Carbon Dioxide Levels Research Articles

Management and monitoring of anesthesia during the perioperative period in a Tertiary Hospital in Bangladesh

Background: Anesthesia management is crucial for ensuring patient safety and optimal surgical outcomes during the perioperative period. In Bangladesh, the challenges faced in managing and monitoring anesthesia in tertiary care hospitals necessitate a comprehensive evaluation of current practices. This study aims to assess the anesthetic management protocols and monitoring strategies employed in a tertiary hospital in Bangladesh. Methods: This observational study was conducted in Islami Bank Medical College Hospital, Rajshahi, Bangladesh from July to December 2023. Data were collected from patients undergoing various surgical procedures requiring anesthesia. The anesthetic techniques used, intraoperative monitoring parameters, and any complications encountered were recorded. The study included a review of anesthesia charts, patient records, and interviews with anesthesia providers. Statistical analysis was performed to identify trends and correlations. Results: A total of 200 patients were included in the study. The most commonly used anesthetic technique was general anesthesia (65%), followed by regional anesthesia (30%) and local anesthesia (5%). Intraoperative monitoring parameters included heart rate, blood pressure, oxygen saturation, and end-tidal carbon dioxide levels, which were consistently documented in 95% of cases. Complications occurred in 10% of patients, primarily involving respiratory issues and cardiovascular instability. Proper adherence to monitoring protocols significantly reduced the incidence of complications. Conclusion: Effective management and monitoring of anesthesia during the perioperative period are vital for patient safety in a tertiary hospital setting. The study highlights the importance of standardized protocols and continuous monitoring to minimize complications. Recommendations for improving anesthetic practices include regular training for anesthesia providers and enhancing monitoring infrastructure to ensure optimal patient care.

Evaluating Indoor Air Quality in Residential Environments: A Study of PM2.5 and CO2 Dynamics Using Low-Cost Sensors

Indoor air quality (IAQ) poses a significant public health concern, and exposures to high levels of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and carbon dioxide (CO2) could have detrimental health impacts. This study focused on assessing the indoor air pollutants in a residential house located in the town of Mission, Hidalgo County, South Texas, USA. The PM2.5 and CO2 were monitored indoors: the kitchen and the bedroom. This investigation also aimed to elucidate the effects of household activities such as cooking and human occupancy on these pollutants. Low-cost sensors (LCSs) from TSI AirAssure™ were used in this study. They were deployed within the breathing zone at approximately 1.5 m above the ground. Calibration of the low-cost sensors against Federal Equivalent Method (FEM) instruments was undertaken using a multiple linear regression method (MLR) model to improve the data accuracy. The indoor PM2.5 levels were significantly influenced by cooking activities, with the peak PM2.5 concentrations reaching up to 118.45 μg/m3. The CO2 levels in the bedroom increased during the occupant’s sleeping period, reaching as high as 1149.73 ppm. The health risk assessment was assessed through toxicity potential (TP) calculations for the PM2.5 concentrations. TP values of 0.21 and 0.20 were obtained in the kitchen and bedroom, respectively. The TP values were below the health hazard threshold (i.e., TP < 1). These low TP values could be attributed to the use of electric stoves and efficient ventilation systems. This research highlights the effectiveness of low-cost sensors for continuous IAQ monitoring and helps promote better awareness of and necessary interventions for salubrious indoor microenvironments.

Long-term mortality in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease requiring acute non-invasive ventilation with and without obstructive sleep apnoea

IntroductionChronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)/obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) overlap syndrome (OVS) is associated with higher mortality compared with COPD alone in stable outpatients. However, the prognosis of patients hospitalised with...

A Comprehensive Review of CO2 Hydrogenation into Formate/Formic Acid Catalyzed by Whole Cell Bacteria.

The increasing levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere, primarily due to the use of fossil fuels, pose a significant threat to the environment and necessitate urgent action to mitigate climate change. Carbon capture and utilization technologies that can convert CO2 into economically valuable compounds have gained attention as potential solutions. Among these technologies, biocatalytic CO2 hydrogenation using bacterial whole cells shows promise for the efficient conversion of CO2 into formate, a valuable chemical compound. Although it was discovered nearly a century ago, comprehensive reviews focusing on the utilization of whole-cell bacteria as the biocatalyst in this area remain relatively limited. Therefore, this review provides an analysis of the progress, strategies, and key findings in this field. It covers the use of living cells, resting cells, or genetically modified bacteria as biocatalysts to convert CO2 into formate, either naturally or with the integration of electrochemical and protochemical techniques as sources of protons and electrons. By consolidating the current knowledge in this field, this review article aims to serve as a valuable resource for researchers and practitioners interested in understanding the recent progress, challenges, and potential applications of bacterial whole cell catalyzed CO2 hydrogenation into formate.

Computational design for enantioselective CO2 capture: asymmetric frustrated Lewis pairs in epoxide transformations.

Carbon capture and utilisation (CCU) technologies offer a compelling strategy to mitigate rising atmospheric carbon dioxide levels. Despite extensive research on the CO2 insertion into epoxides to form cyclic carbonates, the stereochemical implications of this reaction have been largely overlooked, despite the prevalence of racemic epoxide solutions. This study introduces an in silico approach to design asymmetric frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs) aimed at controlling reaction stereochemistry. Four FLP scaffolds, incorporating diverse Lewis acids (LA), Lewis bases (LB), and substituents, were assessed via volcano plot analysis to identify the most promising catalysts. By strategically modifying LB substituents to induce asymmetry, a stereoselective catalytic scaffold was developed, favouring one enantiomer from both epoxide enantiomers. This work advances the in silico design of FLPs, highlighting their potential as asymmetric CCU catalysts with implications for optimising catalyst efficiency and selectivity in sustainable chemistry applications.

Bio synthesis of chitosan from shrimp shell chitin using Streptomyces griseoincarnatus RB7AG:Characterization and application as coating material to enhance shelf life of tomatoes (var. Ruby pusa) in post-harvest storgae condition

In this investigation, chitosan was successfully obtained from shrimp shell chitin through microbial degradation by Streptomyces griseoincarnatus RB7AG. The resulting chitosan showcased remarkable characteristics, including high solubility, a high degree of deacetylation, a well-defined crystalline structure, and a rough surface with minimal pores. The application of chitosan as a coating material for tomatoes demonstrated significant preservation benefits compared to commercially available chitosan. The chitosan coating proved effective in minimizing weight loss, reducing the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and preserving essential compounds such as anthocyanin content and antioxidant enzymes in tomatoes. Firstly, the chitosan coating served as a physical barrier, preventing moisture loss and maintaining the tomatoes' structural integrity. Secondly, the antimicrobial properties of chitosan hindered the growth of spoilage-causing microorganisms, extending the shelf life of the tomatoes. Additionally, the chitosan coating exhibited antioxidant properties, scavenging ROS and preserving the natural antioxidants in tomatoes. Furthermore, the chitosan coating facilitated controlled gas exchange, allowing optimal levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide to maintain the freshness of the tomatoes without accelerating the ripening process. With the help of the above-mentioned mechanisms, the potential of the microbially synthesized chitosan to enhance the shelf life of the tomatoes can be explained which was found better than the commercially synthesized chitosan coating. This research underscores the potential of microbially synthesized chitosan as an effective coating material but also provides insights into the intricate mechanisms involved in preserving tomatoes. The findings pave the way for innovative applications of chitosan-based coatings in the food industry, ensuring prolonged freshness and nutritional quality of perishable fruits and vegetables.

Biofuel blends and nano-additives: a sustainable approach to diesel engine performance and emissions improvement

Abstract The utilization of compression ignition (CI) diesel engines has seen a substantial increase in recent years owing to their numerous advantages. However, the widespread adoption of these engines has also significantly contributed to environmental pollution issues, with diesel engines being recognized as major global contributors to exhaust emissions-related pollution. To address this issue, comprehensive research has been carried out on both emissions from diesel exhaust pollutants and advanced after-treatment technologies for emission control. This study aims to evaluate the efficiency and emissions of diesel fuel mixed with various ratios of biofuel derived from Karanja seeds (B10, B15, and B20). Among the different blends examined, B20 demonstrated superior performance in terms of brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC), along with lower levels of hydrocarbon (HC) and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions compared to pure diesel. Further, the impact of nanoadditives, specifically titanium dioxide (TiO2), at different concentrations (80 ppm, 100 ppm, and 120 ppm), on B20 blends was evaluated. The findings indicated that B20 blended with 100 ppm of TiO2 exhibited superior performance in terms of BTE, BSFC, and lower emissions of HC, CO2, nitrogen oxides (NOx), and carbon monoxide (CO). From the results, the BTE increases from 1% to 33%, illustrating enhanced thermal efficiency under similar conditions. The average BSFC across all loads and speeds in the table is approximately 0.89 kg/kWh, while the average BTE stands at approximately 23.1%.

Survival of Escherichia coli O157, Salmonella Enteritidis, Bacillus cereus and Clostridium botulinum in non-alcoholic beers

Why was the work done: To (i) determine whether microbial pathogens were present in packaged alcohol-free and low alcohol beers, (ii) to assess whether pathogens can survive or grow in non-alcoholic beers, and (iii) to determine the impact of pH and bitterness on their growth and survival of pathogens in alcohol-free beer. How was the work done: : 50 alcohol-free and low alcohol beers, available in the UK, were screened for pathogens and analysed for ABV, pH and bitterness (IBU). One of the alcohol-free beers (with the lowest IBU) was adjusted to 25 and 50 IBU and pH 3.8, 4.2, 4.6 and 4.9. Challenge testing of these beers was performed with Escherichia coli O157, Salmonella Enteritidis, Bacillus cereus and Clostridium botulinum. In addition, the heat resistance (D60 value) of the pathogens, spoilage bacteria and Saccharomyces cerevisiae ascospores in these beers was determined. What are the main findings: Salmonella, E. coli, Enterobacteriaceae, Bacillus cereus and sulphite reducing clostridia were not found in any of the 50 beers. However, two emerging opportunistic pathogens (Cupriavidus gilardii and Sphingomonas paucimobilis) were found in the low alcohol keg beers. None of the pathogens used in this study could grow in the alcohol-free beer at low pH (pH 3.8). E. coli O157 was unable to grow at pH 4.2 but could grow at pH 4.6 but only with reduced levels of carbon dioxide and increased oxygen. Salmonella Enteritidis was able to grow at pH 4.2 and 4.6 but also with reduced levels of CO2 and increased O2. Although Bacillus cereus and C. botulinum were unable to grow in any of the tested conditions, both pathogens were able to survive. Survival and/or growth of the microorganisms was impacted by pH; bitterness had no effect. Why is the work important: Salmonella Enteritidis and E. coli O157 only grew in alcohol free beer at a higher pH (4.2 and 4.6 for Salmonella and 4.6 for E. coli) together with with reduced levels of CO2 and increased O2. This suggests that packaged beer with appreciable levels of carbon dioxide and negligible levels of oxygen will not support the growth of pathogens. However, draught alcohol free beer may be vulnerable to pathogens.

High CO2 dampens then amplifies N-induced diversity loss over 24 years.

Rising levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrogen (N) deposition affect plant communities in numerous ways1-11. Nitrogen deposition causes local biodiversity loss globally12-14, but whether, and if so how, rising CO2 concentrations amplify or dampen those losses remains unclear and is almost entirely unstudied. We addressed this knowledge gap with an open-air experiment in which 108 grassland plots were grown for 24 years under different CO2 and N regimes. We initially found that adding N reduced plant species richness less at elevated than at ambient CO2. Over time, however, this interaction reversed, and elevated CO2 amplified losses in diversity from enriched N, tripling reductions in species richness from N addition over the last eight years of the study. These interactions resulted from temporal changes in the drivers of diversity, especially light availability, that were in turn driven by CO2 and N inputs and associated changes in plant biomass. This mechanism is likely to be similar in many grasslands, because additions of the plant resources CO2 and N are likely to increase the abundance of the dominant species. If rising CO2 generally exacerbates the widespread negative impacts of N deposition on plant diversity, this bodes poorly for the conservation of grassland biodiversity worldwide.

Impact of Elevated Atmospheric and Intercellular CO2 on Plant Defense Mechanisms

AbstractThis review explores the complex relationship between carbon dioxide (CO2) levels and secondary metabolites in leaves, emphasizing their role in plant defense mechanisms. The synthesis of different research that has been done ranges from the influence of CO2 on photosynthesis, metabolic pathways, and the synthesis of secondary metabolites, crucial in protecting plants against environmental stressors, especially pathogens. The paper highlights the significance of various factors such as light intensity, water supply, and temperature in regulating stomatal conductance and subsequent CO2 assimilation. Additionally, it discusses the diverse secondary metabolites found in plants, including phenolic compounds, terpenoids, and tannins, and their antioxidant properties. The review suggests that elevated CO2 levels may enhance plant defense responses by influencing the production of secondary metabolites. The paper also explores the complex interplay between CO2 levels, metabolic activity, and defense mechanisms, providing valuable insights into how plants dynamically adjust their metabolism to cope with environmental challenges, highlighting the interaction of adaptation and physiology in plants, offering a holistic understanding of the biochemical and physiological processes involved in plant defense.

Prediction of carbon dioxide levels in the European Alps based on machine learning algorithms

With the rapid development of world industrialization, the continuous increase of global carbon dioxide emissions has led to the gradual deterioration of the ecological environment and the obvious aggravation of the greenhouse effect. In this paper, the carbon dioxide content in the air over the European Alps is taken as the research object, and the RNN and LSTM neural network prediction models are respectively used to compare and predict it. The results show that the fitting effect of LSTM is better than that of RNN, and the fitting effect of the prediction model will also improve with the increase of iteration times and sample size. Since carbon monoxide and methane in the air will cause changes in carbon dioxide content, this paper adds the two factors into the LSTM prediction model as influencing factors, and the goodness-of-fit can reach 0.95, which is higher than the prediction results when there are only one influencing factor or no influencing factor. In order to reduce the running time, XGBoost, LightGBM and random forest algorithms are respectively used in this paper and Bayesian optimization algorithm is used to predict the carbon dioxide content. The results show that the prediction effect is slightly lower than LSTM. Therefore, this paper takes the above three algorithms as the base model. Linear regression experiments are carried out for the meta-model's Stacking fusion algorithm. The goodness-of-fit can reach 0.92, which significantly improves the prediction effect compared with the base model. Finally, the sensitivity analysis of the Stacking fusion model is carried out in this paper. The experimental results show that the model has strong stability.

Skill building in freediving as an example of embodied culture.

Skilled activity is a complex mix of automatized action, changed attention patterns, cognitive strategies and physiological adaptations developed within a community of practice. Drawing on physiological and ethnographic research on freediving, this article argues that skill acquisition demonstrates the variety of mechanisms that link biological and cultural processes to produce culturally shaped forms of embodiment. In particular, apneists alter phenotypic expression through patterned practices that canalize development, exaggerating the dive response, developing resistance to elevated carbon dioxide levels (hypercapnia) and accommodating hydrostatic pressure at depth. The community of divers provides technical advice and helps to orient individuals' motivations. Some biological processes are phenomenologically accessible, but others are sub-aware and must be accessed indirectly through behaviour or altered interactions with the environment. The close analysis of embodied skills like freediving illustrates how phenotypic plasticity is inflected by culturally patterned behaviours. Divers do developmental work on bodily traits like the dive response to achieve more dramatic performance, even if they cannot directly control all elements of the neurological and physiological responses. The example of expert freediving illustrates the imbrication of biology and culture in embodiment. This article is part of the theme issue 'Minds in movement: embodied cognition in the age of artificial intelligence'.

Development and validation of a nomogram for predicting pulmonary complications in elderly patients undergoing thoracic surgery

BackgroundPostoperative pulmonary complications (PPCs) remain a prevalent concern among elderly patients undergoing surgery, with a notably higher incidence observed in elderly patients undergoing thoracic surgery. This study aimed to develop a nomogram to predict the risk of PPCs in this population.MethodsA total of 2963 elderly patients who underwent thoracic surgery were enrolled and randomly divided into a training cohort (80%, n = 2369) or a validation cohort (20%, n = 593). Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify risk factors for PPCs, and a nomogram was developed based on the findings from the training cohort. The validation cohort was used to validate the model. The predictive accuracy of the model was evaluated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, area under ROC (AUC), calibration curve, and decision curve analysis (DCA).ResultsA total of 918 (31.0%) patients reported PPCs. Nine independent risk factors for PPCs were identified: preoperative presence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), elevated leukocyte count, higher partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide (PaCO2) level, surgical site, thoracotomy, intraoperative hypotension, blood loss > 100 mL, surgery duration > 180 min, and malignant tumor. The AUC value for the training cohort was 0.739 (95% CI: 0.719–0.762), and it was 0.703 for the validation cohort (95% CI: 0.657–0.749). The P-values for the Hosmer-Lemeshow test were 0.633 and 0.144 for the training and validation cohorts, respectively, indicating a notable calibration curve fit. The DCA curve indicated that the nomogram could be applied clinically if the risk threshold was between 12% and 84%, which was found to be between 8% and 82% in the validation cohort.ConclusionThis study highlighted the pressing need for early detection of PPCs in elderly patients undergoing thoracic surgery. The nomogram exhibited promising predictive efficacy for PPCs in elderly patients undergoing thoracic surgery, enabling the identification of high-risk patients and consequently aiding in the implementation of preventive interventions.Graphical

Indoor air quality improvement using developed polymeric membrane filter

Abstract Carbon dioxide (CO2) levels must be controlled to protect the environment and human health. Previous studies focused on improving indoor air quality (IAQ) by reducing these negative impacts with electrical equipment such as mechanical ventilators and air purifiers; however, passive techniques were lacking. This work develops a prototype membrane filters to improve IAQ by capturing and separating indoor CO2 levels. These filters use polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) membranes and activated carbon (AC) as innovative and effective passive materials at four concentrations. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-Ray diffraction (XRD) were employed to characterize the materials. The effectiveness of CO2 absorption across the four filter types was then assessed through tests conducted in a controlled environment. Subsequently, site monitoring was undertaken to evaluate the most effective filter. The absorption rates of CO2 levels indoors of the developed filters are 17.5%, 8.1%, 4.5%, and 3.4%, respectively, for four filters. The most efficient filter increased absorption efficiency by 47.8% in an unoccupied space and 35.5% in an occupied one. This passive material can be applied in various indoor spaces, including office buildings, residential buildings, and educational facilities, due to its benefits in saving energy and enhancing indoor environmental quality.

Optimizing CO2 Capture Efficiency: Harnessing IoT and Industry 4.0 for Precise Temperature Analysis in Packed Absorption Columns

The deployment of various technologies to mitigate climate change is crucial for developing techniques that advance climate action. Climate change is exacerbated by rising levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gases, deforestation, and the use of fossil fuels. Urgent measures are needed to enhance CO2 capture efficiency, in alignment with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and climate action initiatives. This study investigates the influence of temperature variations in a packed absorption column on CO2 capture efficiency. By employing Internet of Things (IoT) and Industry 4.0 principles, it facilitates precise data acquisition to monitor temperature fluctuations during experiments. Comparative evaluations under steady-state and saturation conditions provide critical insights for optimizing CO2 capture in post-combustion processes. Conducting exploratory analyses enhances system understanding and informs design and operational strategies for effective and sustainable CO2 capture. This research delves into the technical aspects of temperature optimization, emphasizing its significance for sustainable practices and the urgency of addressing climate change through innovative, technology-driven solutions.

Transforming waste to wealth: Harnessing carbon dioxide for sustainable solutions

The escalating levels of carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions present a critical challenge to global sustainability, considering that CO2 is the primary cause of climate change. This dilemma presents a unique opportunity: converting waste CO₂ into useful resources. This review provides an in-depth analysis of CO₂ sources and waste streams, examining their potential as feedstocks for various industrial processes. By reviewing cutting-edge conversion technologies—such as catalysis, electrochemical, and photochemical methods—this work emphasizes how revolutionary ideas in Carbon Capture and Utilization (CCU) can play a pivotal role in reducing greenhouse gas emissions while generating both environmental and economic advantages. Through a systematic review of case studies and success stories in Carbon Capture and Utilization (CCU), the review illustrates the practical viability of these technologies. Additionally, the challenges facing CCU implementation, including economic, technical, and policy-related barriers, are explored. The review fills a critical gap by providing a comprehensive overview of both the current state and future potential of CO₂ utilization. Finally, it outlines future directions, emphasizing the need for interdisciplinary approaches, policy frameworks, and technological advancements to fully realize the potential of harnessing CO₂ for sustainable solutions.

Global warming: Causes, impacts and urgent strategies for a sustainable future: A review

Global warming is defined as a rise in Earth's average temperature. As the Earth gets warmer, disasters such as droughts, hurricanes, and floods are becoming increasingly common. Most scientists, engineers, and activists express deep concern about changes in the planet's overall climate. The average air temperature above the surface of the Earth has risen by just below 1 degree Celsius, or 1.3 degrees Fahrenheit, over the past 100 years. Deforestation exacerbates the severity of global warming. The ocean, which holds about 50 times more carbon than the atmosphere, is an enormous carbon sink. However, the seas are no longer able to store carbon as effectively as they have in the past. Burning fossil fuels such as natural gas, oil, coal, and gasoline increases atmospheric carbon dioxide levels, and carbon dioxide is a major contributor to the greenhouse effect and global warming. Climate change will increase the number of people who suffer from heatwaves, floods, hurricanes, and droughts, leading to higher rates of death, illness, and injury. The threat of global warming continues to cause severe damage to the Earth's environment. Many people still do not fully understand the implications of global warming or consider it a significant problem for the future. However, global warming is already happening, and some of its devastating consequences are already being felt. It significantly impacts biodiversity and disrupts ecological balance. Due to the dangerous effects of global warming, many strategies need to be established. The report discusses global warming, outlines its causes and risks, and proposes solutions to this urgent issue. Above all, it is crucial to seriously consider alternative energy sources (biomass, wind, hydro, geothermal, and solar). One of the key strategies to counter the ever-increasing global warming is the identification and use of renewable energy sources.

Longitudinal Study of Changes in Ammonia, Carbon Dioxide, Humidity and Temperature in Individually Ventilated Cages Housing Female and Male C57BL/6N Mice during Consecutive Cycles of Weekly and Bi-Weekly Cage Changes.

Housing conditions are essential for ensuring animal welfare and high-quality research outcomes. In this study, we continuously monitored air quality-specifically ammonia, carbon dioxide, relative humidity, and temperature-in Individually Ventilated Cages (IVCs) housing five female or male C57BL/6N mice. The cages were cleaned either weekly or bi-weekly, and the data were collected as the mice aged from 100 to 348 days. The survival rate remained above 96%, with body weight increasing by 35-52% during the study period. The ammonia levels rose throughout the cleaning cycle, but averaged below 25 ppm. However, in the older, heavier mice with bi-weekly cage cleaning, the ammonia levels reached between 25 and 75 ppm, particularly in the males. While circadian rhythms influenced the ammonia concentration only to a small extent, the carbon dioxide levels varied between 800 and 3000 ppm, increasing by 30-50% at night and by 1000 ppm with body weight. Humidity also correlated primarily with the circadian rhythms (10% higher at night) and, to a lesser extent, with body weight, reaching ≥70% in the middle-aged mice. The temperature variations remained minimal, within a 1 °C range. We conclude that air quality assessments in IVCs should be conducted during animals' active periods, and both housing density and biomass must be considered to optimise welfare.

Assessing effects of agriculture and industry on CO2 emissions in Bangladesh

Climate change is a critical global issue, driven primarily by the continuous rise in carbon dioxide (CO2) levels. Addressing this challenge requires innovative solutions and proactive measures to mitigate its impact. This study investigates the impact of Bangladesh’s industrialization, agriculture, and imports on CO2 emissions, exploring both linear and asymmetric relationships to inform sustainable development strategies. Advanced modeling techniques, namely autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) and nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) models are used to evaluate the impact of Bangladesh’s agricultural and industrial sectors on CO2 emissions. Time-series data ranging from 1990 to 2022 are analyzed to ensure data stationarity, employing the augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) test. Subsequently, the existence of non-linear associations is validated using the Brock-Dechert-Scheinkman (BDS) test, with further confirmation through bounds testing to establish both symmetric and asymmetric long-run cointegrating relationships. Long and short-run coefficients are assessed using linear and asymmetry ARDL models, revealing that industrialization contributes to increased carbon emissions in Bangladesh. While the ARDL model reports that the effect of agriculturalization on CO2 emissions is insignificant in the long-run, the asymmetry ARDL model suggests a rapid reduction in carbon emissions due to agriculturalization, observed both in the long and short-run. Additionally, imports have considerable impact on carbon emissions. Diagnostic tests have confirmed the adequacy of the model, while stability tests have validated the estimated parameters’ stability. Finally, the direction of association between variables is determined by applying linear and nonlinear Granger causality tests. This study underscores the importance of promoting sustainable industrial practices, enhancing agricultural efficiency, and regulating imports as pivotal strategies for mitigating CO2 emissions and achieving enduring environmental sustainability in Bangladesh.

Protected Cultivation of Horticultural Crops: A Comprehensive Review

Horticultural crops grown under protection are becoming more and more significant in modern agriculture, offering a number of benefits such as increased yields, better quality, and protection from pests and bad weather. This comprehensive review aims to demonstrate protected cultivation methods as they currently exist and explore their future applications in horticulture. The first part of the examination covers the many types of protected production structures, including high tunnels, shade houses, and greenhouses, along with their advantages and disadvantages. The significance of protected farming in tackling concerns associated with worldwide food security is further underscored by preserving crop productivity throughout the year and limiting dependence on seasonal variations. This review looks more closely at the effects of protected cultivation methods on the growth and development of horticultural crops. These methods include improved crop morphogenesis, precipitation control, and the optimisation of environmental parameters like temperature, humidity, and carbon dioxide levels. Furthermore, the utilisation of advanced technologies like hydroponics, aeroponics, and vertical farming in protected growing systems is examined and its capacity to optimise crop yield while minimising resource consumption is emphasised. The difficulties and limitations associated with adopting protected cultivation are also examined in the study, including the need for artificial inputs, energy requirements, and financial considerations. It talks about environmentally friendly and sustainable ways to reduce these problems and preserve ecological balance, like switching to organic farming methods and using renewable energy sources. Future trends and developments in protected cultivation are covered in detail in the study's final section. These include the application of artificial intelligence, the adoption of smart farming technologies, and the employment of precision agriculture techniques. Higher yields and higher-quality horticultural crop output could be the outcome of these developments, which further optimise resource utilisation, improve automation, and better crop monitoring and management.