Abstract
Among pharmaceutical products (PPs) recalcitrant to water treatments, diclofenac shows a high toxicity and remains at high concentration in natural aquatic environments. The aim of this study concerns the understanding of the adsorption mechanism of this anionic PP onto an organoclay prepared with a long-alkyl chains cationic surfactant for various experimental pH and temperature conditions. The experimental data obtained by a set of complementary techniques (X-ray diffraction, elemental analyses, gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy) and the use of Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin-Radushkevish equation models, reveal that organoclays show a good affinity to diclofenac while the chemical nature of surfactant appears to play a minor role. This study stresses out the application of organoclays for the adsorption of a recalcitrant PP in numerous aquatic compartments that can be used as a complement with activated carbon for waste water treatment for instance.
Highlights
Pharmaceutical products (PPs) are non-biodegraded substances which are more and more commonly found in sewage and surface water [1]
The chemical modification of clay mineral via the use of cationic surfactants, like the benzyl dimethyl tetradecyl ammonium (BDTA), for the preparation of organoclays generate a hydrophobic environment which enhance the adsorption for emerging micropollutants [5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12]
The X-ray diffraction patterns of the Na-Mt displays a broad (00l) reflection located around 9° (2q) leading to an interlayer spacing close to 10 Å which underlines the dehydration of the clay mineral according to previous observations and numerical simulations on natural montmorillonites [13, 14]
Summary
Pharmaceutical products (PPs) are non-biodegraded substances which are more and more commonly found in sewage and surface water [1]. Among PPs recalcitrant to water treatments, diclofenac, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory substance, shows a high toxicity [2] and remains at high concentration in the environment [3] due to its particular resistance to the current treatment [4]. For this purpose, new techniques including adsorbents have to be developed for the adsorption of PPs [5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12].
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