Carbon Black Research Articles

Oleylamine-grafted carbon nanoparticles as the friction-reducing and anti-wear additives of aviation lubricating oils

Purpose This paper aims to try to develop new, environmentally friendly and efficient lubricating additives; study the compatibility of carbon-based additives with different base oils [Polyalphaolefin (PAO)-3, PAO-20 and NPE-2]; and explore the lubrication mechanism. Design/methodology/approach Oleylamine modified carbon nanoparticles (CNPs-OA) were prepared and the dispersion stability of CNPs-OA in PAO-3, PAO-20 and NPE-2 base oils was investigated by transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared, thermogravimetric analysis, energy dispersive spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Universal Mechanical Tester (UMT) platform was used to carry out experiments on the effects of different additive concentrations on the lubricating properties of base oil. Findings The mean friction coefficient of PAO-3, PAO-20 and NPE-2 reduced by 32.8%, 10.1% and 11.4% when the adding concentration of CNPs-OA was 1.5, 2.0 and 0.5 Wt.%, respectively. Generally, The CNPs-OA exhibited the best friction-reducing and anti-wear performance in PAO-3. Originality/value The agglomeration phenomenon of carbon nanoparticles as lubricating additive was improved by surface modification, and the lubricating effect of carbon nanoparticles in three synthetic aviation lubricating base oils was compared.

Highly Sensitive Trimetazidine Determination Using Composite Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia Doped with Titanium Oxide–Carbon Black Biosensor

Highly Sensitive Trimetazidine Determination Using Composite Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia Doped with Titanium Oxide–Carbon Black Biosensor

Construction of Mo-Doped CuO Incorporated on Carbon Black Modified Disposable Sensor for the Voltammetric Detection of Metol in Environmental Samples

Abstract In this study, a molybdenum-doped copper oxide (Mo–CuO) composite was synthesized via a hydrothermal method and combined with carbon black (CB) to form Mo–CuO@CB. This composite was used to modify a screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) for the detection of Metol (MT), an industrial pollutant harmful to both human health and the environment. Structural and surface characterization was performed using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, field-effect scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, X-rssy photoelectron spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. Electrochemical techniques, including differential pulse voltammetry and cyclic voltammetry, were used to assess the sensor's performance. The Mo–CuO@CB@SPCE sensor exhibited a low detection limit of 2.7 nM, and limit of quantification is 82 nM, a broad linear range (5.0 × 10−9 – 170 mol L-1), and high sensitivity (4.148 μA μM⁻¹ cm⁻²), benefiting from the catalytic activity of Mo–CuO and the large surface area of CB. With recovery rates ranging from 96 % to 100.6% in pond, river, and tap water, the sensor effectively detects MT in environmental samples, ensuring reliable monitoring of this persistent pollutant.

Enhanced adsorption of malachite green onto a composite material activated carbon and iron(III) oxide nanoparticles: isotherm, kinetic, and thermodynamic study

Enhanced adsorption of malachite green onto a composite material activated carbon and iron(III) oxide nanoparticles: isotherm, kinetic, and thermodynamic study

Production and Subsequent Application of Different Biochar-based Organic Fertilizers to Enhance Vegetable Quality and Soil Carbon Stability

Production and Subsequent Application of Different Biochar-based Organic Fertilizers to Enhance Vegetable Quality and Soil Carbon Stability

Characterization of Nano Calcium Carbonate Extracted from Eggshells

Organic waste, especially eggshells, represents a valuable resource for the synthesis of calcium carbonate nanoparticles, which have significant industrial and medical applications. This study describes the methodology for converting eggshells into calcium carbonate nanoparticles through heat treatment and nano milling processes. Advanced characterization techniques, including TEM, SEM, and AFM, were used to analyze the morphology and structure of the synthesized nanoparticles. The particles were found to be of nanometer dimensions, with a size of around 150 nm and a distinctive spherical shape, as shown in the TEM images. SEM images showed that the surface of calcium carbonate nanoparticles synthesized from eggshells is smooth, crystalline, and spherical or nearly spherical. FTIR analysis revealed the presence of distinct functional groups for calcium carbonate, with peaks at 713–868 cm⁻¹, consistent with previous studies. The results show that nanoparticles manufactured from calcium carbonate possess unique properties that enhance their applicability in various fields, and promote sustainability and environmental preservation.

Effect of Carbon Black Content and Firing Atmosphere on the Properties and Microstructure of Al2O3-SiC-C Castables

Al2O3-SiC-C (ASC) castables containing spherical asphalt are widely utilized in high-temperature metallurgical furnaces because of their good abrasive resistance and slag resistance; however, the release of hazardous benzopyrene during the pyrosis process in spherical asphalt is detrimental to the environment and to the health of furnace workers. Herein, nontoxic nano carbon black (CB) was selected as the carbon source for ASC castables, and the effects of the CB amount and sintering atmosphere on the properties of ASC castables were investigated in this work. The results show that on increasing CB from 0.5% to 2%, the cold strength of the samples after firing in the reducing atmosphere increased, the residual strength increased, and the slag penetrated depth decreased; the reasons can be ascribed to nano CB being able to fill the pores to reduce the apparent porosity of the castables. Furthermore, SiC whiskers were formed at elevated temperatures and generated a network structure, which was beneficial in improving their properties. When CB was 1%, the cold modulus of the rupture of the samples after firing in the oxidizing atmosphere and reducing atmosphere were higher (about 20 MPa), the retained strength ratio of the samples pre-fired in the reducing atmosphere was the highest (85.4%), the hot strength at 1400 °C of the samples tested in the oxidized atmosphere was the highest (5.3 MPa), and the slag resistance of the samples measured in the oxidizing atmosphere was the best. The castables heat-treated in the air atmosphere possessed higher hot strength and slag resistance; the reasons can be attributed to the formed SiO2 derived from the oxidation of SiC, which reacted with Al2O3 to form mullite, creating a strengthening effect and decreasing the porosity and increasing the viscosity of slag, thereby improving the hot strength and slag resistance.

Comparison of Different Additives and Ages on Mechanical and Acoustic Behavior of Coal Gangue Cemented Composite

Cemented backfill represents a significant trend in mine filling methods; however, it often exhibits high brittleness and limited resistance to failure, which can restrict its practical application. This study investigates the mechanical properties and damage evolution of fiber-reinforced coal gangue cemented materials (CGCMs) at various curing times using uniaxial compressive tests, acoustic emission (AE) analysis, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Specimens were created with different fillers, including carbon fibers (CFs), steel fibers (SFs), and carbon black (CB), and subjected to uniaxial compression until failure. Control specimens without fillers were also tested for comparison. The microstructure of the specimens was examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The findings indicate that (1) the compressive strength of filler-reinforced CGCMs increases between 7 and 14 days of curing but decreases thereafter, with CB significantly improving early-age strength; (2) specimens reinforced with CFs and SFs exhibit significantly enhanced toughness in their post-cracking response; (3) AE events during specific stages can effectively identify the reinforcing effects of CFs and SFs; (4) the presence of fillers improves resistance to shear cracks, with CFs and SFs being more effective than CB; and (5) adding CB results in a denser and more stable hydration product structure, while CFs and SFs lead to a more porous structure with increased cracking.

Self-heating performance of phase change cementitious mortar with hybrid carbon-based nanomaterials

Temperature fluctuations pose a critical challenge for infrastructure, necessitating functional concrete to protect structures and promote sustainability. Self-heating concrete and phase change material (PCM) concrete are closely linked to thermal energy, with the former focused on heat generation and the latter on heat storage. This study aims to explore the self-heating performance of modified PCM concrete. Carbon-based materials, chosen for their low electrical resistance and high thermal conductivity, are incorporated to enhance the PCM concrete. Carbon black (CB), carbon nanotubes (CNT), and carbon fibres (CF) with various dimensions and scales, are combined to achieve optimal performance. Materials below a threshold yield minimal change, as they fail to establish the crucial conductive circuit. The self-heating behaviour becomes pronounced with increased in materials, reaching an optimal temperature rise up to 31.2 °C in one hour. However, the group with the highest content of materials experiences a reduced final temperature of 23.9 °C and an increased electrical conductivity of 40 Ω. CB and CNT show different efficiency improvements, and the ideal combination is proposed as 0.3 % CNT and 0.75 % CB. Inorganic hydrated salt-based PCM reduces electrical conductivity by 12 % – 35 % in its liquid state due to free ions, potentially enhancing self-heating capability, though its impact is less significant compared to carbon materials. Overall, the optimum group demonstrates significant self-heating behaviour, high efficiency, and low material cost. Models and electrical impedance results validate these observations and provide novel insight into the self-heating performance of PCM mortar with hybrid carbon-based materials.

Synthesis of spherical carbon nanoparticles from orange peel and their surface modification with chitosan: Evaluation of optical properties, biocompatibility, antioxidant and anti-hemolytic activity

Synthesis of spherical carbon nanoparticles from orange peel and their surface modification with chitosan: Evaluation of optical properties, biocompatibility, antioxidant and anti-hemolytic activity

A new green rigid polyurethane foam based on modified palm oil: Preliminary study of their potential for marine buoy applications

AbstractThis study demonstrates a new green rigid polyurethane (PU) based on modified palm oil (MPO) for marine buoy applications. The bio‐polyol based on palm oil was synthesized using hydrogen peroxide and formic acid. The foam formation was by kinetic foaming reaction. The MPO‐based PU foams made with increased water content had closed cells that grew larger with water content to provide a low‐density foam. The resistance to flammability of PU foam was improved by adding triphenyl phosphate (TPP). The PU foam with increased TPP content had enlarged cells, increased water absorption and decreased compressive strength. In addition, carbon black (CB)‐containing foam had uniform, large foam cells, comparatively high density, higher compressive strength, and low water absorption. Moreover, a high CB content gave shorter extinguishing time for PU foam. The PU foams were investigated for buoyancy and compared with a commercial PU foam buoy. The commercial buoy had lower density, providing better‐floating performance than PU foam. Interestingly, CB_8 had an elevated density, but low water absorption rate, similar to the commercial buoy PU foam. The investigations showed that the PU foam from MPO is eco‐friendly, and the buoyancy performance of that foam is improved on adding TPP or CB.

Electrochemical Oxidative Degradation and Trapping of the Mefenamic Acid Drug as a Redox-Active Hydroxy Metabolite on a Carbon Black Surface: Mediated Oxidation and Sensing of Thiol Biomarker

Electrochemical Oxidative Degradation and Trapping of the Mefenamic Acid Drug as a Redox-Active Hydroxy Metabolite on a Carbon Black Surface: Mediated Oxidation and Sensing of Thiol Biomarker

Correction: Sriseubsai et al. Robust Design of PC/ABS Filled with Nano Carbon Black for Electromagnetic Shielding Effectiveness and Surface Resistivity. Processes 2020, 8, 616

With this correction, the Editorial Office together with the authors are making the following amendments to the published article [...]

Fabrication of a natural nanocomposite from Syzygium cumini and squid bone waste decorated with Cu-Nps for simultaneous use in the triple method of photodynamic/photothermal/chemotherapy.

This work reports a new nano platform made from natural materials. For this purpose, calcium carbonate nanoparticles derived from Persian Gulf squid bones as a drug carrier, Syzygium cumini (dye extracted from the fruit of the Persian Gulf trees) as a photosensitizer, and Doxorubicin as a chemotherapy drug have been used. In addition, copper nanoparticles were added to the above composition to increase the efficiency of photothermal treatment. For phototherapy, samples were irradiated by an 808 nm laser (1 W). The results show that nanocomposites play an influential role in the reactive oxygen species process, and an increase of 21 degrees in temperature during 15 minutes of laser radiation is effective in photodynamic/photothermal therapy. The drug loading capacity of the nanocomposite was calculated as 49%. This new nanocomposite for simultaneous photodynamic/photothermal/chemotherapy holds great promise for future cancer treatment due to its excellent potential in treatment and reduced systemic toxicity.&#xD.

A High-Performance and Flexible Electrothermal Heater with Bending Tolerance from Layer-by-Layer Self-Assembled Graphite Nanoplates and Carbon Black on Paper

A High-Performance and Flexible Electrothermal Heater with Bending Tolerance from Layer-by-Layer Self-Assembled Graphite Nanoplates and Carbon Black on Paper

Optical properties of carbon dots generated in liquid by pulsed IR laser at 1064 nm

Biocompatible carbon dots (CDs) have been synthesized by the laser ablation of graphite and vegetable carbon (charcoal) placed in a phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) solution. The carbon nanoparticles are produced by a pulsed IR laser beam, operating at 1064 nm, 100 mJ energy, and 3 ns pulse duration, interacting with the carbon matrix placed in the liquid at a 0.2 Hz repetition rate. The ablation rate, in terms of removed carbon mass per laser shot, was evaluated to be about 75.8 ng/pulse and 758 ng/pulse for graphite and charcoal, respectively. Optical and electronic microscopy, UV-Vis spectroscopy, and luminescence measurements were employed to evince the CDs dispersion through its photoluminescence emission. The UV excitation at a 365 nm wavelength induces CDs luminescence in the visible region, as a result of electron transition, at a wavelength band depending on the laser spot size, i.e., of the laser fluence. CDs luminescence emission obtained from charcoal is independent of the laser fluence, showing a major emission peak around 475 nm and a secondary emission peak at 515 nm. CDs luminescence emission obtained from graphite depends on the laser fluence, showing a minor wavelength band, around 474 nm, at high laser fluences and a major wavelength band, around 670 nm, at low laser fluence. The CDs luminescence of the produced biocompatible solution finds many applications in the bio-medical field, as will be presented and discussed.

Effect of carbon black and silicon dioxide nanoparticle exposure on corona receptor ACE2 and TMPRSS2 expression in the ocular surface

The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has led to a global health crisis, including ocular symptoms, primarily targeting the Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor. PM2.5 air pollution may increase infection risk by altering ACE2 expression. Silicon Dioxide (SiO2) and carbon black (CB), major components of PM2.5 from sands and vehicle emissions, were studied for their effects on ACE2 and Transmembrane Protease Serine 2 (TMPRSS2) expression in corneal and conjunctival cells, and ocular tissues. Human corneal epithelial cells (HCECs) and conjunctival epithelial cells (HCjECs) were exposed to nanoparticles (NPs) for 24 hours, assessing viability via WST-8 assay. TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β levels in the medium were measured. An in vivo rat study administered NPs via eye drops, with Rose Bengal staining to evaluate damage. ACE2, TMPRSS2, and Angiotensin II (AngII) protein expressions were quantified by Western blot. ACE2 expression in HCjECs increased with NP exposure, while it decreased in HCECs. CB exposure increased TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β levels in HCECs. In vivo, corneal exposure to CB decreased ACE2 expression, whereas conjunctival exposure to SiO2 increased ACE2 expression. These changes suggest that SiO2 exposure may increase the risk of COVID-19 through the ocular surface, while CB exposure may decrease it.

Application of iron oxide and its composites containing carbon nanoparticles to the solution of environmental problems

The radioactive materials and the secondary waste after a nuclear power plant accident pose a big environmental problem. The nontoxic iron oxide and iron oxyhydroxide, and their composites with carbon materials were applied to solve the problem. Coal oxide produced by modified Brodie method using coal, NaOH, and γ-Fe2O3 were treated by a hydrothermal process. When the diluted dispersion mixture was treated with SrCl2, the composite particles were attracted to a magnet. On the other hand, the composite without SrCl2 was not attracted. This means only the SrCl2-adsorbed composite can be recovered by a magnet. Hematite doped with various amounts of Nb was synthesized. Its catalytic activities for photo-Fenton reaction were investigated for degradation of methylene blue (MB) in the presence of H2O2 under visible light. Nb-doped hematite calcined at 600 ºC produced smaller particles and showed higher catalytic activity than those calcined at 700 ºC. It was shown that the sample with higher Nb doping showed a better catalytic activity, i.e., the sample with 40 atomic percent of Nb calcined at 600 ºC has the highest catalytic activity. The hematite with 7.4 atomic percent of Nb calcined at 600 ºC showed unique characteristics since it has rapid decomposition rate of MB as well as ferrimagnetic-like characteristics, which makes it separable by a magnet. The polymorphism of iron(III) oxyhydroxide was controlled by adding acetic acid, ethylenediamine, and citric acid. The lepidocrocite obtained by adding the additive of citric acid resulted in the presence of citric acid in the particles and revealed a large specific surface area and negative Zeta potential, which showed an extremely high catalytic activity of MB decomposition for photo-Fenton reaction.

Recycled Carbon Black/High-Density Polyethylene Composite from Waste Tires: Manufacturing, Testing, and Aging Characterization

This study addresses the global issue of recycling used vehicle tires, typically burned out or trimmed to be reused in playground floors or road banks. In this study, we explore a novel environmentally responsive approach to decomposing and recovering the carbon black particles contained in tires (25–30 wt.%) by vacuum pyrolysis. Given that carbon black is well known for its UV protection in plastics, the objective of this research is to provide an ecological alternative to commercial carbon black of fossil origin by recycling the carbon black (rCB) from used tires. In our research, we create a composite material using rCB and high-density polyethylene (HDPE). In this article, we present the environmental aging studies carried out on this composite material. The topographic evolution of the samples with aging and the oxidation kinetics of the surface and through the thickness were studied. The Beer–Lambert law is used to relate the oxidative index to the characteristic depth of the samples. The UV photons are observed to penetrate up to 54% less with the addition of 6 wt.% of rCB compared to virgin HDPE. In this work, the addition of rCB as filler for HDPE used for outdoor applications has demonstrated to be an antioxidant for UV protection and a good substitute for commercial carbon black for industrial goods.

Novel Anodic TiO2 Synthesis Method with Embedded Graphene Quantum Dots for Improved Photocatalytic Activity

Photocatalytic degradation of pollutants have a high potential for sustainable and renewable uses. TiO2 is a widely studied photocatalyst due to its high chemical and photochemical stability and wide range of applications. However, the wide band gap and low capacity of photo-induced charge separation provide lower catalytic activity; thus, improvement of these properties must be found. The doping of TiO2 with other elements, such as carbon nanoparticles (CNP) in a quantum dot form, offers a promising pathway to improve the aforementioned properties. In addition, in situ doping methods should be investigated for practical scalability, as they offer the advantage of integrating dopants directly during material synthesis, ensuring a more uniform distribution and better interaction between the dopant and the host material, in turn leading to more consistent photocatalytic properties. Current technologies primarily involve nanoparticle combinations. This work focuses on the development of a novel in situ synthesis methodology by the introduction of three different graphene-based quantum nanodots into anodic TiO2 and the following investigation of structural, morphological, and photocatalytic properties. Results indicate that the introduction of CNP allows for the shift of a set of parameters, such as the optical band gap, increased photo-induced charge carrier density of TiO2/CNP composite, and, most importantly, the change of crystalline phase composition depending on added CNP material. Research indicates that not only a higher concentration of added CNP enhances higher photocatalytic activity as tested by the degradation of methylene blue dye, but also the type of CNP determines final crystalline phase. For the first time brookite and rutile phases were obtained in anodic titania synthesized in inorganic electrolyte by introducing hydrothermally treated exfoliated graphene.