing recent discoveries.

Manganese-based MOF interconnected carbon nanotubes as a high-performance cathode for rechargeable aqueous zinc-ion batteries

Aqueous zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs) have attracted extensive attention due to their low cost, environmental friendliness, and high volumetric specific capacity. However, the design of cathode materials with high performance for ZIBs is quite limited. In this paper, a kind of manganese-based metal-organic framework/carbon nanotubes (Mn-MOF/CNT) composite is prepared as the cathode material for ZIBs via a one-pot in situ solvothermal method. Particularly, the assembled Mn-MOF/CNT//Zn battery exhibits high specific capacity (260 mAh g−1 at 50 mA g−1) and excellent capacity retention (approximately 100 %) after 900 cycles at 1000 mA g−1. This significant electrochemical performance is attributed to the high porosity and the high conductivity of Mn-MOF/CNT, as well as the Mn2+ electrolyte additive. This work renders a new sight to design high-performance MOF-based cathode materials for aqueous ZIBs.

The Model of Interconnected Pipes in the Investigation of Dynamic Stability of Carbon Nanotubes Embedded in an Elastic Medium

Abstract The dynamic stability of an interconnected single-walled carbon nanotube is investigated on the basis of the Euler-beam model and with the employment of the spectral Galerkin method. The tubes under investigation are assumed hinged at its both ends and are embedded in an elastic medium. In order to investigate the effect of the surrounding elastic medium on the dynamic stability of the pipe the Pasternak elastic medium is introduced. The critical velocity is calculated for different stiffness of the elastic medium and different density of the conveyed fluid.

Interfacial enhancement of CFRP/titanium alloy bonding joint by constructing a 3D interconnected CNTs network

Carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP)/titanium alloy joints offer exceptionally lightweight, superior fatigue behavior and impact resistance for aerospace applications. Nevertheless, Fiber-tear failure manifestly occurs in the CFRP/metal bonded joints due to the stress concentration of carbon fiber (CF) surfaces, and the adhesive cannot develop its full shear strength capacity, resulting in low shear strength. This drawback has limited the reliability of CFRP in full-scale structures where adhesive bonding is essential. In this study, a three-dimensional (3D) interconnected carbon nanotubes (CNTs) network was constructed on the CFs on the surface of CFRP to release the stress concentration. Carboxyl functionalized CNTs were grown on the surface of CFs, and then the CNTs were arranged in the adhesive to form a 3D network using ultrasonic-powered adhesive injection (UPAI) process. The interfacial bonding strength can reach up to 29.51 MPa, increasing by 30.7%. The growth of CNTs was verified by field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The ultrasonic process can effectively promote the construction of 3D coiled/entangled and vertically aligned CNT structures, providing a more complex crack propagation path for the energy dissipation capability. FESEM and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) tests of the cross sections of CFRP/titanium (Ti) alloy joints revealed that the ultrasonic process promoted mechanical anchoring owing to improved wettability and increased acoustic pressure within the adhesive. These results provide insights into future high-performance CFRP/metal hybrid joining technology of lightweight structures.

Controllable construction of CNT-Interconnected liquid metal networks for thermal management

Multifunctional portable devices for thermal management are crucial due to the development of small microelectronic devices. Traditional polymer composite-based materials have limitations such as single functionality, high costs, and low fire resistance. In this study, a multifunctional liquid metal (LM)-interconnected carbon nanotube (CNT)/aramid nanofiber (ANF) film was fabricated via facile vacuum-assisted self-assembly approach, followed by compression. ANFs serve as interfacial binders between LM and CNTs via hydrogen bonding, while LM interconnects the adjacent CNT layers for fast thermal transport of phonons and electrons. The resulting composite films exhibited high bidirectional thermal conductivity (in-plane: 4.6 W/mK, through-plane: 1.1 W/mK), providing reliable cooling. Moreover, the as-fabricated films demonstrated excellent flame retardancy (20 s of burning), impressive Joule heating performance (200 °C at 3.5 V), and effective electromagnetic interference shielding (53 dB). This work provides an efficient method for fabricating multifunctional thermal management materials for microelectronic devices, battery thermal management, and artificial intelligence.

Hollow multi-shelled spherical Co3O4/CNTs composite as a superior anode material for lithium-ion batteries

Hollow multi-shelled spherical Co3O4/CNTs composite was prepared by a facile MOF-assisted strategy by introducing carbon nanotubes (CNTs) directly into the precursor. The hierarchical porous structure of the obtained multi-shelled Co3O4 nanospheres can effectively alleviate volume change and facilitate the infiltration of electrolyte into the interior. The interconnected CNTs can reduce the electrochemical polarization by improving the conductivity of the body material. As an anode for lithium ion batteries, the as-synthesized Co3O4/CNTs composite exhibits superior lithium ion storage performance. A high reversible specific capacity of 653.1 mAh g−1 was obtained after 500 cycles at 1000 mA g−1, suggesting a significant inspiration for fabricating application for advanced electrochemical devices.

Modified Knowledge-Based Neural Networks Using Control Variates for the Fast Uncertainty Quantification of On-Chip MWCNT Interconnects

In this article, a modified knowledge-based artificial neural network (KBANN) metamodel is developed for the efficient uncertainty quantification of on-chip multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) interconnects. The proposed KBANN metamodel utilizes the notion of control variates to enable much faster training than what is possible with standard KBANNs. Importantly, techniques to calculate the optimal value of the control variates in an a priori manner without augmenting the training dataset have been developed in this article. Furthermore, techniques to exploit the control variates depending on whether one or multiple low-fidelity models of the MWCNT interconnects are available have also been developed in this article. The benefits of the proposed KBANN metamodel using control variates over standard KBANN metamodels have been validated using multiple MWCNT interconnect examples spanning multiple technology nodes.

Embedding cobalt (II, III) oxide nanoparticles into nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes-grafted hollow polyhedrons as sulfur hosts for ultralong-life lithium-sulfur batteries

The sluggish reaction kinetics and unfavorable shuttling effect are regarded as obstacles to the practical application of lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries. To resolve these inherent drawbacks, we synthesized novel multifunctional Co3O4@NHCP/CNT as the cathode materials consisting of carbon nanotubes (CNTs)-grafted N-doped hollow carbon polyhedrons (NHCP) embedded with cobalt (II, III) oxide (Co3O4) nanoparticles. The results indicate that the NHCP and interconnected CNTs could provide favorable channels for electron/ion transport and physically restrict the diffusion of lithium polysulfides (LiPSs). Furthermore, N doping and in-situ Co3O4 embedding could endow the carbon matrix with strong chemisorption and effective electrocatalytic activity toward LiPSs, thus prominently promoting the sulfur redox reaction. Benefiting from these synergistic effects, the Co3O4@NHCP/CNT electrode exhibits a high initial capacity of 1322.1 mAh/g at 0.1 C, and a capacity retention of 710.4 mAh/g after 500 cycles at 1 C. Impressively, even at a relatively high current density of 4 C, the Co3O4@NHCP/CNT electrode achieves a high capacity of 653.4 mAh/g and outstanding long-term cycle stability for 1000 cycles with a low decay rate of 0.035% per cycle. Hence, the design of N-doped CNTs-grafted hollow carbon polyhedrons coupled with transition metal oxides would provide effective promising perspective for developing high-performance Li-S batteries.

Construction of self-supporting macro-porous MnO@CNT anode for stable Li-ion battery

Nano-structure design and carbonous coupling are the most popular strategies to tackle the shortcomings of MnO-based anode materials. Herein, a nano-hybrid MnO anode is constructed with a self-supported carbon nanotube (CNT) framework interlacing MnO nanoparticles, denoted as MnO@CNT. The CNT can spontaneously agglomerate and form a self-supported macro-porous MnO@CNT sphere with interconnected CNT framework and abundant inner channels, which is beneficial for e− transport, Li+ conduction, and kinetics propulsion. The macro-porous structure delivers abundant interior volume to limit the outer expansion of the MnO@CNT anode, which effectively improves the solid electrolyte interface (SEI) stability, particle integrity, and cycling stability. Excellent cycling stability of over 750 cycling life and over 99% Coulombic efficiency can be achieved by the MnO@CNT anode, which is demonstrated to be closely related to the multi-functionalities of the hybrid structure. Therefore, our work provides an effective design idea and mechanism investigation for the high-capacity manganese oxide-based anodes.

N-Doped Carbon Knotting Carbon Nanotube Sponge Networks for Lithium-Ion Capacitor Anodes

Carbon-based three-dimensional (3D) freestanding electrode materials typically possess weak mechanical properties such as brittleness, low stress, residual strain, and large energy dissipation during deformation processes. Here, we deposit high N-doped carbon layers derived from melamine-formaldehyde resin in carbon nanotube (CNT) sponge networks, which can not only form the core–shell structure but also knot the network skeletons by binding interconnected CNTs, thus strengthening the 3D structures. The CNT sponges with high N-doped carbon layers have significantly enhanced mechanical properties including high elasticity, compressive stress, and Young’s modulus. Meanwhile, composite sponges as lithium-ion capacitor (LIC) anodes can achieve a high specific capacity of 303 mAh/g, high rate capability, and long cyclic performance. The corresponding LIC cells with amorphous carbon cathodes can deliver a high energy density of 153 Wh/kg at 582 W/kg and 49 Wh/kg even at a high power density of 29.1 kW/kg. We provide a method to enhance 3D network structures, which have applications in freestanding electrode materials for flexible energy storage systems and microelectromechanical systems.

Separator modified by a caterpillar-like composite with interconnected N-doped carbon nanotubes decorated Co-MnO heterointerface enabling robust polysulfide adsorption and catalytic conversion for Li-S batteries

To date, realizing satisfactory-performance Li-S batteries (LSBs) by rationally engineering the multifunctional material with good electric conductivity, large specific surface area, and efficient adsorption-diffusion-conversion of lithium polysulfide (LiPSs) remains a challenge. Herein, a self-template and melamine-assisted catalytic growth strategy is developed for the controllable fabrication of a caterpillar-like composite constructed by interwoven N-doped carbon nanotubes (NCNTs) in-situ growth on the Co-MnO backbone. In this architecture, interconnected NCNTs extending outward from the core nanowire can offer sufficient conducting pathways to improve electron transfer and can significantly improve the total surface area of the composite, thus enhancing the contact between the catalyst and LiPSs, facilitating the uniform deposition of Li2S, and suppressing the shuttle effect by physicochemical adsorption of LiPSs. In addition, the experiment and theoretical calculation demonstrated that the Co-MnO heterostructure could significantly promote the “adsorption-diffusion-conversion” process of LiPSs over that of each single-component the Cobalt and MnO, which efficiently enhances the sulfur utilization and reaction kinetics. As a result, the LSB with a Co-MnO/NCNTs modified separator achieves a high capacity (902 mAh g−1 at 1C), enhanced cycling performance (an average capacity fading rate of 0.044% per cycle during overall 800 cycles), and outstanding rate performance (449 mAh g−1 at 5C).

Covalently interconnected carbon nanotubes network enhancing thermal conductivity of EP-based composite

The miniaturization of integrated circuits promotes the rapid rise of polymer-based carbon nanotubes (CNTs) thermal conductive composites. However, the unordered arrangement structure and interfacial thermal resistance of CNTs become important obstacles affecting their application. The directional orientation driven of CNTs by external force and the “bridge” between CNTs constructed via covalent bonding could solve these issues. Herein, the freeze-casting orientation configuration and new CNTs grew in situ by ZIF-67 constructed the hierarchical structure of CNTs in epoxy resin (EP)-based composites. The composites with directional networks of interlinked CNTs achieve an out-plane thermal conductivity value (κ⊥) of 0.98 W m−1 K−1 at filler loading of 5.8 vol%, which is 4.85 times high than that of pure EP. More importantly, non-equilibrium molecular dynamics (NEMD) simulations validated the advantage of using covalent bonding to connect CNTs. This work provides a way for the reasonable design of polymer-based CNTs thermal conductive composites.

Signal Integrity Assessment of GNRFET-Based Ternary Logic for Multi Layered GNR Interconnects with Dielectric Insertion

In this paper, signal integrity assessment is carried out for graphene nanoribbon field effect transistor (GNRFET) based ternary logic with dielectric inserted multi-layered GNR (MLGNR) interconnects. The analyses are carried out for crosstalk effects and eye diagrams with and without shielding lines. In this paper firstly, it is observed that the dielectric inserted MLGNR interconnects show better than copper (Cu) and multiwall carbon nanotube (MWCNT) interconnects. Secondly, active shield technique is adopted, and observed that it exhibits better performance than without shield and passive shield techniques. Also, the power-delay product performance parameter is evaluated and envisaged that active shield technique outperforms passive technique. Further, the eye diagram analysis is carried out for different bit rates. The different performance analyses in the paper have been carried out for 10 nm technology node.

Interfacial engineered PANI/carbon nanotube electrode for 1.8 V ultrahigh voltage aqueous supercapacitors

Flexible three-dimensional interconnected carbon nanotubes on the carbon cloth (3D-CNTs/CC) were obtained through simple magnesium reduction reactions. According to the Nernst equation, the cell voltage based on these pure carbon electrodes without any additives could reach 1.5 V due to the higher di-hydrogen evolution over potential in neutral 3.5 M LiCl electrolytes. In order to improve the electrochemical performance of the electrodes, 3D-CNTs/CC electrodes covered with polyaniline barrier layer (3D-PANI/CNTs/CC) were prepared by in situ electropolymerization using interfacial engineering method. The assembled symmetric supercapacitors display a broadened voltage of 1.8 V, high areal capacitance of 380 mF cm−2, outstanding areal energy density of 85.5 μWh cm−2 and 84% of its initial capacitance after 20 000 charge-discharge cycles. This work demonstrated that the interface engineering strategy provides a promising way to improve the energy density of carbon-based aqueous supercapacitors by widening the voltage and boosting the capacitance simultaneously.

In Situ Polymerized 1,3‐Dioxolane Electrolyte for Integrated Solid‐State Lithium Batteries

AbstractSolid‐state lithium batteries are promising and safe energy storage devices for mobile electronics and electric vehicles. In this work, we report a facile in situ polymerization of 1,3‐dioxolane electrolytes to fabricate integrated solid‐state lithium batteries. The in situ polymerization and formation of solid‐state dioxolane electrolytes on interconnected carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and active materials is the key to realizing a high‐performance battery with excellent interfacial contact among CNTs, active materials and electrolytes. Therefore, the electrodes could be tightly integrated into batteries through the CNTs and electrolyte. Electrons/ions enable full access to active materials in the whole electrode. Electrodes with a low resistance of 4.5 Ω □−1 and high lithium‐ion diffusion efficiency of 2.5×10−11 cm2 s−1 can significantly improve the electrochemical kinetics. Subsequently, the batteries demonstrated high energy density, amazing charge/discharge rate and long cycle life.

In Situ Polymerized 1,3-Dioxolane Electrolyte for Integrated Solid-State Lithium Batteries.

Solid-state lithium batteries are promising and safe energy storage devices for mobile electronics and electric vehicles. In this work, we report a facile in situ polymerization of 1,3-dioxolane electrolytes to fabricate integrated solid-state lithium batteries. The in situ polymerization and formation of solid-state dioxolane electrolytes on interconnected carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and active materials is the key to realizing a high-performance battery with excellent interfacial contact among CNTs, active materials and electrolytes. Therefore, the electrodes could be tightly integrated into batteries through the CNTs and electrolyte. Electrons/ions enable full access to active materials in the whole electrode. Electrodes with a low resistance of 4.5 Ω □-1 and high lithium-ion diffusion efficiency of 2.5×10-11 cm2 s-1 can significantly improve the electrochemical kinetics. Subsequently, the batteries demonstrated high energy density, amazing charge/discharge rate and long cycle life.

A comparative study of propagation delay applied on varieties carbon nanotubes Bundles interconnects using the FDTD and the ABCD matrix method

Due to their hilarious properties, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with their different varieties have been suggested as potential alternatives for interconnects in many industrial applications related to Artificial Intelligence. This work made an overview of the various models of the resistive effect inside several CNT based interconnects. In addition, it has studied the propagation delay inside the CNT interconnect varieties by comparing two validated transient analysis methods, namely the FDTD and the ABCD matrix. The work has concluded the superiority of the ABCD-matrix method since it has given a better performance.

Improving Mechanical, Electrical and Thermal Properties of Fluororubber by Constructing Interconnected Carbon Nanotube Networks with Chemical Bonds and F-H Polar Interactions.

To improve the properties of fluororubber (FKM), aminated carbon nanotubes (CNTs-NH2) and acidified carbon nanotubes (CNTs-COOH) were introduced to modulate the interfacial interactions in FKM composites. The effects of chemical binding and F-H polar interactions between CNTs-NH2, CNTs-COOH, and FKM on the mechanical, electrical, thermal, and wear properties of the FKM composites were systematically investigated. Compared to the pristine FKM, the tensile strength, modulus at 100% strain, hardness, thermal conductivity, carbon residue rate, and electrical conductivity of CNTs-NH2/CNTs-COOH/FKM were increased by 112.2%, 587.5%, 44.2%, 37.0%, 293.5%, and nine orders of magnitude, respectively. In addition, the wear volume of CNTs-NH2/CNTs-COOH/FKM was reduced by 29.9%. This method provides a new and effective way to develop and design high-performance fluororubber composites.

In situ-derived carbon nanotubes decorated the surface of CoxNiy@C composites from MOFs for efficient electromagnetic wave absorption

The in situ formation of interconnected carbon nanotubes (CNTs) networks on the surfaces of metal-organic framework (MOF) derivatives is an efficient method for rationally constructing heterogeneous interfaces and developing high-performance electromagnetic wave absorption materials. A series of CoxNiy @C composite absorbers with abundant CNTs on their surfaces prepared by pyrolyzing MOF precursors in an Ar atmosphere is reported in this study. The S-3 composite absorber had a distinct structural morphology, and optimal wave absorption performance was obtained when the final pyrolysis temperature was 800 °C. At matched thicknesses of 2.0 mm and 3.5 mm, an effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) of 4.5 GHz and a minimum reflection loss (RLmin) of −43.5 dB were achieved when the absorber filling ratio was 15 wt%. This strategy and the results reported in this study are anticipated to encourage future studies into the controlled growth of metal-catalyzed CNTs and inspire new ideas for designing and preparing enhanced microwave absorber materials at the micro-nano scale.