Carbon Fiber Plate Research Articles

Application of multiple fans with a piezoelectric actuator system inside a pico projector

Numerous studies have shown that multiple fans with a piezoelectric actuator (MFPA) system can provide better cooling ability than a single piezoelectric fan with low power consumption and low noise. In this study, five MFPA models were designed and developed to be applied inside a pico projector, and the resonant frequency, the vibrational amplitude and the power consumption of these models were measured. Moreover, the Nusselt number, Richardson number, and thermal resistance were used to evaluate the thermal performance of the MFPA. The results reveal that the MFPA model with a combination of 35-mm long carbon fiber plates and 5-mm long Mylar plates achieves the optimal thermal performance. The thermal resistance, Nusselt number, and Richardson number of the MFPA model were, respectively, 4.13K/W, 81.25, and 0.018 under 8-W heater power. Further experiments were performed with the optimal model set in different orientations. The results show that the Nusselt number dropped from 81.25 to 59.10 when the orientation changed from the normal case to the upside-down case at 8-W heater power.

A Retrospective Case Series of Carbon Fiber Plate Fixation of Ankle Fractures

Category: Ankle Introduction/Purpose: Ankle fractures encompass 9% of all orthopaedic fractures and when they require surgical fixation can use 1/3 rd tubular plates, locking plates, antiglide plates, lagging screws, intramedullary nails which have been made from various metals most commonly stainless steel or titanium alloys. Carbon fiber implants have been used for a number of years more frequently in the humerus, the femur, and the spine. Our hypothesis is that the carbon fiber plates are just as efficacious in fixing ankle fractures as titanium and stainless steel plates. Methods: This is retrospective study of one surgeon’s ankle fractures which were fixed by ORIF with carbon fiber plates. All patients from Jan 2013-May 2015 who underwent a ankle orif with carbon fiber plate were collected and assessed for time to fracture consolidation, return to function, and complications and these were compared to historical models of fracture fixation with titanium and stainless steel plates. The results were assessed by ANOVA statistical models. Results: We found that the carbon fiber plates are equal in their time to consolidation, wound healing, and return to function, however we found that the carbon fiber plates allow for better fracture site visualization post operatively to determine fracture consolidation Conclusion: The carbon fiber plate is a viable alternative to ankle fracture ORIF especially in patients where close follow up of the fracture site is of benefit.

Alternative Thawing Methods for the Blanched/Non‐Blanched Potato Cubes: Microwave, Ohmic, and Carbon Fiber Plate Assisted Cabin Thawing

AbstractThe effects of conventional‐C, carbon fiber plate assisted cabinet heater‐CPAC, ohmic‐OT, and microwave thawing‐MT techniques on changes of some quality characteristics and resistant starch (RS) content of potato (Solanum tuberosumL.) cubes (18 × 18 × 18 mm) were investigated. The effects of blanching prior to the freezing on thawing characteristics were also determined. The thawing times of non‐blanched samples were determined as 23,580 ± 485 s, 5360 ± 40 s, 205 ± 18.25 s and 19.26 ± 1.49 s for conventional, CPAC, OT, and MT methods, respectively. The blanching process increased the thawing times in general. OT and CPAC thawing methods served lower RS content for thawed potato samples. The potato cubes thawed by OT and MT were softer than C and CPAC thawed potato cubes (P < 0.05). The highest color change was found for MT of blanched samples and conventional thawing of non‐blanched samples. The electrical methods could be alternative thawing methods in terms of providing shorter thawing times and desirable changes on some quality characteristics.Practical ApplicationsThe conventional thawing of high amount of frozen food products have posed a problem for catering industry. The long thawing time, drip loss issues, quality loses and possible microbial spoilage are lacks of conventional thawing method. The electroheating methods such as ohmic, microwave and unique carbon fiber plate assisted cabinet heating were employed as alternative thawing techniques. Thawing time of potato cubes were shortened and quality characteristics, such as drip loss, texture profile, color properties and resistant starch (RS), were improved by novel thawing methods. The obtained results reveal that the application of alternative thawing methods may lead to decreasing of the operating cost due to shorter process time and minimizing the changes in color, texture and nutritional compounds.

NANO-BATTERY TECHNOLOGY FOR EV-HEV PANEL: A PIONEERING STUDY

Global trends toward CO2 reduction and resource efficiency have significantly increased the importance of lightweight materials for automobile original equipment manufacturers (OEM). CO2 reduction is a fundamental driver for a more lightweight automobile. The introduction of Electrical Vehicles (EVs) is one initiative towards this end. However EVs are currently facing several weaknesses: limited driving range, battery pack heaviness, lack of safety and thermal control, high cost, and overall limited efficiency. This study presents a panel-style nano-battery technology built into an EV with CuO filler solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) sandwiched by carbon fiber (CF) and lithium (Li) plate. In addition to this, an aluminum laminated polypropylene film is used as the electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) shield. The proposed battery body panel of the EV would reduce the car weight by about 20%, with a charge and discharge capacity of 1.5 kWh (10% of car total power requirement), and provide the heat insulation for the car which would save about 10% power consumption of the air conditioning system. Therefore, the EV would be benefited by 30% in terms of energy reduction by using the proposed body. Furthermore, the proposed body is considered environmental-friendly since it is recyclable for use in a new product. However, the main limiting factors of the SPE are its thermal behavior and moderate ionic conductivity at low temperatures. The SPE temperature is maintained by controlling the battery panel charging/discharge rate. It is expected that the proposed panel-style nano-battery use in an EV would save up to 6.00 kWh in battery energy, equivalent to 2.81 liters of petrol and prevent 3.081 kg of CO2 emission for a travel distance of 100 km. KEYWORDS: epoxy resin; carbon fiber; lithium thin plate; energy generation; solid electrolyte battery

On the role of CFRP reinforcement for wood beams stiffness

In recent years, carbon fiber composites have been increasingly used in different ways in reinforcing structural elements. Specifically, the use of composite materials as a reinforcement for wood beams under bending loads requires paying attention to several aspects of the problem such as the number of the composite layers applied on the wood beams. Study consolidation of composites revealed that they are made by bonding fibrous material impregnated with resin on the surface of various elements, to restore or increase the load carrying capacity (bending, cutting, compression or torque) without significant damage of their rigidity. Fibers used in building applications can be fiberglass, aramid or carbon. Items that can be strengthened are concrete, brick, wood, steel and stone, and in terms of structural beams, walls, columns and floors. This paper describes an experimental study which was designed to evaluate the effect of composite material on the stiffness of the wood beams. It proposes a summary of the fundamental principles of analysis of composite materials and the design and use. The type of reinforcement used on the beams is the carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) sheet and plates and also an epoxy resin for bonding all the elements. Structural epoxy resins remain the primary choice of adhesive to form the bond to fiber-reinforced plastics and are the generally accepted adhesives in bonded CFRP-wood connections. The advantages of using epoxy resin in comparison to common wood-laminating adhesives are their gap-filling qualities and the low clamping pressures that are required to form the bond between carbon fiber plates or sheets and the wood beams. Mechanical tests performed on the reinforced wood beams showed that CFRP materials may produce flexural displacement and lifting increases of the beams. Observations of the experimental load-displacement relationships showed that bending strength increased for wood beams reinforced with CFRP composite plates and sheets compared to those without CFRP reinforcement. The main conclusion of the tests is that the tensioning forces allow beam taking a maximum load for a while, something that is particularly useful when we consider a real construction, so in case of excess lift beam, we have time to take strengthening measures and when is about a catastrophic request (earthquake) the construction remain partially functional. The experiments have shown that the method of increasing resistance of wood constructions with composite materials is good for it. The solution is easy to implement and has low costs.

Study of a dual-sided multiple fans system with a piezoelectric actuator

A dual-sided multiple fans system with a piezoelectric actuator (“D-MFPA”), which is able to drive eight passive vibrating fans and provide two-directional air flows by using only one piezoelectric actuator, has been investigated in this study. Moreover, two types of the fan designs, viz. magnetic fan (MF) and composite magnetic fan (CMF) were also explored. In the investigation of the MF, the results indicated that the resonance frequency of the D-MFPA increased from 27.6 Hz to 66 Hz as the length of the carbon fiber plate (L) decreased from 55 mm to 35 mm. It also decreased the amplitude of the D-MFPA from 12.4mm to 4.8 mm. For CMF, the results showed that the resonance frequency decreased when the length of the Mylar plate (El) increased, and the maximum decrease was from 66 Hz to 45 Hz when L= 35 mm and El= 30 mm. Dimensionless heat convection number (MD-MFPA) was defined to describe and quantify the improvement in the thermal performance. The results showed that the optimal MD-MFPA of the single piezoelectric fan was 1.58 for cooling one heat source. By contrast, under the same power consumption, the D-MFPA not only cooled two heat sources but also displayed better thermal performance.

Design and ballistic penetration of the ceramic composite armor

The aim of this study is mainly to explore the rational design of the composite backplates, and combine with the ceramic cylinder layer to construct a high-performance armor system. Considering the gradually ignored investigation about the third layer material in the widely accepted sandwich construction, we chose three materials (Ti6Al4V, carbon fiber plate, and aluminum alloy) as the third layer respectively and combined with the Ti6Al4V (first layer) and UHMWPE (middle layer) to form the composite backplates, finally constructing the armor systems with the alumina ceramic materials. Furthermore, the penetration process against the 12.7 mm armor piercing projectile and the ballistic mechanism of each layer in the composite backplates were experimentally and numerically discussed in details. The results indicated that comparing with the other third layer of material (carbon fiber plate and aluminum alloy) in the composite backplates, Ti6Al4V provided a strong supporting role to the first layer and simultaneously enhanced the energy balance function from the middle layer of UHMWPE, showing a great bulletproof property.

Deposition of fine iron oxide particles in tap water using electrophoretic deposition (EPD) technique

An investigation of using the electrophoretic deposition (EPD) technique to deposit negatively charged fine iron oxide particles in tap water samples on a counter charge electrode (anode) was conducted. Characterizations of fine iron oxide particles in tap water from two different locations, i.e. commercial and residential areas, were identified. After centrifuging the tap water samples, a particle analyzer was used to analyze the particle sizes and zeta potential values. The average particle sizes for the supernatant region from the commercial and residential areas were 230±22.30 and 260±3.68nm, respectively. The zeta potential value from the residential area was higher than the commercial area, i.e. −42.27±0.12 and −34.83±0.23mV, respectively. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis indicated that the tap water samples consisted of iron oxide polymorphs, namely goethite (α-FeOOH), hematite (α-Fe2O3), magnetite (Fe3O4), and maghemite (γ-Fe2O3). During the removal of fine iron oxide particles using the EPD technique, the direct current (DC) voltage was varied from 5 to 25V at a constant electrode distance of 30mm. By increasing the surface area of the electrode from the carbon plate (64.87cm2/g) to the carbon fiber (679.35cm2/g), a higher percentage of fine iron oxide particles deposition was obtained from the carbon fiber than the carbon plate electrode. Thus, the removal of fine iron oxide particles at 5V was 96%±1.42 and 58%±2.17 for carbon fiber and carbon plate, respectively. EDX analysis confirmed that fine iron oxide particles were deposited on the anode electrode. The results proved that EPD was effective at removing fine iron oxide particles in tap water.

Droplet Transport on a Nano‐ and Microstructured Surface with a Wettability Gradient in Low‐Temperature or High‐Humidity Environments

Directional driving of a droplet can be achieved on a gradient‐exhibiting, nanostructured microhump (GNMH) surface at low temperature and high humidity. The GNMH surface is fabricated using a commercial carbon fiber plate with an array of microscale hump structures; nanotechniques are used to form varying nanostructures on the microhump array, producing the micro‐ and nanostructured surface. The different nanostructures result in a wettability gradient along the surface, enabling droplet transport with the help of vibration—even at low temperature or high humidity. In contrast, simply nanostructured surfaces or microstructured surfaces that also have a wettable gradient do not enable droplet transport at low temperature or high humidty. In a range of subzero temperatures or in a range of high‐humidity conditions, the GNMH surface retains its superhydrophobicity and ability for directional droplet transport along its wettability gradient. These results may assist in the design of surfaces required for cold environments, such as microreactors, chemical analytic devices, and sensors.

Enhancing buckling capacity of slender s-section steel columns around strong axis using bonded carbon fibre plates

This paper investigates a strengthening technique of slender S-section steel columns against global buckling about their strong axes. Carbon fibre-reinforced polymer plates of various Young’s moduli, ranging from 168 to 430 GPa, were adhesively bonded to the steel flanges. The number of carbon fibre-reinforced polymer layers was varied to produce reinforcement ratios of 11–34%. The study comprised eight 2.6 m long pin-ended columns with a slenderness ratio of 83, including five strengthened with carbon fibre-reinforced polymer. The out-of-straightness imperfection of the columns ranged from length (L)/29,000 to L/1600. It was shown that the increase in strength ranged from 15% for the smallest out-of-straightness to 25% for the largest. Increasing reinforcement ratio of the 168 GPa modulus carbon fibre-reinforced polymer from 11 to 34% increased strength from 5 to 15%. Although a higher modulus carbon fibre-reinforced polymer would generally be favoured for achieving higher gains in buckling strength according to Euler’s buckling theory, this study showed that failure strain of such carbon fibre-reinforced polymer could be a critical limiting factor. It is important that global buckling, and hence the peak load, is achieved before carbon fibre-reinforced polymer crushing.

Bonding carbon-fibre plates to highway structures in winter: a case study

The operational life of a 1960s reinforced concrete interchange on Britain's M5 motorway was successfully extended with carbon-fibre plates 2 years ago. The structure had previously been strengthened in the 1970s by an externally bonded steel plate system, but this had reached the end of its serviceable life. This paper describes the many challenges faced during the design of a replacement carbon-fibre plate system, given the needs for minimum disruption and maximum adhesion. Innovative solutions led to achievements such as maintaining live load conditions throughout works and ensuring the plates were securely bonded in winter conditions with low temperatures. The paper then demonstrates how early contractor involvement helped to deliver the most efficient, effective, sustainable and safest solution on time and to budget.

Study on OVM prestressed carbon fiber plate anchorage and its static load test

Study on OVM prestressed carbon fiber plate anchorage and its static load test

ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНОЕ ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЕ ПОЛЕЙ ДИНАМИЧЕСКИХ ДЕФОРМАЦИЙ В МЕТАЛЛИЧЕСКИХ И КОМПОЗИТНЫХ ПЛАСТИНАХ ПРИ УДАРЕ

The purpose of research is to develop and verify methods of experimental determination of the dynamic strain fields in the study of impact damage and destruction of the plates. An experimental rig that realizes dynamic load of the studied plate at high-speed impact with a projectile and determination of dynamic strain fields on the plate surface is developed. The method is based on digital image correlation procedure in combination with a high-speed video recording that implemented using hardware-software Vic-3D complex. The investigation is performed in two series of experiments with different materials and dimensions of the test plates and with different materials and speed of the projectile. The experimentally obtained fields of the dynamic strain for the high-speed impact of the aluminum plate and a spherical steel projectile and for the carbon fiber plate and ice projectile are presented. The results are presented in the form of time-lapse recording of the tensor component fields of dynamic deformation and time dependences of deformations at certain points of the plate. The implemented deformation rate is up to 1,.5· * 103 sec--1. The state of strain for carbon-fiber composite during high speed destruction is obtained. The reliability of the digital image correlation method results is confirmed by direct measurement of residual deformations in the plate. The described method provides detailed experimental data about the processes of high-speed deformation for metals and composite materials. This data is of interest for experimental verification of deformation and destruction models behavior of materials at high strain rates. In particular, it provides an opportunity to obtain the necessary data for verification of deformation models and failure criteria of deformation under biaxial stress state. This method can be used for mathematical models testing and experimental investigation of the ballistic damage and destruction dependences of critical structural elements in cases of foreign objects damage of aircraft and engines parts or armor piercing.

Based on ANSYS Analysis of the Carbon Fiber Structure Equivalent Method with Bending Fatigue Properties

In the test of higher fatigue load applying to big dimension of carbon fiber plate, the shortage of just right dimension sample block, at the same time, inconvenience applying uniform load, concentrated equvalent on smaller sample block according to FEA simulation caculate is needed. How to exactly equal is the key to the problem.

Data fusion in neutron and X-ray computed tomography

We present a fusion methodology between neutron and X-ray computed tomography (CT). On the one hand, the inspection by X-ray CT of a wide class of multimaterials in non-destructive testing applications suffers from limited information of object features. On the other hand, neutron imaging can provide complementary data in such a way that the combination of both data sets fully characterizes the object. In this contribution, a novel data fusion procedure, called Fusion Regularized Simultaneous Algebraic Reconstruction Technique, is developed where the X-ray reconstruction is modified to fulfill the available data from the imaging with neutrons. The experiments, which were obtained from an aluminum profile containing a steel screw, and attached carbon fiber plates demonstrate that the image quality in CT can be significantly improved when the proposed fusion method is used.

TH-C-19A-09: Quantification of Transmission and Backscatter Factors as a function of Distance to Inhomogeneity Interface for Three Types of Surgical Implant Plates

Purpose: Carbon fiber materials have been increasingly used clinically, mainly in orthopedics, as an alternative to metallic implants because of their minimal artifacts on CT and MRI images. This study characterizes the transmission and backscatter property of carbon fiber plates (CarboFix Orthopedics, Herzeliya, Israel) with measurements for radiation therapy applications, and compares them to traditional Stainless Steel (SS) and Titanium (Ti) metal materials. Methods: For the transmission measurements, 1-mm-thick test plate was placed upstream from a plane parallel Markus chamber, separated by various thicknesses of polystyrene plates in 0.5 cm increments between 0 and 5 cm. With this setup, we quantified the radiation transmission as a function of distance to the inhomogeneity interface. The LINAC source to detector distance was maintained at 100 cm and 200 MU was delivered for each measurement. Two 3-cm solid water phantoms were placed at the top and bottom to provide build up. All the measurements were performed for 6 MV and 18 MV photons. The backscatter measurements had the identical setup, except that the test plate was downstream of the chamber from radiation. Results: The carbon fiber plates did not introduce any measureable inhomogeneity effect on the transmission and backscatter factor because of its low atomic number. In contrast, traditional metal implant materials caused up to 15% dose difference at upstream and 25% backscatter at downstream from radiation. Such differences decrease as the distance to the inhomogeneity interface increases and become unmeasurable at distance of 3 cm and 1 cm for upstream and downstream, respectively. Conclusion: A new type of carbon fiber implant plate was evaluated and found to have minimal inhomogeneity effect in MV radiation beams. Patients would benefit from a carbon based implant over metal for radiation therapy due to their minimal backscatter and imaging artifacts.

Behaviour of Reinforced Concrete Beams Reinforced by Composite Materials

The reinforcement of the reinforced concrete structures is one of the curative methods used for the rehabilitation of the structures in order to ensure its service and long life period. Various techniques of reinforcement appeared. The first to be used is the joining of steel elements on the surfaces exposed to the stresses due to the loading forces. With the appearance of fibre reinforced polymers (FRP), and in order to avoid the problems involved in the use of steel (corrosion, weight, etc.), the elements of reinforcement are increasingly manufactured with this new type of material. However, these structures present new scientific problems and in particular the mode of failure. The aim of this article is the theoretical and numerical study of the behaviour to failure under three points (coupling bending-shearing) of a reinforced concrete beam reinforced and repaired using carbon fibre plates in order to find a methodology of dimensioning by taking in account the effect of the behaviour of various materials: reinforced concrete, adhesive and composite materials. The results found show that the joining of composite materials on reinforced concrete structures gives an increase in the ultimate load and a reduction in the deformations in the concrete and steels

Study on Contrastive Experiment of Full-Scale Concrete Beam Strengthened with Near-Surface-Mounted and Externally-Bonded Carbon Fiber Plate

The carbon fiber has been widely applied in the building reinforcement because of its light weight, high strength, good viscosity, heat resistance, corrosion resistance, anti-fatigue, easy to be cutting and constructed, etc. Considering the FRP strengthened experimental data of large and full-scale concrete beam is relatively insufficient, in this paper, two strengthening methods, namely, near-surface-mounted and externally-bonded carbon fiber plate, are used for of contrastive experimental study of eight full-scale concrete beams, to analyze the influence of two strengthening methods on bearing capacity, deformation and failure mode of concrete beam, etc.The analysis results show that two strengthening methods can improve the mechanical behavior of concrete beam, its yield load and ultimate load, and delay the crack development.The externally-bonded strengthening method, however, has a high request for bonding technique, otherwise, the debonding and failure easily occur; while the near-surface-mounted strengthening method can effectively avoid the failure, and give full play to the high strength of carbon fiber plate, so this kind of strengthening method should be generalized and wildly applied.

Construction technology of prestressed carbon fiber plate reinforced T-beam bridge

Construction technology of prestressed carbon fiber plate reinforced T-beam bridge

Probing-error compensation using 5 degree of freedom force/moment sensor for coordinate measuring machine

A new probing and compensation method is proposed to improve the three-dimensional (3D) measuring accuracy of 3D shapes, including irregular surfaces. A new tactile coordinate measuring machine (CMM) probe with a five-degree of freedom (5-DOF) force/moment sensor using carbon fiber plates was developed. The proposed method efficiently removes the anisotropic sensitivity error and decreases the stylus deformation and the actual contact point estimation errors that are major error components of shape measurement using touch probes. The relationship between the measuring force and estimation accuracy of the actual contact point error and stylus deformation error are examined for practical use of the proposed method. The appropriate measuring force condition is presented for the precision measurement.