Carbon For Wastewater Treatment Research Articles

Use of peel-based activated carbon in wastewater treatment: a study of patents

Use of peel-based activated carbon in wastewater treatment: a study of patents

The Potential of Commercial Biomass-Based Activated Carbon to Remove Heavy Metals in Wastewater – A Review

Commercial activated carbon is a type of adsorbent commonly used in adsorption processes. However, the use of commercial carbon in wastewater treatment is still limited, due to the scarce availability of precursors and their high cost. Biomass as an activated carbon precursor has been reported to have high efficiency in removing various heavy metals in wastewater. This study aims to review the potential of biomass-based activated carbon to adsorb heavy metals in terms of biomass constituent components, heavy metal removal, and future prospects. The method in this study is a systematic literature review, or SLR, to collect data from online databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, and ScienceDirect. The results show that biomass-based activated carbon is effective in the removal of heavy metals in various types of wastewater. The removal effectiveness for different types of biomass ranged from 84–99% for Pb2+ ions, 55–92% for Cd2+ ions, 84–99% for Pb2+ ions, 96% for As2+ ions, 80–100% for Cr2+ ions, 25–97% for Fe2+ ions, 50–99% for Ni2+ ions, and 62–98% for Cu2+ ions, and 98% for Ti ions. These results show that heavy metals have different affinities to activated carbon from biomass, from all heavy metals, Fe2+ and Cd2+ ions have the lowest affinity, so the activated carbon used to remove Fe2+ and Cd2+ metals needs to be produced with higher porosity and surface area. The removal of heavy metals using activated carbon from biomass is limited by adsorbent dosage, contact time, solution pH, temperature, initial adsorbate concentration, particle size, and stirring speed. In future research, it is expected that activated carbon from biomass has a high adsorption capacity, is economical cost, is environmentally friendly and can be used on a larger scale.

Recent advancement in biomass-derived activated carbon for waste water treatment, energy storage, and gas purification: a review

Recent advancement in biomass-derived activated carbon for waste water treatment, energy storage, and gas purification: a review

Use of peel-based activated carbon in wastewater treatment: a study of patents

Use of peel-based activated carbon in wastewater treatment: a study of patents

Аctivated Carbon for Wastewater Treatment from Phenol Compounds

Аctivated Carbon for Wastewater Treatment from Phenol Compounds

Magnetization Improved Fine Particle Biochar Adsorption of Lead

ABSTRACT Biochar can be an alternative sorbent to the high cost activated carbon for wastewater treatment. Its adsorption capacity for heavy metals can be increased by magnetizing it with iron. In this study, we compared the physiochemical properties and sorption capacity of an iron-coated fine empty fruit bunch biochar (IC-EFBB) for Pb with a commercially available activated carbon (AC) and the uncoated fine empty fruit bunch biochar (EFBB). The results revealed that the AC had greater micropores surface area (671.14 m2 g−1), compared to the IC-EFBB (25.79 m2 g−1) and EFBB (2.57 m2 g−1). On the other hand, the IC-EFBB had the highest pH, and content of functional groups (OH and CO) while the EFBB had the highest total oxygen containing functional groups, CEC, and the lowest PZC. The sorption data of Pb by EFBB, IC-EFBB and AC were better fitted to the Langmuir adsorption as indicated by the R2 (1.00, 1.00 and 0.98, respectively) and RMSE values (0.009, 0.017 and 0.428, respectively). The IC-EFBB (142.86 mg g−1) had the highest adsorption capacity for Pb followed by EFBB (103.09 mg g−1) and the lowest was AC (50.51 mg g−1). The results indicated that surface area was not an important indicator for Pb sorption by the adsorbents but the amount of oxygen-containing functional groups, pH and CEC were the dominant factors. The IC-EFBB was readily separated from the aqueous solution using an external magnetic force. Therefore, it can be concluded that the IC-EFBB can be a very good alternative sorbent to remove heavy metals from wastewater.

Batch Adsorption Investigation of the Use of Cordia Milleni Carbon for Wastewater Treatment

Applicability of low-cost adsorbent from Cordia millenii wood via carbonisation and chemical activation with zinc chloride was examined in this study for the removal of contaminants in textile effluent. The structural pattern of the carbon was examined using SEM equipment (TESCAN VEGA3 (LAB 6)). Batch sorption tests were conducted in wastewater treatment by varying adsorbent contact time with the sorbate from 30 to 120 minutes (at 30minutes intervals) in 200ml ofwastewater sample and agitated intermittently at room temperature to facilitate attainment of equilibrium condition. The pore structures of the adsorbent were interconnected with mean diameter size of 9.28±1.22 μm. Maximum removal efficiencies of 63.52, 64.94, 66.78 and 79.86% at 120 minutes contact time for iron, zinc, chromium and cadmium respectively were observed. Conductivity, TDS and TS increase with increasing contact time up to 90 minutes before reducing slightly. The removal percentage was more than 50% at the first 30 minutes of the sorption process for nitrate, turbidity and TSS. The treated wastewater with Activated Cordia millenii Carbon cannot be used for irrigation purpose because of the high value of electrical conductivity in the wastewater which can impede plant growth. It was indicated in the results that abundant, available and renewable adsorbent of Cordia millenii can be used for the removal of contaminants in textile effluents.

Review On Activated Carbon: Synthesis, Properties And Applications

Many researchers have reported that a number of control methods were used in waste water treatment. In this work, there are several types of agricultural wastes and fruits were employed to synthesis activated carbon via chemical activation and physical activation process. The obtained activated carbons indicated higher surface area and larger adsorption capacity. This paper describes experimental findings on uses of activated carbon in wastewater treatment, which produced under different conditions such as contact time, initial pollutant concentration, temperature, pH value, adsorbent dosage, particle size and agitation. The adsorption capacity and equilibrium data of different pollutants (dyes, oil, grease waste water, organic pollutants, pesticides, herbicides, heavy metal ions, lignin and tannin colour) were studied through various isotherms. Thermodynamic parameters such as entropy, free energy and enthalpy were investigated.

APPLICATIONS OF ACTIVATED CARBON IN WASTE WATER TREATMENT AS A LOW COST MEDIA

Environmental pollution caused by the anthropogenic activities is a global challenge. Pollution due to discharge of untreated wastewater, contributes to it considerably. High expenditures for the treatment technologies can be considered as one of the major reason for improper wastewater discharge. Activated carbon provides an excellent solution for this issue as it can be used as a low cost wastewater treatment adsorbent. This paper review, types of activated carbon, their applications and recovery methods in wastewater treatment. Activated carbon from conventional waste such as agricultural waste, woody waste and non conventional waste such as municipal waste can be used as a low cost media for waste water purifications. Physical and chemical processes are used to improve the adsorption property of the activated carbon. H3PO4, KOH and ZnCl2 are the most frequently used chemicals for the activation process. Granular activated carbon, powdered activated carbon, activated carbon fibers and carbon clothes are the major physical forms of the activated carbon. These physical forms are important to maximize the adsorption process according to the purpose of usage. Activated carbon is used to remove heavy metals, dyes, COD, BOD, organic contaminants and volatile organic compounds in the waste water. Various recovery methods are applied to regenerate activated carbons. Among them, chemical, thermal, and bio regeneration methods are examined. Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats related to use of activated carbon and future research priority areas are also discussed

APPLICATIONS OF ACTIVATED CARBON IN WASTE WATER TREATMENT AS A LOW COST MEDIA

APPLICATIONS OF ACTIVATED CARBON IN WASTE WATER TREATMENT AS A LOW COST MEDIA

Application of Efficient Magnetic Particles and Activated Carbon for Dye Removal from Wastewater.

Since the turn of the 21st century, water pollution has been a major issue, and most of the pollution is generated by dyes. Adsorption is one of the most commonly used dye-removal methods from aqueous solution. Magnetic-particle integration in the water-treatment industry is gaining considerable attention because of its outstanding physical and chemical properties. Magnetic-particle adsorption technology shows promising and effective outcomes for wastewater treatment owing to the presence of magnetic material in the adsorbents that can facilitate separation through the application of an external magnetic field. Meanwhile, the introduction of activated carbon (AC) derived from various materials into a magnetic material can lead to efficient organic-dye removal. Therefore, this combination can provide an economical, efficient, and environmentally friendly water-purification process. Although activated carbon from low-cost and abundant materials has considerable potential in the water-treatment industry, the widespread applications of adsorption technology are limited by adsorbent recovery and separation after treatment. This work specifically and comprehensively describes the use of a combination of a magnetic material and an activated carbon material for dye adsorption in wastewater treatment. The literature survey in this mini-review provides evidence of the potential use of these magnetic adsorbents, as well as their magnetic separation and recovery. Future directions and challenges of magnetic activated carbon in wastewater treatment are also discussed in this paper.

Adsorption of Diclofenac Pharmaceutical onto a Cationic Organoclay and an Untreated Montmorillonite

Among pharmaceutical products (PPs) recalcitrant to water treatments, diclofenac shows a high toxicity and remains at high concentration in natural aquatic environments. The aim of this study concerns the understanding of the adsorption mechanism of this anionic PP onto an organoclay prepared with a long-alkyl chains cationic surfactant for various experimental pH and temperature conditions. The experimental data obtained by a set of complementary techniques (X-ray diffraction, elemental analyses, gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy) and the use of Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin-Radushkevish equation models, reveal that organoclays show a good affinity to diclofenac while the chemical nature of surfactant appears to play a minor role. This study stresses out the application of organoclays for the adsorption of a recalcitrant PP in numerous aquatic compartments that can be used as a complement with activated carbon for waste water treatment for instance.

Removal of Dyes from Wastewater by Adsorption onto Activated Carbon: Mini Review

Nowadays, wastewater from dyeing industries became a challenging issue in the world. Researchers have reported several techniques to treat those effluents based on their projects. Adsorption is the most common method because of cheap, simple and effective method. In this work, activated carbon was used for dye adsorption purpose. This adsorbent has high surface area and high porosity to remove dye. This review highlighted some important results of the last few years regarding the use of activated carbon in wastewater treatment. Research findings supported that adsorption process is spontaneous in nature. Adsorption data confirmed Langmuir model, indicating the chemisorption occurred.

Interaction of three categories of tyre waste during co-pyrolysis: Effect on product yield and quality

Disposal of huge generation of non-biodegradable waste tyre poses a big environmental threat today. Energy recovery through thermo-chemical route like pyrolysis has been emerging as an important research area. Though pyrolysis of individual tyre waste was investigated by various researchers, the impact of the interaction of different type of tyres in the waste mix on the pyrolysis process, product yield and properties needs further research. This work was taken up to bridge this gap. In this work, a mix of three different tyre waste; namely light vehicle tyre (LVT), medium vehicle tyre (MVT) and heavy vehicle tyre (HVT), was pyrolysed at 750 °C with varying proportions to assess the synergistic effect on the products yield and their characteristics. Higher fraction of LVT in the mix reduced the degradation temperature of the mixed tyre due to the dominant presence of natural rubber (NR). Higher fraction of HVT increased the degradation temperature due to greater presence of BR. Also, a higher amount styrene in the mix caused larger fractional residue. MVT produced the highest char yield as it had highest ash content and more styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) and lowest oil yield due to very less presence of NR and butadiene rubber (BR). HVT produced the lowest char and highest oil yields due to the presence of NR and BR and low ash. The experimental results showed a higher solid (char) yield than that predicted. The gas yield was less than that predicted. The oil yield, however, showed a much lower synergistic effect. At degradation >50%, the gas primarily consisted of hydrogen and methane while other gases such as C2-C6, CO and CO2 were present in small quantities. The oil fractions obtained from the pyrolysis of waste tyre showed a strong similarity with the gasoline range hydrocarbons. Produced char with a high surface area may be activated further and used as activated carbon in waste water treatment.

Construction of the biosystem with low consumption and high efficiency of nitrogen and carbon removal and its application in teaching

Shortcut nitrification and denitrification coupled with anaerobic ammonia oxidation process is a new biological process for the removal of nitrogen and carbon in wastewater treatment, with the advantages of low energy consumption, low sludge production, which can greatly reduce the cost of wastewater treatment. Through the designed experiment of the system and the evaluation experiment of carbon and nitrogen removal effect, which were convenient for students to understand more clearly and provided hands-on activities for students. Experiment showed that the system with the removal of nitrogen and carbon functioned well, and enhanced students’ knowledge of the process, to motivate their interests in learning professional knowledge. In the period of experiment design and literature review, the abilities of independent thinking and problem solving were improved and the enthusiasm, initiative and creativity in scientific research also got enhanced.

Optimizing the flocculation of powdered activated carbon in wastewater treatment by dosing iron salt in single- and two-stage processes

For the removal of anthropogenic micropollutants from wastewater, adsorption onto powdered activated carbon (PAC) is increasingly applied in wastewater treatment. To prevent desorption of adsorbed micropollutants into natural water bodies, the PAC is mostly separated from treated water by combined flocculation and filtration. While the adsorption efficiency of PAC has been thoroughly investigated in the past, no studies on its flocculation behavior and recommendations for operating large-scale PAC flocculation processes are available up to now.In this study, flocculation experiments were performed using secondary treated wastewater samples, a commercially available PAC product and an iron-based coagulant. Single- and two-stage flocculation processes were simulated in laboratory scale under variation of coagulant dosage, stirring rates and retention times in each process stage. In order to obtain real-time quantitative results, the flocculation process was continuously monitored by Focused Beam Reflectance Measurement and evaluated with regard to the reduction of a fine particle fraction sized <10μm. The flocculation kinetics were modelled by exponential curves, taking into account mass transport limitations in the first phase of the process as well as equilibria between floc growth and break-up at longer retention times. On this basis, optimum operating parameters for PAC flocculation were determined and strategies to meet fluctuating process conditions were deduced. By operating a fast mixing stage at velocity gradients of 50–90/s for 10min and, subsequently, a slow mixing stage at 20/s for 10min, the concentration of particles sized <10μm could be reduced by around 99%.

Adsorption of diclofenac onto organoclays: Effects of surfactant and environmental (pH and temperature) conditions

Among pharmaceutical products (PPs) recalcitrant to water treatments, diclofenac shows a high toxicity and remains at high concentration in natural aquatic environments. The aim of this study concerns the understanding of the adsorption mechanism of this anionic PP onto two organoclays prepared with two long-alkyl chains cationic surfactants showing different chemical nature for various experimental pH and temperature conditions. The experimental data obtained by a set of complementary techniques (X-ray diffraction, elemental analyses, gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy) and the use of Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin–Radushkevish equation models, reveal that organoclays show a good affinity to diclofenac which is enhanced as the temperature is under 35°C and for pH above 4.5 (i.e. >pKa of diclofenac) while the chemical nature of surfactant appears to play a minor role. The thermodynamic parameters derived from the fitting procedure point out the strong electrostatic interaction with organic cations adsorbed within the interlayer space in the organoclays for the adsorption of diclofenac. This study stress out the application of organoclays for the adsorption of a recalcitrant PPs in numerous aquatic compartments that can be used as a complement with activated carbon for waste water treatment.

Simultaneous removal of inorganic nutrients and organic carbon by symbiotic co-culture of Chlorella vulgaris and Pseudomonas putida

The co-culture system of photosynthetic microalgae Chlorella vulgaris and aerobic heterotrophic bacteria Pseudomonas putida was investigated as a possible combination of symbiotic mixed culture for the simultaneous removal of nutrients (ammonium and phosphate) and organic contaminants. Using synthetic municipal wastewater, the co-culture system exhibited symbiotic enhancement in the removal of nutrients and organic carbon compared to each of axenic cultures. The co-culture system performed successfully in removing both of ammonium and chemical oxygen demand (COD), showing around 80% removal for 4 days. Strategies of nitrogen and phosphorous starvation in C. vulgaris for two days prior to main treatment did not increase the performance of nutrients removal, indicating that the nutrient starvation as a pretreatment is unnecessary. Without alkalinity (as bicarbonate), nutrients and COD were not removed significantly, implying that the existence of alkalinity is essential for symbiotic treatment of both nutrients and organics. Results demonstrated that coculture system composed of C. vulgaris and P. putida can be a potential candidate of mixed culture system for the simultaneous removal of nutrients and organic carbon in wastewater treatment using a single reactor.

Modified Cenospheres as an Adsorbent for the Removal of Disperse Dyes

The main objective of this investigation was to use modified cenospheres for the removal of disperse blue 79:1 (DB) and disperse orange 25 (DO) dyes from aqueous solution by batch adsorption process under different conditions (pH, adsorbent dose, adsorbate concentration, agitation speed, contact time, and temperature). Modified cenosphere was capable of removing up to 78% of DB and 81% of DO dyes from aqueous solutions of 40 mg/L dyes concentration. The investigated data was explained by the Langmuir isotherm. The experimental data were found to follow the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The results of this study suggested that modified cenospheres could be used as a low-cost alternative to expensive adsorbents like activated carbon in wastewater treatment for the removal of disperse dyes.

Removal of methylene blue using lemon grass ash as an adsorbent

Wastewater from textile industries is a major cause of water pollution in most developing countries. In order to address the issues of water pollution and high cost for treatment processes, the use of an inexpensive and environmentally benign adsorbents has been studied. The objective was to find a better alternative to the conventional methods. Lemon grass waste (ash) collected from a lemon grass stream distillation subunit in Bhutan was tested for dye removal from aqueous solutions. The study investigated the removal of methylene blue using the following operational parameters: initial concentration (100-600 mg/L), contact time, adsorbent dose (0.1-0.55 gm/100 mL), and pH (3-10). It was found that the percentage removal of dye increased with a decrease of the initial concentration and increased contact time and dose of adsorbent. The basic pH solution of dye showed better adsorption capacity as compared to the acidic dye solution. Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms were fitted to the data well. Data fitted better to Lagergren pseudo 2nd order kinetics than a 1st order kinetic model. Surface morphology was also examined via scanning electron microscopy. An elemental analysis was also carried out and the chemical composition and functional groups were analyzed using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy techniques, respectively. The obtained results indicate that lemon grass ash could be employed as a low cost alternative to commercial activated carbon in wastewater treatment for the removal of dyes.