Carbon Emission Reduction Targets Research Articles

Optimal Strategies for E-Commerce Platform Supply Chain: Carbon Emission Reduction and Financing

In the context of global carbon emission reduction (CER) targets and slowing economic growth, it is imperative for suppliers to make informed choices regarding CER and financing strategies. However, limited research has explored the impact of financing strategies on CER. This paper develops a supply chain model that includes a supplier, a manufacturer, an E-commerce platform (E-C platform), and consumers with a preference for low-carbon products. The supplier sets the wholesale price, while the manufacturer controls both the production quantity and the unit amount of CER. We examine whether the manufacturer will invest in CER with sufficient capital or under various financing scenarios, namely (1) traditional production with sufficient capital (Scenario ST); (2) CER implementation with sufficient capital (Scenario SG); (3) CER implementation with E-C platform financing (Scenario EG); (4) CER implementation with bank financing (Scenario BG). Through comparative analysis, the analysis reveals that, regardless of the financing method chosen, the supplier’s profit and the manufacturer’s production quantity increase when the manufacturer invests in CER technology innovation compared to the traditional scenario. Furthermore, in terms of the manufacturer’s profit, if the service cost of bank financing exceeds a certain threshold, the manufacturer should either seek financing from the E-C platform or abandon the CER investment. Additionally, with respect to CER outcomes, Scenario BG outperforms Scenario EG. These findings provide a theoretical foundation and decision-making support for supply chain participants when addressing carbon reduction and financing strategy decisions.

Impact of Carbon Tax on Renewable Energy Development and Environmental–Economic Synergies

Global warming caused by greenhouse gas emissions has become a worldwide environmental problem, posing a great threat to human survival. As the world’s largest emitter of carbon dioxide, China has pledged to reach peak carbon emissions by no later than 2030 and carbon neutrality by 2060. It is found that a carbon tax is a powerful incentive to reduce carbon emissions and promote an energy revolution, but it may have negative socio-economic impacts. Therefore, based on China’s 2020 input–output table, this paper systematically investigates the impacts of a carbon tax on China’s economy, carbon emissions, and energy by applying a computable general equilibrium model to determine the ideal equilibrium between socio-economic and environmental objectives. Based on energy use characteristics, we subdivided the energy sector into five major sectors: coal, oil, natural gas, thermal power generation, and clean power. The results show that when the carbon emission reduction target is less than 15%, that is, when the equilibrium carbon tax price is less than 54 yuan/ton, the implementation of a carbon tax policy can significantly reduce carbon emission and fossil fuel energy consumption, while only slightly reducing economic growth rate, and can achieve the double dividend of environment and economy. Moreover, because the reduction of coal consumption has the greatest impact on reducing carbon emissions, the ad valorem tax rate on coal after the carbon tax is imposed is the highest because coal has the highest carbon emission coefficient among fossil fuels. In addition, as an emerging clean energy source, hydrogen energy is the ideal energy storage medium for achieving clean power generation in power systems. If hydrogen energy can be vigorously developed, it is expected to greatly accelerate the deep decarbonization of power, industry, transportation, construction, and other fields.

Factors Influencing Carbon Emission and Low-Carbon Development Levels in Shandong Province: Method Analysis Based on Improved Random Forest Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Model and Entropy Weight Method

Comprehensively clarifying the influencing factors of carbon emissions is crucial to realizing carbon emission reduction targets in China. To address this issue, this paper develops a four-level carbon emission influencing factor system from six perspectives: population, economy, energy, water resources, main pollutants, and afforestation. To analyze how these factors affect carbon emissions, we propose an improved partial least squares structural equation model (PLS-SEM) based on a random forest (RF), named RF-PLS-SEM. In addition, the entropy weight method (EWM) is employed to evaluate the low-carbon development level according to the results of the RF-PLS-SEM. This paper takes Shandong Province as an example for empirical analysis. The results demonstrate that the improved model significantly improves accuracy from 0.8141 to 0.9220. Moreover, water resources and afforestation have relatively small impacts on carbon emissions. Primary and tertiary industries are negative influencing factors that inhibit the growth of carbon emissions, whereas total energy consumption, the volume of wastewater discharged and of common industrial solid waste are positive and direct influencing factors, and population density is indirect. In particular, this paper explores the important role of fisheries in reducing carbon emissions and discusses the relationship between population aging and carbon emissions. In terms of the level of low-carbon development, the assessment system of carbon emission is constructed from four dimensions, namely, population, economy, energy, and main pollutants, showing weak, basic, and sustainable stages of low-carbon development during the 1997–2012, 2013–2020, and 2021–2022 periods, respectively.

Allocating inter-provincial CEA in China based on the utility perspective --a method for improving the variable weight function

Introduction:At different times, China has pursued different carbon emission reduction targets, so it is crucial to develop a reasonable and flexible allocation scheme for Chinese carbon emissions quotas, referred to as Chinese Emission Allowance (CEA), in order to achieve carbon reduction goals. As important responsible entities for carbon reduction, each province needs to rely on a well-designed CEA allocation scheme to help achieve their emission reduction goals.Methods:Therefore, based on the utility perspective, this paper constructs allocation principles and methods to formulate the inter-provincial CEA allocation scheme for China in 2030. Specifically, the entropy method, SBM model, improved variable weight function, and ARIMA time series model are sequentially adopted to simulate the re-allocation scheme, examine its rationality, and develop CEA allocation schemes under different principles.Results and Discussion:The following conclusions are drawn: 1) The allocation scheme formulated based on historical emission simulation methods, industry benchmark methods, and other current CEA allocation methods has certain irrationality, and future CEA allocation should not follow the original methods; 2) The improved variable weight function is better suited for allocation in CEA than the current original allocation method. The allocation scheme developed under this method, which balances fairness and efficiency principles, is more appropriate for the actual reduction of carbon emissions in China.

Enhancement of hydrogen-rich gas production by acetic acid steam reforming: characterization of Ni–Co modified biochar-based catalysts

Abstract The development of cost-effective and highly efficient biochar-based catalysts is essential for the catalytic steam reforming process of bio-oil. In this study, pickling peanut shell biochar was used to prepare biochar-supported Ni/Co monometallic catalyst and biochar-supported nickel-Co bimetallic catalyst through the impregnation method. The catalytic effect of these catalysts on acetic acid (a bio-oil model compound) steam reforming was investigated. It was found that Co could enhance the dispersion of metal particles. The catalyst exhibited the best catalytic effect and significantly improved resistance to carbon deposition with a loading of 8 wt% and a Ni-to-Co ratio of 6:2. At the temperature of 600 °C and the S/C ratio of 3, the selectivity of H2 reached 84.48 %, and the conversion of acetic acid reached 95.49 %. A synergistic effect was observed between Ni and Co, leading to increased metal dispersion, enhanced reducibility, and a higher number of active centers. Co facilitates water dissociation and promotes the oxidation of C–H and mobile O, resulting in a faster decarbonization rate. The effective utilization of biochar-based catalysts and the rational utilization of bio-oil contribute to the timely achievement of carbon emission reduction targets.

Can green credit policy with dual-carbon targets make highly polluting enterprises “green”: A micro-analysis of total factor productivity growth

Reducing carbon emissions from highly polluting enterprises is crucial to meeting the world's overall carbon emission reduction targets. Green credit policy can be effective in guiding enterprises to reduce their carbon emissions and is essential to achieving the dual-carbon targets. This study uses micro-data from a 2017–2022 follow-up survey of industrial enterprises in China and a quasi-natural experiment to evaluate whether green credit policy aligned with the dual-carbon targets enable highly polluting enterprises to become “green” by reducing emissions. The results show that green credit policy can lead highly polluting enterprises to significantly reduce carbon emissions, and total factor productivity (TFP) growth plays an intermediary role in this transition. The different impact of green credit policy on TFP may impede the greening process for highly polluting enterprises, with this hindering effect exhibiting scale heterogeneity. This study offers empirical evidence for evaluating green credit policy aligned with China's dual-carbon target and provide insights into leveraging green credit policy to advance this process.

Assessing Hydrogen Embrittlement in Pipeline Steels for Natural Gas-Hydrogen Blends: Implications for Existing Infrastructure

Governments worldwide are actively committed to achieving their carbon emission reduction targets, and one avenue under exploration is harnessing the potential of hydrogen. Blending hydrogen with natural gas is emerging as a promising strategy to reduce carbon emissions, as it burns cleanly without emitting carbon dioxide. This blending could significantly contribute to emissions reduction in both residential and commercial settings. However, a critical challenge associated with this approach is the potential for Hydrogen Embrittlement (HE), a phenomenon wherein the mechanical properties of pipe steels degrade due to the infiltration of hydrogen atoms into the metal lattice structure. This can result in sudden and sever failures when the steel is subjected to mechanical stress. To effectively implement hydrogen-natural gas blending, it is imperative to gain a comprehensive understanding of how hydrogen affects the integrity of pipe steel. This necessitates the development of robust experimental methodologies capable of monitoring the presence and impact of hydrogen within the microstructures of steel. Key techniques employed for this assessment include microscopic observation, hydrogen permeation tests, and tensile and fatigue testing. In this study, samples from two distinct types of pipeline steels used in the natural gas distribution network underwent rigorous examination. The findings from this research indicate that charged samples exhibit a discernible decline in fatigue and tensile properties. This deterioration is attributed to embrittlement and reduced ductility stemming from the infiltration of hydrogen into the steel matrix. The extent of degradation in fatigue properties is correlated not only to the hydrogen content but also to the hydrogen permeability and diffusion rate influenced by steel’s microstructural features, with higher charging current densities indicating a more significant presence of hydrogen in the natural gas pipeline blend.

Optimizing container ports’ transportation and Distribution systems toward a low-carbon future: A Shenzhen port case study

Although the large throughput of China’s container ports signals positive progress on trade and economic growth, large Chinese container ports still heavily rely on high-emitting and heavy-polluting diesel trucks for transportation and distribution. The reliance on diesel HDTs is aggravating air pollution in ports’ surrounding areas, worsening traffic congestion, and preventing port cities from establishing ambitious carbon-emission reduction targets.

기후변화 관련 보험섹터 대응에 관한 국제 규제 서설

The 2015 「Paris Agreement on Climate Change」 set forth carbon emission reduction targets by 2050. This landmark accord has catalyzed the formation and acceleration of concrete plans by international organizations, governmental bodies, and individual corporations. The insurance sector, in particular, has witnessed numerous countries enacting or planning legislation to align with these targets, implementing pertinent policies in response. As the proposition “Only One Earth” suggests, addressing the climate crisis necessitates the international community's unified objectives and coordinated efforts. In this context, various international organizations and initiatives have articulated numerous goals, standards, and implementation strategies. While most of these are predominantly voluntary, receiving endorsement from individual countries and insurance companies, there is a substantial possibility they will eventually be incorporated into domestic legislation or regulatory frameworks. Even before being legislated in each country, international organizations and major companies investigate, report, or disclose the participation status, level of participation, and compliance of individual companies. These international organizations and major companies analyze and evaluate the level of compliance to assess the value and reputation of the respective companies and determine whether they are suitable for transactions. Consequently, the recommendations and regulations of international organizations and initiatives often function as de facto norms. In the face of robust global trends such as ESG(Environmental, Social, and Governance), responsible investment, and the Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs), any country or insurance company exhibiting reluctance or passive engagement risks devaluation. Strategic, timely, and appropriate participation in these initiatives is imperative; however, the multifaceted nature and diverse approaches to addressing the climate crisis complicate decision-making processes. Additionally, existing initiatives may conclude, and new ones may emerge, further complicating the landscape. In the Korea Ins. L. J.(Vol.18, Issue 1, 2024.), I examined the “Net-Zero Insurance Alliance(NZIA)”, which was ambitiously launched in 2021 but encountered significant challenges due to warnings from several U.S. state governments. It was anticipated that the outcome of the U.S. presidential election in November 2024 would impact its trajectory. However, NZIA was unable to withstand the pressure exerted by Republican-led state governments and ultimately disbanded. On April 25, 2024, the United Nations Environment Programme Financial Initative formally announced the dissolution of NZIA and the establishment of the “Forum for Insurance Transition to Net Zero(FIT)”. The short-lived misfortune of NZIA, which included the participation of three Korean insurance companies, illustrates the necessity for prudent selection of international engagements. Simultaneously, regardless of the imperative nature of tasks essential for the survival of humanity, the stark reality of the international community is characterized by persistent obstruction and interference from vested interest groups. Consequently, addressing international regulations necessitates meticulous and strategic policy consideration. This paper provides a concise overview of the most pertinent and influential aspects of the insurance sector's engagement in the complex and diverse international activities aimed at addressing the climate crisis. Given the vast scope of this topic, certain areas remain unaddressed in this paper and will be supplemented in future research. Furthermore, subsequent publications will explore legislative and administrative responses by various governments, as well as the responses of individual insurance companies.

Carbon footprint research and mitigation strategies for rice-cropping systems in China: a review

Reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and quantifying the carbon footprint (CF) of rice-cropping systems in the context of food security is an important step toward the sustainability of rice production. Exploring the key factors affecting emission reduction in rice production is important to properly evaluate the impact of China’s rice-cropping systems on global climate change. This review provides an overview of the direct and indirect CF in rice-cropping systems; analyzes the influencing factors in terms of rice-based cropping systems, varieties and agronomic practices; and proposes mitigation strategies. Different studies have shown that direct and indirect GHG emissions in rice-based cropping systems accounted for 38.3 to 95.5% and 4.5 to 61.7% of total emissions, respectively. And the CFs of ratoon rice, rice–wheat, rice–maize, rice–rapeseed, and rice–fish systems ranged from 316,9 kg CO2-eq kg−1 to 258,47 kg CO2-eq kg−1, which are lower than that in a double-rice planting system. High-yielding rice, drought-resistant rice, and other hybrids can mitigate GHG emissions from paddy fields by 3.7 ~ 21.5%. Furthermore, organic matter, water, tillage, straw incorporation, conservation tillage, reduced nitrogen fertilizer use, and added biochar and methane inhibitors could reduce emissions. Therefore, through reasonable agronomic measures, variety selection and optimal layout of rice-based rotation systems, the carbon neutral rate of rice production can be improved to help the national carbon sequestration and emission reduction target.

The North-South industrial transfer of manufacturing and the pattern of carbon emissions in China

In recent years, the gap between the north and the south of China has been expanding, showing a decreasing proportion of value-added and an increasing proportion of carbon emissions in the north of China, and vice versa in the south of China. Based on the most recent inter-provincial input-output table of China in 2012 and 2017, this paper focused on the North-South industrial transfer of manufacturing, quantified its impact on regional carbon emissions, and decomposed the path of impacts. The results suggest that the North-South industrial transfers of China during 2012-2017 indeed aggravated the imbalance of carbon emissions in the north and the south of China. Further explorations of path decompositions show that the spillover effect through production linkages is the major path where industrial transfer influences regional carbon emissions, particularly in the north of China. The results provide insightful policy implications for the achievement of carbon emissions reduction targets in China as well as the globe.

Harnessing Curtailed Wind-Generated Electricity via Electrical Water Heating Aggregation to Alleviate Energy Poverty: A Use Case in Ireland

Ireland experiences high energy poverty rates alongside surplus wind energy resources. With 77% of Irish households equipped with electrical immersion heaters for domestic hot water (DHW) generation, this study proposes an Electrical Water Heating Aggregation (EWHA) scheme. The scheme allocates surplus wind-generated electricity to provide DHW to fuel-poor households, thereby alleviating energy poverty through harnessing curtailed wind energy. Through a developed wind-generated electricity allocation model and half-hourly data analysis for a weather year, this research assesses the feasibility and economic viability of the EWHA scheme, focusing on the householder as the primary benefactor from the scheme (as opposed to ancillary grid service provision). The results suggest an optimal aggregation size where maximum curtailment and carbon offset coincide with maximum benefits for participants. The findings indicate that fuel-poor households in Ireland could receive a full DHW tank every three weeks using surplus wind energy, harnessing 89% of overnight curtailed wind energy and offsetting 33 MkgCO2 annually. Moreover, the scheme could potentially save the Irish state approximately EUR 4 million by 2030, increasing to EUR 11 million by 2050, in carbon costs. Overall, this research demonstrates the potential of EWHA schemes to alleviate energy poverty, optimise wind energy utilisation, and contribute significantly to carbon emission reduction targets.

The Current Status and Future Prospects of Carbon Capture, Carbon Transportation, And Carbon Utilization Technologies in Chinese Coal-Fired Power Plants Within the Context of Dual Carbon Goals

Carbon dioxide capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) constitute vital measures for achieving net emissions reduction in China. Against the backdrop of the “dual carbon” initiative in China, this paper meticulously examines and analyzes the key technological principles, merits and demerits, and bottlenecks associated with CCUS carbon capture in the country’s thermal power plants at the current stage. It combines the prevailing industrial application status and the future development trajectory of pertinent technologies with considerations of industrial economic benefits and business models. Building upon this analysis, the paper summarizes the application status of CCUS technology in China’s thermal power plant industry and presents future prospects. On the technological front, the three capture methods grapple with the challenge of high costs. Therefore, there is a need to intensify efforts in developing low-cost and efficient carbon capture materials, as well as researching and practically applying low-cost oxygen generation technology. Economically, CCUS technology currently faces high costs, low returns, and certain commercial barriers, placing China in a demonstrative business model stage. To overcome these challenges and realize the economic benefits of CCUS technology, government incentives and technological innovation are imperative. These measures aim to reduce the overall cost of CCUS technology, stimulate the scale development, and foster commercialization, ultimately contributing to the achievement of China’s carbon emission reduction targets.

Study on the Initial Allocation of Carbon Emission Rights Applicable to China's National Conditions: from the Perspective of Comprehensive Principles

<p>The scientific and reasonable allocation of initial carbon emission rights is the foundation of establishing and perfecting the carbon trading system, which is directly associated with the completion of carbon emission reduction targets. Guided by the rational distribution of China's carbon emission rights, this paper adopts a multi-index method to investigate the initial distribution of China's carbon emission rights from a regional perspective according to the comprehensive principles of fairness, efficiency, sustainability, and environmental capacity limit. The results show that the use of regional historical carbon emissions or economic factors as a single indicator of carbon emission rights distribution is unreasonable according to historical emissions or GDP, and the results are quite different from the actual demand. Under the overall coordination degree allocation model, it is reasonable for Region 2, Region 3, and Region 4 to undertake higher emission reduction responsibilities, and the emission reduction tasks in these regions are likely to be completed, which shows that the carbon emission rights allocation under the comprehensive principle is more in line with the actual demand and has good operability, robustness, and compatibility. The allocation of carbon emission quota requires the scientific and reasonable formulation of the total national allocation, that all provinces and cities can form a stable quota expectation, effectively design the allocation principle scheme, give consideration to fairness and operability, and do not share the responsibility of regional emission reduction with a one-size-fits-all approach.</p>

Chinese organic rice transition spatial econometrics empirical analysis.

Based on the integrated model of Super-SBM model, spatial Durbin model (SDM) and Grey neural network model, this paper analyzes the panel data of various provinces in China from multiple angles and dimensions. It was found that there were significant differences in eco-efficiency between organic rice production and conventional rice production. The response of organic rice to climate change, the spatial distribution of ecological and economic benefits and the impact on carbon emission were analyzed. The results showed that organic rice planting not only had higher economic benefits, but also showed a rising trend of ecological benefits and a positive feedback effect. This finding highlights the importance of organic rice farming in reducing carbon emissions. Organic rice farming effectively reduces greenhouse gas emissions, especially carbon dioxide and methane, by improving soil management and reducing the use of fertilizers and pesticides. This has important implications for mitigating climate change and promoting soil health and biodiversity. With the acceleration of urbanization, the increase of organic rice planting area shows the trend of organic rice gradually replacing traditional rice cultivation, further highlighting the potential of organic agriculture in emission reduction, environmental protection and sustainable agricultural production. To this end, it is recommended that the Government implement a diversified support strategy to encourage technological innovation, provide guidance and training, and raise public awareness and demand for organic products. At the same time, private sector participation is stimulated to support the development of organic rice cultivation through a public-private partnership model. Through these measures, further promote organic rice cultivation, achieve the dual goals of economic benefits and environmental benefits, and effectively promote the realization of double carbon emission reduction targets.

A novel strategy for urban and rural organic waste utilization with outstanding integrated benefits: based on study in China's Taihu Lake region

Typical organic waste in urban and rural regions (TWUR) is big in volume and poor in resource utilization, and there is currently a lack of integrated evaluation studies on the optimal pattern of TWUR resource utilization. Based on a representative case study of China's circum-Taihu Lake region, this study integrated material flow, life cycle assessment and comprehensive evaluation methods to explore the optimal scenario pattern for TWUR disposal and utilization under multi-scenario settings from multiple perspectives, including cost-benefit-technology-resource depletion. The synergistic coupled aerobic fermentation scenario in Scenario S2, which has a high level of technological maturity and can maximize nutrient recycling while minimizing environmental impacts, is the optimal scenario for using TWUR, according to the results of the entropy weight-TOPSIS integrated evaluation. Following the implementation of Scenario S2, 20% of the chemical fertilizers utilized in the study region will be substituted with organic fertilizers, resulting in a $16.19 billion reduction in organic waste disposal expenses and $228.64 billion in economic benefits. Additionally, China's carbon emissions will drop by 94.316 million tons as a result. This study validates that the optimal configuration pathway to achieve TWUR resource usage is synergistic coupled aerobic fermentation, in contrast to the majority of prior studies. In addition to being a valuable reference for TWUR's resource use transition and future market planning, this environmental technology analysis will help China in achieving its carbon emission reduction targets.

Carbon reduction effects of digital financial inclusion: Evidence from the county-scale in China

All countries in the world are faced with varying degrees of environmental pollution problems and carbon reduction responsibilities. In the case of China, digital transformation emerges as a new growth catalyst for the future economy and a pivotal avenue for optimizing resource allocation, enhancing energy structure, and reducing energy dependence for development. Therefore, this study delves into the carbon reduction effect of digital financial inclusion and explores its pathways. It focuses initially on the counties of the Yangtze River Delta in China, utilizing nighttime light data to estimate carbon emissions and scrutinizing the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of emissions. Empirical results reveal that digital financial inclusion positively influences carbon emission reduction, with notable spatial and temporal variations in the emission reduction effect. Furthermore, the study uncovers that digital financial inclusion contributes to reducing carbon emissions through the optimization of industrial structure and the promotion of technological innovation. These research findings offer a scientific foundation for guiding the government in developing digital finance to attain local carbon emission reduction targets. Concurrently, local governments should leverage the role of digital financial inclusion in optimizing industries and driving technological innovation to propel the low-carbon, sustainable development of China.

Coal consumption and carbon emission reductions in BRICS countries.

The primary energy consumption structure of BRICS countries is dominated by fossil energy, particularly coal. Coal consumption in BRICS countries is a major driver underlying increased carbon emissions. Therefore, this study developed a spatiotemporal decoupling mode and incorporated factors related to coal consumption-induced carbon emissions into a spatiotemporal decoupling analysis method to provide differentiated and targeted policies for energy restructuring and emission reduction targets in BRICS countries. Moreover, a temporal-spatial decomposition logarithmic mean Divisia index model was developed using the spatiotemporal decoupling index method. The model is based on CO2 emissions generated by coal consumption in BRICS countries, with a primary focus on data from Brazil, Russia, South Africa, India, and China. The findings reveal distinct spatiotemporal distributions and driving effects of coal consumption and carbon dioxide emissions across various countries. Factors such as CO2 emission intensity, coal consumption intensity, economic output per capita, and population structure exerted either positive or negative effects on the distributional effect of the carbon emission-economic output per capita association in BRICS countries. Additionally, country-level heterogeneity in the influence of the distributional effects of CO2 emissions was observed within each BRICS country. Thus, different policies are needed to achieve carbon emission reduction targets in different countries.

Decoupling Economic Growth from Carbon Emissions in the Yangtze River Economic Belt of China: From the Coordinated Regional Development Perspective

Decoupling economic growth from carbon emissions is crucial for combating the climate crisis and promoting green development. However, a uniform approach to climate mitigation exacerbates regional disharmony. As a microcosm of China’s regional heterogeneity, the Yangtze River Economic Belt (YREB) is helpful in exploring regional collaborative climate governance. This paper uses the Thiel index, the Tapio decoupling model, and the Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index (LMDI) decomposition approach to explore the decoupling of economic growth from carbon emissions in YREB from 2005 to 2019. Results indicate that the carbon intensity difference is mainly from the difference within middle-rising provinces (MRP) and western less-developed provinces (WLP). YREB exhibits strong decoupling overall, but it is not sustained. The economic growth effect significantly promotes carbon emissions, which is more prominent in MRP. The energy intensity effect plays a vital role in restraining carbon emissions. The emission factor effect signals an improved energy structure in WLP. Regional coordination is needed to achieve green development; thus, provinces should set differentiated carbon emission reduction targets, and more potent tools are recommended in major carbon emitters.

Are carbon emissions trading and green financial instruments synergistic? -Comprehensive quantitative research based on content analysis.

Coordinating policies is an essential guarantee for carbon emission reduction and sustainable development. Based on the theoretical framework of the policy paradigm, we quantitatively analyze 266 policy documents on promoting carbon emission trading and green financial policies from 2011 to 2022 using the content analysis research method. Based on the matching network of "policy objectives-policy tools," we analyze the synergistic characteristics of carbon emission trading policies and green financial policies in promoting carbon emission reduction targets and reveal the matching mode of "objectives-tools" of green financial policies by using social network analysis. It is found that, first, from the perspective of policy objectives, the main policy objectives of carbon emissions trading are to promote green innovation of enterprises, and the main policy objectives of green finance are to promote green development, which reflects the consistency and endogenous motivation of policy objectives. Secondly, command-control and market incentive policy tools are the main policy tools in the structure of policy tools. The proportion of public participation policy tools is small, and there is a structural asymmetry. Third, carbon emissions trading tools focus on supervision, adjustment, and platform construction. The green financial policy tools have the characteristics of guidance, public welfare, and externality. The two constitute a complementary, embedded, and integrated ' double synergy ' carbon emission reduction policy. Based on this, this paper puts forward some suggestions to promote policy coordination and provides a reference for China to achieve the dual carbon goal.