Reduction Of Carbon Monoxide Research Articles

Optimization of bio-oil blends in gasoline engines for enhanced efficiency and emissions reduction: A response surface methodology approach

The escalating global demand for energy, coupled with growing environmental concerns, necessitates the exploration of cleaner fuel alternatives. Bio-oil, characterized by its renewability and potential to mitigate emissions, has emerged as a viable candidate. This study focuses on optimizing bio-oil concentrations in gasoline engines to enhance operational performance while reducing pollutant emissions. Employing Response Surface Methodology (RSM), the investigation evaluates the effects of varying bio-oil-gasoline blends on engine performance metrics, fuel consumption, and exhaust emissions. Experiments were conducted using a single-cylinder, four-stroke gasoline engine with bio-oil concentrations of 5 %, 10 %, and 15 %. The results identified an optimal bio-oil concentration of 9–10 % and an injection pressure range of 220–230 bar Under these conditions, the Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE) increased by 31.1 %, and the Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC) was reduced to 274.4 g/kWh, indicating enhanced fuel efficiency. Emissions analysis demonstrated a 45 % reduction in carbon monoxide (CO) and a 50 % decrease in hydrocarbon (HC) emissions at a bio-oil concentration of 10 %, with nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions controlled below 110 ppm at higher bio-oil levels. These findings suggest that the optimized bio-oil blend significantly improves engine efficiency while minimizing environmental impact, positioning bio-oil as a promising solution for cleaner and more sustainable energy production.

Enhancing indoor air quality and cardiopulmonary health in patients with asthma by photocatalytic oxidation and filters air cleaner

BackgroundAir purifiers can enhance indoor air quality and health outcomes, and studies have primarily focused on filters and particulate matter (PM) in households. Photocatalytic oxidation (PCO) is a promising technique for eliminating gaseous pollutants and bioaerosols. However, no field study was conducted in household. Therefore, this study evaluated the effects of the PCO and PCO + filters intervention on indoor air pollutants and cardiopulmonary endpoints in households. MethodsA randomized, double-blind crossover clinical trial was conducted. Indoor air pollutants, including PM, bioaerosols, and gaseous pollutants and cardiopulmonary endpoints including lung function, fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO), respiratory symptoms, and blood pressure were assessed before and after intervention. FindingsThis was the first study to evaluate the effects of PCO and PCO + filters interventions on indoor air pollutants and cardiopulmonary health in households. Indoor total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) and sulfur dioxides (SO2) significantly reduced after PCO intervention, however, we also observed the significant reduction in percentage of predicted values of forced vital capacity (FVC%) and forced expiratory volume in 3 s (FEV3%) and increased in FeNO after 13 days of PCO intervention. The PCO + filters intervention significantly reduced the levels of indoor PM1, PM2.5, PM4, PM10, total suspended particulate matter, ultrafine particles, airborne bacteria, fungi, endotoxin, mites, TVOC, nitrogen dioxide, and SO2, and marginal reduction in carbon monoxide. However, indoor carbon dioxide significantly increased after PCO/PCO + filters intervention. As for cardiopulmonary health, FVC%, and FEV1 % marginally increased 7 days after the PCO + filters intervention.

Numerical Investigation of Combustion and Emission Characteristics of the Single-Cylinder Diesel Engine Fueled with Diesel-Ammonia Mixture

This study proposes a dual-fuel approach combining diesel and ammonia in a single-cylinder compression ignition engine to reduce harmful emissions from internal combustion. Diesel is directly injected into the combustion chamber, while ammonia is introduced through the intake manifold with intake air. In this study, injection timing and the percentage of ammonia energy fraction was varied. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model simulates the combustion and emission processes to assess the impact of varying diesel injection timings and ammonia energy contributions. Findings indicate that as ammonia content increases, the engine experiences reductions in peak in-cylinder pressure, temperature, heat release rate, as well as overall efficiency and power output. Emission results suggest that greater ammonia usage leads to a reduction in soot, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and unburned hydrocarbons, though a slight increase in nitrogen oxides emissions is observed. This analysis supports ammonia’s potential as a low-emission alternative fuel in future compression ignition engines.

Recent Advances in NO Reduction with NH3 and CO Over Cu-Ce Bimetallic and Derived Catalysts

Sintering flue gas contains significant amounts of harmful gases, such as carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides (NOx), which pose severe threats to the ecological environment and human health. Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) technology is widely employed for the removal of nitrogen oxides, with copper-cerium-based bimetallic catalysts and their derivatives demonstrating excellent catalytic efficiency in SCR reactions, primarily due to the significant synergistic effect between copper and cerium. This paper summarizes the main factors affecting the catalytic performance of Cu-Ce-based bimetallic catalysts and their derivatives in the selective catalytic reduction of ammonia and carbon monoxide. Key considerations include various preparation methods, doping of active components, and the effects of loading catalysts on different supports. This paper also analyzes the influence of surface oxygen vacancies, redox capacity, acidity, and specific surface area on catalytic performance. Additionally, the anti-poisoning performance and reaction mechanisms of the catalysts are discussed. Finally, the paper proposes strategies for designing high-activity and high-stability catalysts, considering the development prospects and challenges of Cu-Ce-based bimetallic catalysts and their derivatives, with the aim of providing theoretical guidance for optimizing Cu-Ce-based catalysts and promoting their industrial applications.

Ecological and economic effects of green financing

Currently, all three components of sustainable development at all levels are becoming increasingly important to ensure the existence and development of states. This article is devoted to green finance, linking economic and environmental aspects of development. Green financing is a policy direction to reduce negative environmental externalities and attract investment in new technologies, which has become widespread in recent years; green bonds are one of its most important instruments. To assess the impact of issuing green bonds on the environmental component, represented by the equivalent of carbon monoxide emissions, the article was the first to apply a matching procedure to evaluate company data obtained using the Refinitiv database. The authors showed a model specification that supports the hypothesis that the issuance of green bonds has an impact on reducing carbon monoxide equivalent emissions in the long term, but the results of the logarithmic specification of this model turned out to be unstable. From the calculations presented in the article it follows, that despite the fact that the effect of issuing green bonds does not have an immediate impact on the company’s environmental performance, but in the long run it can improve their performance. It helps to raise environmental rating of companies and, in turn, can help attract investments for the development of technologies and infrastructure that ensure technological independence, the use of promising energy sources, the best available technologies, and the transport greening.

A detailed comparison of ethanol–diesel direct fuel blending to conventional ethanol–diesel dual-fuel combustion

Dual-fuel combustion is a well-known measure to enable the combustion of low-reactivity fuels (LRF) in compression-ignited engines with high thermal efficiency through a pilot injection of a high-reactivity fuel (HRF). In most cases, the LRF is introduced into the intake manifold and therefore premixed with the air before entering the combustion chamber during the intake stroke (premixed charge operation, PCO). In this work, this approach is investigated for bioethanol-diesel dual-fuel combustion using external and internal exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) to improve emissions and engine efficiency. In addition, PCO is compared to an alternative concept in which bioethanol and diesel are blended shortly upstream of the high-pressure pump (premixed fuel operation, PFO) at variable mixing ratios. The results show that higher ethanol shares of up to 70% can be achieved at low engine load when using PCO, while at medium and high load, the maximum energy share of ethanol is higher with PFO. While PCO is limited by engine knock, PFO rather suffers from the reduction in cetane number. In PCO, external and internal EGR allow for a reduction of unburned hydrocarbons (up to − 82%) and carbon monoxide (up to -60%), while nitrous oxide emissions are simultaneously lowered by up to − 65%. Both with and without EGR, PFO shows low emissions of unburned hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide (similar to conventional diesel combustion) and a significant reduction in nitrous oxide and soot formation. Brake thermal efficiency (BTE) drops in both modes compared to conventional diesel combustion, in PCO operation due to unburned and partially unburned fuel and in PFO due to increased friction in the high-pressure fuel pump caused by an increased fuel flow.

Comparative Study of Different Polymeric Binders in Electrochemical CO Reduction.

Electrochemical reduction of carbon monoxide offers a possible route to produce valuable chemicals (such as acetate, ethanol or ethylene) from CO2 in two consecutive electrochemical reactions. Such deeply reduced products are formed via the transfer of 4-6 electrons per CO molecule. Assuming similar-sized CO2 and CO electrolyzers, 2-3-times larger current densities are required in the latter case to match the molar fluxes. Such high reaction rates can be ensured by tailoring the structure of the gas diffusion electrodes. Here, the structure of the cathode catalyst layer was systematically varied using different polymeric binders to achieve high reaction rates. Simple linear polymers, bearing the same backbone but different functional groups were compared to highlight the role of different structural motifs. The comparison was also extended to simple linear, partially fluorinated polymers. Interestingly, in some cases similar results were obtained as with the current state-of-the-art binders. Using different surface-wetting characterization techniques, we show that the hydrophobicity of the catalyst layer-provided by the binder- is a prerequisite for high-rate CO electrolysis. The validity of this notion was demonstrated by performing CO electrolysis experiments at high current density (1 A cm-2) for several hours using PVDF as the catalyst binder.

Enhancing Jatropha oil biodiesel by using Citrus Limetta peels as a biocatalyst: A sustainable way to reduce emissions and enhance the efficiency of CI engine

Biodiesel has become one of the promising alternative fuel resources for petro-diesel. Biodiesel is obtained by mixing oil and alcohol through transesterification reaction. A catalyst (base or acid) is typically added to accelerate the transesterification reaction and yield the maximum biodiesel production. The use of the traditional catalyst has problems like catalyst separation, soap formation, high reaction time, more energy consumption and environmental pollution. Literature shows that the addition of a catalyst from organic sources can overcome these problems. Biocatalysts were produced from different bio-waste like animal bones, plant leaves, fruit and vegetable peels, but there is no work found on the effects of Citrus Limetta peel waste for the biodiesel production. In this work, the feasibility of using Citrus Limetta peel ashes as an eco-friendly biocatalyst was investigated for the biodiesel production from Jatropha oil. The biocatalyst was obtained from Citrus Limetta peel waste after drying, pulverizing and calcination. XRD, SEM and EDX were used for the characterization of the biocatalyst. The biodiesel was tested for conformance with Euro standards. Then, three biodiesel blends (JT90, JT80 and JT70 with 10, 20 and 30 % biodiesel) were tested for determining the engine performance and emission characteristics in a Kirloskar 4-stroke CI diesel engine. SEM and EDX indicated a substantial concentration of potassium (26.8 %) and calcium (71.59 %) in the biocatalyst. The maximum biodiesel yield was achieved with 2 wt% biocatalyst, 15:1 Jatropha-to-methanol molar ratio, 60 °C reaction temperature and 1 h reaction time. Engine performance study showed that the JT80 blend demonstrated a BTE improvement of 1.2 % with a significant BSFC reduction of 11 % when subjected to full load conditions, surpassing that of pure diesel. Emissions study revealed that the JT80 blend demonstrated a substantial decrease in emissions compared to pure diesel. Specifically, there was a noteworthy 10.3 % reduction of carbon monoxide (CO), 14 % of carbon dioxide (CO2), 11 % of unburnt hydrocarbon (HC) and 3 % of nitrogen oxides (NOX), but with an increase of 2 % in smoke emissions.

E-CIGARETTE SWITCHING AND FINANCIAL INCENTIVES TO PROMOTE COMBUSTIBLE CIGARETTE CESSATION AMONG ADULTS ACCESSING SHELTER SERVICES: A PILOT STUDY

BackgroundSmoking prevalence among U.S. adults experiencing homelessness is ≥70%. Interventions are needed to address persisting tobacco disparities. MethodsAdults who smoked combustible cigarettes (CC) daily (N=60) were recruited from an urban day shelter and randomly assigned to an e-cigarette switching intervention with or without financial incentives for carbon monoxide (CO)-verified CC abstinence (EC vs. EC+FI). All participants received an e-cigarette device and nicotine pods during the first 4 weeks post-switch; and those in the EC+FI group also received escalating weekly incentives for CC abstinence during the same period. Key follow-ups were conducted at 4- and 8-weeks post-switch. ResultsParticipants were predominantly male (75%), 50% were racially/ethnically minoritized, with an average age of 48.8 years. Descriptive analyses indicated that CC smoking abstinence rates among EC and EC+FI were 3.3% vs. 13.3% at 4 weeks (8.3% overall) and 10.0% vs. 13.3% at 8 weeks (11.7% overall) in the intent-to-treat analyses (missing considered smoking). Among those who completed follow-ups (51.7% and 45.0% at 4- and 8-weeks), CC abstinence rates in EC and EC+FI were 6.3% vs. 26.7% at 4 weeks (16.1% overall) and 21.4% vs. 30.8% at 8 weeks (25.9% overall). EC+FI participants reported fewer days of smoking, more days of e-cigarette use, and greater reductions in CO at 4-week follow-up. Most participants reported a high likelihood of switching to e-cigarettes (67.7%). ConclusionE-cigarette switching with financial incentives for CC cessation is a promising approach to tobacco harm reduction among adults accessing shelter services. Refinements are needed to improve engagement.

Enhancing Combustion Efficiency: Utilizing Graphene Oxide Nanofluids as Fuel Additives with Tomato Oil Methyl Ester in CI Engines

The research aims to conduct a thorough examination of the combustion, injection, performance, and emission characteristics of a diesel engine below different engine loads, as well as the synthesis of graphene oxide (GO) nano fuels and their utilization in combination with Tomato Oil methyl ester (TOME) and diesel fuel blend. The graphene oxide, plays a vital role in the pre-mixed combustion phase of diesel engines. Addition of graphene oxide nano fuels enhances the high-pressure combustion stage, resulting in increased maximum pressure and heat release rate. TOME (B20GO75) and TOME (B20GO100) exhibit comparable heat release rate to diesel due to improved fuel characteristics and quicker ignition delay duration. While TOME (B20) shows a slight decrease in (BTE) compared to diesel, the addition of graphene oxide improves BTE, with TOME (B20GO50) displaying the highest BTE at full load, indicating enhanced combustion efficiency. Moreover, graphene oxide addition leads to a reduction in carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbon (HC) emissions, with emissions decreasing as the concentration of graphene oxide increases. However, NoX emissions initially decrease with TOME (B20) compared to diesel but increase with higher graphene oxide concentration. Smoke emissions increase with TOME (B20) but decrease with higher graphene oxide dosages. Overall, the incorporation of graphene oxide nano fuels into Tomato Oil methyl ester blends demonstrates potential for improving engine performance and reducing emissions.

Performance analysis of dual-fuel engines using acetylene and microalgae biodiesel: The role of fuel injection timing

This study evaluates the impact of varying fuel injection timing (FIT) and dual-fuel modes on the performance and emissions of a compression ignition (CI) engine under different load conditions. The biodiesel used was derived from Chlorella protothecoides microalgae through a two-step transesterification process, and its elemental composition was characterized using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Acetylene gas was introduced into the engine intake manifold at a rate of 3 L per minute (LPM), while a blend of 20 % methyl ester from Chlorella protothecoides (B20 MEOA) served as the primary injected fuel. To predict engine performance and emission characteristics, advanced machine learning models were employed and evaluated using four statistical criteria, including R-squared, mean absolute error (MAE), and mean squared error (MSE). Experimental results indicated that the optimal configuration involved a dual-fuel mode combining B20 MEOA with acetylene gas and an advanced FIT of 25° before top dead center (bTDC). Performance analysis revealed that under all load conditions, the specific fuel consumption (SFC) decreased by 7.3 %, while brake thermal efficiency (BTE) increased by 1.6 % compared to conventional diesel. Emission testing showed a 7.6 % rise in nitrogen oxide emissions, alongside significant reductions in unburned hydrocarbons (12.5 %), carbon monoxide (25.6 %), and smoke intensity (7.5 %) relative to standard diesel operation. Optimization of the engine parameters ensured that key metrics, such as brake power (BP) and brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC), remained within acceptable limits. The random forest model outperformed other machine learning models, demonstrating superior accuracy in predicting performance and emissions across all statistical measures. This study underscores the potential of combining advanced biodiesel blends with optimized FIT strategies to improve engine efficiency and emissions control, offering a promising approach for sustainable dual-fuel engine operations.

STUDYING THE EFFECT OF MAGNETIC FLUX ON DIESEL FUEL LINE ON SOME PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION OF DIESEL ENGINE

This study aimed to investigation was carried out to evaluate the performance and product emission of four cylinder 4- stroke water cooled direct injection (DI) diesel engine fueled by permanent magnet exposed diesel fuel compared with diesel fuel (DF). Three levels of magnet field intensity were used including Diesel fuel exposer to 3000 Gauss (DG3), Diesel fuel exposer to 5000 Gauss (DG5) and Diesel fuel exposer to 9000 Gauss (DG9) fuel respectively. Permanent magnetic device was employed and installed on fuel line before interring high pressure fuel injection pump . The engine run at constant speed 1500rpm(revolution per minute) and loaded by two levels 4.5 kW and 9 kW represented as L1and L2 respectively. Results obtained showed that fuel DG5 registered an increased in thermal efficiency(TE) about 20.09% at load L1 compared with DF. Maximum reduction in brake specific fuel consumption (bsfc) about 12.12%, when using DG5 fuel at load 1 compared to DF fuel. All exhaust emission Unburned Hydrocarbon (UHC), Carbon Monoxide (CO), Carbon Dioxide (CO2),Particular Maters (PM), and Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) are decreased when diesel fuel treated with different magnetic intensities 3000,5000 and 9000 Gauss. Compared with conventional diesel fuel. Maximum reduction in PM,HC,NOx,CO2,and CO about 16.56-27.08%, 3.89–64.26%, 4.79–7.91%, 4.05-5.71and 11.46-53.48% respectively. CO2 emission was increased by 1.65-4.28 at DG5 with L1 and L2 respectively due to the operating conditions.

Catalytic Reduction of Carbon Monoxide to Liquid Fuels with Recyclable Hydride Donors

Catalytic Reduction of Carbon Monoxide to Liquid Fuels with Recyclable Hydride Donors

Effect of Biofuel Use on Ship Engine

This research examines the effect of biofuel use on ship engine performance, with a focus on performance, efficiency and environmental impact. Experimental studies were conducted using four-stroke marine diesel engines operated with various blends of biofuels and conventional fuels. The measured parameters include engine power, specific fuel consumption, thermal efficiency, and exhaust emissions. The results showed that the use of biofuels at certain concentrations can produce performance comparable to conventional fuels, with some significant differences. Engine power decreased slightly (2-5%) at high biofuel blends, but thermal efficiency increased up to 3% at optimal blends. Specific fuel consumption increased by about 5-8% compared to conventional fuel. Exhaust emissions analysis showed a significant reduction in carbon monoxide (CO) and particulate emissions, with up to 30% and 40% reductions respectively. However, there was a slight increase in oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions by 5-10%. The study also identified several technical challenges in the use of biofuels, including the potential degradation of certain engine components and the need for fuel system modifications.

Utilization of sterculia foetida oil as a sustainable feedstock for biodiesel production: optimization, performance, and emission analysis

This study examines the feasibility of employing Sterculia foetida oil as a sustainable feedstock for biodiesel production, offering an eco-friendly substitute for conventional diesel fuel without requiring engine alterations. The method employs a two-step catalytic process, first with acid esterification to reduce the free fatty acid (FFA) concentration, followed by alkaline esterification for biodiesel synthesis. Essential process parameters—such as reaction time, temperature, catalyst concentration, and molar ratio—are carefully optimized to improve biodiesel yield. Under optimal conditions, the process achieves an impressive conversion rate of 95.2 %, demonstrating the considerable potential of Sterculia foetida oil for biodiesel production. Furthermore, blends of Sterculia foetida biodiesel (SFB) and diesel demonstrate a notable decrease in harmful emissions, especially a 2.3 % reduction in carbon monoxide (CO), a 4.1 % reduction in hydrocarbons (HC), and a 1.9 % decrease in smoke emissions compared to pure diesel. This study highlights the innovative use of non-edible oil as feedstock, a customized optimization method, and a highly effective catalytic process, all while emphasizing environmental sustainability and reduced emissions.

Steering the Selectivity of CORR from Acetate to Ethanol via Tailoring the Thermodynamic Activity of Water

AbstractThe electrochemical conversion of carbon monoxide (CO) into oxygenated C2+ products at high rates and selectivity offers a promising approach for the two‐step conversion of carbon dioxide (CO2). However, a major drawback of the CO electrochemical reduction in alkaline electrolyte is the preference for the acetate pathway over the more valuable ethanol pathway. Recent research has shed light on the significant impact of thermodynamic water activity on the electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction pathways, but less is understood for the electrochemical reduction of CO. In this study, we investigated how the water activity at the electrified interface can be enhanced to adjust the selectivity between acetate and ethanol. We employed an ionomer modifier to lower the local concentration of alkali ions (via Donnan exclusion), successfully enhancing ethanol production while suppressing acetate formation. We observed a remarkable improvement in the Faradaic efficiency of ethanol and alcohol (i. e. ethanol, propanol etc), which reached 42.5 % and 55.1 %, respectively, at a current density of 700 mA cm−2. The partial current densities of ethanol and alcohol reached 698 and 942 mA cm−2 at 2000 mA cm−2. Furthermore, we achieved a 3.7‐fold increase in the ethanol/acetate ratio, providing clear evidence of our successful modulation of product selectivity.

Combustion of liquid hydrocarbon fuels sprayed into gas generation chamber with superheated steam as low emission technology for energy production

Experimental and numerical studies were conducted to scientifically validate the Steam Injection Method with Gas Generation chamber (SIMGG) as a low-emission combustion technology for energy production in low and medium power boilers using different types of fuels. For the first time, a fully functional prototype of a burner implementing SIMGG was tested under the conditions of a standard low-power boiler installation, and combustion characteristics of fuels with various physical properties (diesel fuel and a mixture of used automotive oils) were obtained under different operating parameters. The results of the studies show that using SIMGG reduces carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions by up to half or more under closed-combustion conditions for various fuels. The lowest total emissions of CO and NOx are achieved at an air excess coefficient of 1.2 and a steam-to-fuel ratio of greater than 0.66.

Electrokinetic Analysis-Driven Promotion of Electrocatalytic CO Reduction to n-Propanol.

The electrocatalytic carbon dioxide or carbon monoxide reduction reaction (CO2RR or CORR) features a sustainable method for reducing carbon emissions and producing value-added chemicals. However, the generation of C3 products with higher energy density and market values, such as n-propanol, remains highly challenging, which is attributed to the unclear formation mechanism of C3+ versus C2 products. In this work, by the Tafel slope analysis, electrolyte pH correlation exploration, and the kinetic analysis of CO partial pressure fitting, it is identified that both n-propanol and C2 products share the same rate-determining step, which is the coupling of two C1 intermediatesvia the derivation of the Butler-Volmer equation. In addition, inspired by the mechanistic study, it is proposed that a high OH─ concentration and a water-limited environment are beneficial for promoting the subsequent *C2-*C1 coupling to n-propanol. At 5.0m [OH-], the partial current density of producing n-propanol (jn-propanol) reached 45 mAcm-2, which is 35 and 1.3 times higher than that at 0.01m [OH-] and 1.0m [OH-], respectively. This study provides a comprehensive kinetic analysis of n-propanol production and suggests opportunities for designing new catalytic systems for promoting the C3 production.

Reduction of Emission and Fuel Consumptions based on Mingled Nano Additives in Biodiesel

Using the lipids identified as well as extra residual cooking oil, vegetable, and animal fats, bio-diesel a substitute for fuels derived from petroleum can be produced. Since the 1970s oil crisis, there has been a resurgence of interest in using biodiesel as a fossil fuel substitute due to the fuel's rapidly rising prices, availability uncertainties, and growing environmental and greenhouse gas (GHG) concerns.To produce biodiesel, glycerin and fat or vegetable oil are separated chemically through a process termed transesterification. Glycerin, a valuable byproduct that is typically sold to be used in soaps and other products, and methyl esters, the chemical term for biodiesel, are the two products left over from the process. The industrial term for diesel derived from petroleum, petro diesel, and biodiesel have similar viscosities. Due to the nearly zero sulfur content,it is recommended to be used as an additive in diesel oil formulations to improve the lubricity of pure ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD).The current work focuses heavily on reducing emissions and fuel consumption in automobiles. In addition to lowering pollutants and fuel consumption, the transition metal oxide (Copper oxide) additions in nanocrystalline particle form aid in molecular combustion. To create a stable Nano fluid, soap nut biodiesel is combined with metal oxide additive and ultrasonicated. For our experimental investigation, single cylinder, air cooled, constant speed Kirloskar engine is used. The reduction of hydrocarbon (HC), carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions is investigated. The highest break power of the biodiesel employed in the study is 3.82 KW, greater than the typical diesel's 3.23 KW. The result shows improved engine efficiency, reduced emissions, and better brake thermal efficiency.

Experimental investigation of emissions from a single-cylinder diesel engine using methanol–diesel blends

This study examines the effects of methanol–diesel blends on the emissions of a diesel engine, concentrating on carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), hydrocarbons (HCs), and particulate matter (PM). Using a single-cylinder four-stroke diesel engine at varying torque settings (2 N m–6 N m), significant reductions in CO, CO2, HC, and PM emissions were observed with increasing methanol content. CO emissions reduced by up to 81.8%, CO2 by up to 64.2%, HC by up to 80.4%, and PM by up to 23.5% with the MD11 blend. NOx emissions initially increased but decreased by up to 20% at higher torques with the same blend. These results highlight the environmental benefits of methanol–diesel blends and the need for effective NOx reduction strategies.