Carbon Monoxide Oxygen Research Articles

Thiol/disulfide homeostasis in patients treated with normobaric or hyperbaric oxygen for carbon monoxide poisoning

ObjectivesWe aimed to determine the value of thiol/disulfide homeostasis (TDH) as an oxidative stress marker in hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) and normobaric oxygen therapy (NBOT) patients presenting with carbon monoxide poisoning. In addition, we compared the effect of HBOT and NBOT on thiol/disulfide parameters. MethodsThis prospective study included 66 patients and 67 healthy individuals who presented to the emergency department. We evaluated serum native thiol, disulfide, and total thiol levels in 8 patients who received HBOT and 58 who received NBOT. We also compared pre- and post-treatment levels of disulfide/native thiol, disulfide/total thiol, and native thiol/total thiol. ResultsThere was a statistically significant difference between the case and control groups in native thiol and total thiol before NBOT (p < 0.006, p < 0.006). We also found a statistically significant difference between the groups in pre- and post-NBOT levels of native thiol and total thiol (p < 0.002, p < 0.003). However, our comparison of HBOT and NBOT showed no significant difference in the levels of native thiol, total thiol, disulfide, disulfide/native thiol, disulfide/total thiol, or native thiol/total thiol (p < 0.544, p < 0.860, p < 0.644, p < 0.409, p < 0.409, p < 0.409, respectively). ConclusionsAlthough thiol/disulfide parameters increased in patients receiving HBOT or NBOT, changes in antioxidant levels did not differ significantly between NBOT and HBOT patients. This suggests that NBOT and HBOT have similar effects on thiol/disulfide parameters. NBOT alone may be effective in centers that do not have HBOT facilities.

Mitochondria targeted nanoparticles to generate oxygen and responsive-release of carbon monoxide for enhanced photogas therapy of cancer.

Carbon monoxide (CO) based gas therapy has been an emerging strategy for cancer treatment. However, the uncontrolled release of CO and limited therapeutic efficacy of monotherapy are two major obstacles for clinical application. To overcome these issues, human serum albumin (HSA) nanoparticles combined with manganese dioxide (MnO2) were developed to deliver a photosensitizer (IR780) and CO donor (MnCO) for a synergistic therapy combining CO gas therapy and phototherapy. The nanoparticles (HIM-MnO2) formed catalyze hydrogen peroxide to produce oxygen for hypoxia relief. With laser irradiation, it can increase the generation of reactive oxygen species for the enhancement of photodynamic therapy (PDT). Furthermore, the generated heat of photothermal therapy (PTT) induced by nanoparticles could trigger the release of CO to achieve a therapeutic window for enhanced gas therapy. Due to the co-localization of IR780 in mitochondria, HIM-MnO2 could accumulate in mitochondria for the synergistic therapy combining CO gas therapy and phototherapy, and could oxidize the mitochondrial membrane and induce more apoptosis. After intravenous injection into tumor bearing mice, HIM-MnO2 could accumulate at tumor sites and with laser irradiation, tumor growth was significantly inhibited due to the enhanced PDT, PTT, and CO gas therapy. This study provides a strategy with oxygen generating and thermal-responsive CO release to combine phototherapy and CO gas therapy for cancer treatment.

Effect of Indirect Electronic Transitions in Indium Oxide on Photoadsorption of Oxygen and Photocatalytic Oxidation of Carbon Monoxide

The photocatalytic activity of indium(III) oxide in the oxidation of carbon monoxide upon absorption of light quanta from the region of indirect electronic transitions (quantum energies <2.9 eV) has been found. The quantum yields and spectral dependences of the quantum yields of photocatalytic oxidation of carbon monoxide and photoadsorption of oxygen have been determined. The adsorption, photoadsorption, and photocatalytic properties of indium oxide microparticles have been studied.

The Condition of the Rat Myocardium and Isolated Sheep Heart after Prolonged 24-Hour Hypothermic Preservation in a Pressurized Carbon Monoxide–Oxygen Gas Mixture

High organoprotective properties of a carbon monoxide (CO)–oxygen (O2) gas mixture were confirmed after prolonged (24-h) preservation of the papillary muscle and an isolated rat heart at 4°C. Hypothermic preservation in the high-pressure gas mixture (6 atm) provided efficient restoration of the contractile activity of the isolated rat heart after 24-h storage at 4°C. The isolated retrograde-perfused Langendorff heart performed physically relevant mechanical work, which was similar in duration to that of an intact control heart. Staining with triphenyltetrazolium chloride did not detect infarcted regions in the myocardium. After preservation, the heart tissue was highly capable of performing its function in a test for electrically stimulated contractile activity of papillary muscles. In the test group, The frequency–intensity relationship, the potentiation effect induced by a pause, and the response to stimulation with isoproterenol of test hearts generally corresponded to the parameters of a normal rat myocardium. A sheep heart, which is comparable in size and weight to a human heart, was for the first time successfully preserved using the gas mixture. Normal heartbeat was spontaneously restored after the start of perfusion in all experiments. Histology did not detect a significant difference between test and control sheep hearts. The normal tissue structure of the myocardium was preserved in the test hearts. The 24-h preservation achieved in the study was four times longer than the maximum allowable preservation time of standard static cold storage. The results obtained with the large laboratory animal heart model showed that the hypothermic preservation protocol is promising for prolonged storage of human hearts.

Smoke inhalation injury in a 2-year-old domestic fire victim

Smoke inhalation injury is common in victims of domestic fires, among whom children are the most vulnerable. Cyanide poisoning may occur in addition to carbon monoxide poisoning and is challenging to diagnose. In France, the recommended antidotes are hydroxocobalamin for cyanide and hyperbaric oxygen for carbon monoxide. We managed a 26-month-old girl who sustained smoke inhalation injury with both carbon monoxide and cyanide poisoning during a house fire. Despite hydroxocobalamin and sodium thiosulfate therapy combined with hyperbaric oxygen, she had residual neurological impairments 3 months after the injury. The treatment challenges and detailed neurological follow-up data are described.

Water up-take in fuel pellets studied by Dynamic Vapour Sorption (DVS) analysis and its potential role in self-heating during storage

The self-heating of wood fuel pellets is a well-recognised problem causing fire incidents in the storage of the pellets as well as severe intoxication of workers by elevated carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide levels and oxygen depletion. Possible factors contributing to the self-heating are considered to be autoxidation and microbiological activity, while the role and contribution to the temperature rise caused by the heat of condensation from water vapour condensing during fast changes in the relative air humidity is less investigated. Using Dynamic Vapour Sorption, the water uptake was measured at 25 °C when increasing the RH from 40 to 80% using 35 fuel pellet samples covering a broad variation in pellet raw materials and process equipment found in Europe (both pilot and industrial scale). The equilibrium total water uptake and speed of the uptake were determined. Total water uptake was 4.56% (range 3.69–6.86%) with no systematic difference found related to the scale of production (industry as compared to pilot plant). In addition, the variations within larger groups of raw material (pine, spruce and pine/spruce mixtures) were relatively small, and the mean water uptake did not differ significantly between these groups. An estimation of the overall potential heat release (when raising the RH% from 40 to 80%) made from the experimental results, taking the early fast water uptake process into consideration (2 h counting for half the total uptake), showed that a heat release of 47 kJ/kg of pellets (range 12–63 kJ/kg) and a potential temperature increase of 45 °C is possible. This estimation clearly demonstrates that the heat of condensation released during water condensation in a pellets silo or in a pellets pile should be expected to be a major contributing factor to initiating temperature rise incidents. In addition, such a temperature increase is expected to assist the initiation of, and to increase the speed of autoxidation of fatty acids and other compounds in the material that will further contribute to a temperature rise. Thus, the results in this study have the potential to improve the basis for modelling the self-heating process in pellet silos/storage and to predict the status of a certain pellet batch by presenting a broad basis for expected variation in the important parameters (specific heat capacity CP and thermal conductivity λeff) influencing the process, and thus aid in taking preventive actions like venting or shifting the pellets to another silo/pile to reduce risk for self-heating and possible fire.

Chemical analyses of shale gas and conventional natural gas

Shale gas is essentially non-traditional natural gas (NG). Shale gas can be considered an unusual alternative energy source. Shale gas production is a method of obtaining the NG trapped between deep underground rocks. Shale gas production is not economical, except for horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing methods. Advanced analysis of shale gaseous samples can be done using gas chromatography, mass spectrometry and other modern testing methods. The Orsat apparatus includes three absorption pipettes containing chemical solutions that absorb gases. Absorbents are a 33% by weight aqueous solution of potassium hydroxide (KOH) for carbon dioxide (CO2), alkali pyrogallol for oxygen (O2) and ammoniacal cuprous for carbon monoxide (CO) measurement. Oxygen is absorbed in alkaline pyrogallol or in a chromous solution. Shale gas can be analyzed best gas chromatographically. The capillary column can be separated from all the hydrocarbons and their isomers by alumina, which is used as a stationary phase in the gas chromatographic column, because alumina is highly selective for hydrocarbons. Silica is a specific adsorbent that exhibits greater applicability for hydrocarbons. The chemical contents of shale gas are similar to those of the conventional NG. The processing, transfer and storage and distribution of shale gas are assumed to be similar to the conventional NG.

Multiple Victims of Carbon Monoxide Poisoning in the Aftermath of a Wildfire: A Case Series.

Carbon monoxide poisoning may occur in several contexts. Retrospective of 37 carbon monoxide poisoning cases that underwent hyperbaric oxygen during wildfires inFunchal in August 2016. The studied sample included 37 patients, mean age of 38 years, 78% males. Ten were firefighters, four children and twopregnant victims. Neurological symptoms were the most reported. Median carboxyhemoglobin level was 3.7% (IQR 2.7). All receivedhigh-flow oxygen from admission to delivery of hyperbaric oxygen. Persistence of symptoms was the main indication for hyperbaricoxygen. Median time to hyperbaric oxygen was 4.8 hours (IQR 9.5), at 2.5 ATA for 90 minutes, without major complications. Dischargein less than 24 hours occurred in 92% of the cases. Thirty days follow-up: five patients presented clinical symptoms of late neurologicalsyndrome; twelve patients were lost to follow-up. Carboxyhemoglobin levels on admission and mean time to hyperbaric oxygen wereno different between those who did and did not develop the syndrome at 30 days (p = 0.44 and p = 0.58, respectively). Late neurological syndrome at 30 days occurred in 20% and no new cases were reported at 12 months. Use of hyperbaric oxygen appears to have reduced the incidence of the syndrome. This seems to be the first Portugueseseries reporting use of hyperbaric oxygen in carbon monoxide poisoning due to wildfires. The authors intend to alert to the importanceof referral of these patients because the indications and benefits of this treatment are well documented. This is especially importantgiven the ever-growing issue of wildfires in Portugal.

Hyperbaric Oxygen Might Improve Outcomes After Carbon Monoxide Poisoning

In a retrospective review of a national database, the authors examined the association between treatment with hyperbaric oxygen for carbon monoxide

Burning carbon monoxide in the settling chamber of a hotshot wind tunnel for obtaining the CO2 test gas

A method of formation and heating of CO2 as a test gas in the settling chamber of a hotshot wind tunnel is considered. To form and heat CO2, the chamber is filled with a source gas mixture of CO, O2, and CO2, and after initiation, these substances participate in an exothermic chemical reaction in accordance with the formula CO + 0.5 O2 + xCO2 = (1 + x)CO2. A stoichiometric ratio of the concentrations of carbon monoxide CO and oxygen is used. Variation of the number of moles x of ballast CO2 in the left part of the chemical formula allows changing the temperature of the resultant test gas in a wide range. Experiments in the IT-302M hotshot wind tunnel carried out at ITAM SB RAS have shown that a pressure increase during an isochoric process in the settling chamber due to the joint effect of heat released in the reaction CO + 0.5 O2 and an electric charge provides the completeness of CO combustion almost equal to unity. The time of reaction completion at its initiation by an electric arc is no more than several milliseconds.

Evaluation of submarine atmospheres: effects of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and oxygen on general toxicology, neurobehavioral performance, reproduction and development in rats. II. Ninety-day study

Carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2) and low-level oxygen (O2) (hypoxia) are submarine atmosphere components of highest concern because of a lack of toxicological data available to address the potential effects from long-duration, combined exposures on female reproductive and developmental health. In this study, subchronic toxicity of mixed atmospheres of these three submarine air components was evaluated in rats. Male and female rats were exposed via inhalation to clean air (0.4 ppm CO; 0.13% CO2; 20.6% O2) (control), a low-dose (5.0 ppm CO; 0.41% CO2; 17.1% O2), a mid-dose (13.9 ppm CO; 1.19 or 1.20% CO2; 16.1% O2) and a high-dose (89.9 ppm CO; 2.5% CO2; 15.0% O2) gas mixture for 23 h per day for 70 d premating and a 14-d mating period. Impregnated dams continued exposure to gestation day 19. Adverse reproductive effects were not identified in exposed parents (P0) or first (F1) and second generation (F2) offspring during mating, gestation or parturition. No adverse changes to the estrous cycle or in reproductive hormone concentrations were identified. The exposure-related effects were reduced weight gains and adaptive up-regulation of erythropoiesis in male rats from the high-dose group. No adverse, dose-related health effects on clinical data or physiological data were observed. Neurobehavioral tests identified no apparent developmental deficits at the tested levels of exposure. In summary, subchronic exposures to the submarine atmosphere gases did not affect the ability of the exposed rats or their offspring to reproduce and did not appear to have any significant adverse health effects.

Application effect of comprehensive nursing intervention in the treatment of hyper-baric oxygen for delayed encephalopathy after carbon monoxide poisoning

Objective To explore application effect of comprehensive nursing intervention in the treatment of hyperbaric oxygen for DEACMP.Methods From February 2009 to February 2014 , 60 cases of DEACMP patients in our hospital were divided into 40 cases of the observation group and 20 cases of the control group according to different nursing methods , two groups were both treated with hyperbaric oxy-gen therapy, the control group received routine nursing care , the observation group were treated with early comprehensive nursing interven -tion, treatment and nursing effect were compared between the two groups.Results The total effective rate in the observation group was high-er than that in the control group , the symptoms of reverse time , hospitalization time was less than that in the control group , NDF score was lower than that in the control group , families nursing satisfaction was higher than that in the control group , with statistical significance （ P〈0.05）.Physical function, role function, social function in the observation group were higher than those in the control group , with statistical significance （ P〈0.05 ） .Conclusions comprehensive nursing intervention can improve the treatment effect and life quality of hyperbaric oxygen in DEACMP patients. Key words: Comprehensive nursing intervention Hyperbaric oxygen Carbon monoxide poisoning Delayed encephalopathy

Low-Fluence Laser Induced Fragmentation and Desorption of 3,4,9,10-Perylenetetracarboxylic Dianhydride (PTCDA) Thin Film

Laser-induced fragmentation and desorption of fragments of PTCDA films vacuum-deposited on GaAs (100) substrate has been studied by time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectroscopy. The main effect caused by pulsed laser light irradiation (pulse duration: 10 ns, photon energy: 2.34 eV and laser fluence ranging from 0.5 to 7 mJ/cm2) is PTCDA molecular fragmentation and desorption of the fragments formed, whereas no desorption of intact PTCDA molecule was detected. Fragments formed are perylene core C20H8, its half C10H4, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and atomic oxygen. All desorbing fragments have essentially different kinetic energy. The mechanism of photoinduced molecular fragmentation and desorption is discussed.

The Harmful Effects of Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions

With the increase in the number of engine vehicles, air pollution is also increasing quickly; and with the increase in air pollution, all living conditions are affected in a negative way. Diesel engines also cause air pollution, which adversely affects human health and is becoming a permanent problem. A single-cylinder diesel engine was used in this work; the exhaust gas emissions, in different speed ranges, were investigated. These emissions are carbon monoxide emissions (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), oxygen (O2), and carbon dioxide (CO2). The amount of the changes in emissions was evaluated in terms of air pollution with graphics.

Experimental Research on Carbon Dioxide Inhibiting the Process of Coal-oxygen Adsorption

Abstract Carbon dioxide molecules are preferentially adsorbed on coal surface, which reduces adsorbing oxygen and inhibits process of coal-oxygen adsorption. Through carrying out temperature-programmed experiment, inhibiting effect of carbon dioxide on process of coal-oxygen adsorption was studied, concentration values of O2, CO and CH4 produced by coal samples under different concentrations of carbon dioxide were measured, and law of concentration of carbon dioxide affecting consuming rate of oxygen and producing rate of carbon monoxide was analyzed. Results show that 37%-50% concentration of carbon dioxide has obvious inhibiting effect on oxygen consuming rate in process of coal's oxidation, and can reduce producing rate of carbon monoxide and methane obviously, which indicate that carbon dioxide can effectively inhibit process of coal-oxygen adsorption and prevent spontaneous combustion of coal. Experimental results could guide the development and application of fire preventing technology relating to carbon dioxide.

ChemInform Abstract: The Chemistry of Acetates on the Rh(111) Surface.

Abstract The formation of acetates by the dissociation of acetic acid on the clean Rh(111) surface and by reactions of acetic acid, acetaldehyde, and ethanol with preadsorbed oxygen atoms was examined using HREELS and TPD. Acetate intermediates were identified by the characteristic vibrations of the OCO moiety symmetrically bonded to the surface via both oxygen atoms. Acetates formed from acetic acid on the clean Rh(111) surface decomposed via two pathways. CO scission by 278 K released adsorbed carbon monoxide and atomic oxygen; decarboxylation at 372 K liberated carbon dioxide and hydrogen. Acetates were formed after the adsorption of both ethanol and acetaldehyde on the Rh(111)-(2 × 2)O surface, as well as after the adsorption of acetic acid. For the alcohol and the aldehyde, the adsorbed intermediate involved in the reaction with atomic oxygen was likely η2(C,O)-acetaldehyde. For acetic acid on the Rh(111)-(2 × 2)O surface, acetates were formed via direct transfer of the acid hydrogens to the surface oxygen atoms to form surface hydroxyls. When oxygen atoms were present on the surface, the only pathway for acetate decomposition was decarboxylation at 430K. Thus coadsorbed oxygen atoms provide significant stabilization of acetates on Rh(111), as previously observed for formates on the same surface. In the presence of adsorbed oxygen, a portion of the methyl groups of surface acetates was oxidized to CO at temperatures below those expected for reactions of atomic carbon and oxygen species. This observation suggests that oxygen intervenes in the acetate decomposition pathway prior to the complete fragmentation of these intermediates.

Hazmat disaster preparedness in Hong Kong: what are the hazardous materials on Lantau, Lamma, and Hong Kong Islands?

Hazmat disaster preparedness is critical, especially as Hong Kong prepares for major international events, such as the 2008 Olympic Equestrian Games. No published medical study describes the identities and quantities of hazardous materials (HMs) in Hong Kong and lists what antidotes are needed for these dangerous goods (DGs). This study describes what HMs are most common in Hong Kong to prioritize disaster preparedness and training. A descriptive, cross-sectional study. The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, specifically Lantau, Lamma, and Hong Kong Islands. The Hong Kong Fire Services Department (HKFSD) Dangerous Goods Database (DGD). Descriptive statistical analyses with Stata 9.2. Identifying and quantifying HMs in the HKFSD DGD. Most HMs do not have antidotes. The most common HMs with recognized antidotes are carbon monoxide, methylene chloride, fluorides, cyanides, nitriles, hydrazine, methanol, and nitrates. The most common categories of DGs are substances giving off inflammable vapors, compressed gases, and corrosive and poisonous substances. Hazmat disaster preparedness and training should emphasize these most common categories of DGs. Disaster planning should ensure adequate antidotes for HMs with recognized antidotes, ie, oxygen for carbon monoxide and methylene chloride; calcium gluconate and calcium chloride for fluorides; hydroxocobalamin or amyl nitrite, sodium nitrite, and sodium thiosulfate for cyanides and nitriles; pyridoxine for hydrazine; fomepizole or ethanol for methanol; and methylene blue for methemoglobinemia produced by nitrates. Supportive care is essential for patients exposed to HMs because most DGs do not have antidotes.

Hazmat Emergency Preparedness in Hong Kong: What are the Dangerous Goods in Kowloon?

IntroductionHazmat emergency preparedness is critical, especially as Hong Kong prepares for major international events, such as the 2008 Olympic Equestrian Games. No published medical study has described the identities and quantities of dangerous goods (DG) in the Kowloon area and listed what antidotes are needed for these DG. This study describes what hazardous materials are most common in Kowloon to prioritise emergency preparedness and training.Materials &amp; methodsDesignA descriptive, cross‐sectional study.SettingThe Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, specifically Kowloon.SampleThe Hong Kong Fire Services Department (HKFSD) Dangerous Goods Database (DGD).InterventionsDescriptive statistical analyses with Stata 9.2.Chief outcomeIdentifying and quantifying dangerous goods in the HKFSD DGD.ResultsMost DG do not have antidotes. The most common DG with recognised antidotes are carbon monoxide, methylene chloride, fluorine, fluorides, fluoroboric acid, cyanides, nitriles, methanol, nitrobenzene, nitrites, and nitrates. The most common categories of DG are substances giving off inflammable vapours, compressed gases, and corrosive and poisonous substances.ConclusionsHazmat emergency preparedness and training should emphasize these most common categories of DG. Disaster planning should ensure adequate antidotes for DG with recognised antidotes, i.e., oxygen for carbon monoxide and methylene chloride; calcium gluconate or calcium chloride for fluorine, fluorides, and fluoroboric acid; hydroxocobalamin for cyanides and nitriles; ethanol for methanol; and methylene blue for methaemoglobinaemia produced by nitrobenzene, nitrites, and nitrates. Supportive care is essential for patients exposed to hazardous materials because most dangerous goods do not have antidotes.

The effects of carbon monoxide and hyperbaric oxygen on the cardiovascular system

The effects of carbon monoxide and hyperbaric oxygen on the cardiovascular system

Analysis of trace amounts of carbon dioxide, oxygen and carbon monoxide in nitrogen using dual capillary columns and a pulsed discharge helium ionisation detector

Gas mixtures of trace amounts of carbon dioxide (CO 2), dioxygen (O 2), and carbon monoxide (CO) in dinitrogen (N 2) were separated and quantified using parallel dual capillary columns and pulsed discharge helium ionisation detection (PDHID). The detection limits (9 × 10 −9 mol mol −1 for CO 2, 7 × 10 −9 mol mol −1 for O 2 and 37 × 10 −9 mol mol −1 for CO) were lower than those reported previously for similar methods. Uncertainties were calculated and results were validated by comparison of the CO and CO 2 results with those obtained using conventional methods. The method was also used to analyse nitrogen, carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide in oxygen.