Carbon Dioxide Extraction Research Articles

Альтернативный способ получения сосновой живицы методом сверхкритической экстракции диоксидом углерода

Альтернативный способ получения сосновой живицы методом сверхкритической экстракции диоксидом углерода

CO2 utilization in the perspective of industrial ecology, an overview

Carbon dioxide emissions from anthropic activities have accumulated in the atmosphere in excess of 800 Gigatons since preindustrial times, and are continuously increasing. Among other strategies, CO2 capture and storage is one option to mitigate the emissions from large point sources. In addition, carbon dioxide extraction from ambient air is assessed to reduce the atmospheric concentration of CO2. Both direct and indirect (through photosynthesis) pathways are possible.Geological sequestration has significant disadvantages (high cost, low public acceptance, long term uncertainty) whereas carbon dioxide recycling (or utilization) is more consistent with the basic principle of industrial ecology, almost closing material cycles.In this article, a series of technologies for CO2 capture and valorization is described as integrated and optimized pathways. This integration increases the environmental and economic benefits of each technology. Depending on the source of carbon dioxide, appropriate capture and valorization processes are evaluated based on material and energy constraints.

Supercritical Carbon Dioxide and Hexane Extraction of Wax from Apple Peel Pomace: Content, Composition, and Thermal Properties

Wax of apple peel pomace (WAPP) was obtained from supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) extraction (SCCE) and hexane extraction (HE), respectively. Characteristics of WAPP, which included extraction yield, chemical composition, thermal properties, and sensory properties, were then analyzed. SCCE and HE reached an extraction yield of 2.081% and 3.975%, respectively. GC/MS results showed that WAPP from SCCE and HE were different in contents and varieties. The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) thermograms and sensory properties of WAPP from SCCE and HE also exhibited some differences. The study provided a promising alternative for the reuse of apple pomace, converting by-products into value-added wax.

Optimization of Subcritical 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane( R134a ) Removal of Cholesterol from Spray-Dried <i>Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis </i>Egg Powder Using Response Surface Methodology

Subcritical 1, 1, 1, 2-tetrafluoroethane (R134a) extraction was applied to remove cholesterol from spray-dried Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis egg powder. Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to optimize the parameters of subcritical R134a extraction (pressure, temperature, and extraction time) on removal rate of cholesterol. Response surface analysis showed that the data came to a precise fitting to a second-order polynomial model. The quadratic terms of pressure and temperature had high significant negative effects (p＜0.001) on removal rate. The optimum parameters of the variables were 8.6 MPa, 55.4 °C, 50 min. Under these conditions, removal rate of cholesterol was predicted to be 101% and experiments gave out the removal rate of 99.16%, which concurred with the model prediction. Furthermore, the removal efficiency of cholesterol by R134a was higher than those achieved by using supercritical carbon dioxide(SC-CO2)and β-cyclodextrin extraction methods.

Effect of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Flow Rate on Extraction Yield, Antioxidant Properties and Morphological Changes of Quercus infectoria Galls

The extraction condition of supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) extraction was used to extract Quercus infectoria galls, a medicinal plant which rich with bioactive compound, in order to maintain the green environment as well as the quality of the product. The study was performed to investigate the effect of extraction parameter (CO2 flow rate) on Quercus infectoria galls extract using SC-CO2 extraction. Then, the extract was analysed to determine their antioxidant activity and morphological changes of the Quercus infectoria galls before and after the extraction. Hence, three different CO2 flow rate have been investigated which were 2, 3, and 4 mL/min while pressure (P) and temperature (T) were fixed at highest density (P: 30 MPa, T: 40oC). The results obtained from this study showed the solvent flow rate of 2 mL/min give the highest percentage of extraction yield which is 0.37% compared to others. The extracts were screened for possible antioxidant activity by antioxidant activity 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) assays. In this study, the best result obtained was at flow rate of 3 mL/min with inhibition percentage of 96.97% but it showed insignificant difference with other CO2 flow rates. The change in morphology of the galls was significant when observed using scanning electron microscope (SEM). These results indicated that SC-CO2 extraction could be an alternative method for extraction of antioxidative compound from Q.infectoria galls.

Efficacy of Biological Activity of Andrographis Paniculata Extracted by using Supercritical Carbon Dioxide (Sc-CO2) Extraction

Andrographis paniculata plant has been widely used for traditional medicine such as curing fever, diarrhoea, and inflammation. In this study, the main component (Andrographolide) is extracted from the leaves of A. paniculata using supercritical carbon dioxide (Sc-CO2) and Sc-CO2 assisted by methanol as a modifier solvent. The methanol soxhlet extraction as a standard method was used to compare with the Sc-CO2 extraction. This work also focuses on the determination of anti-oxidant activity of Sc-CO2 extraction extracts of A. paniculata plant. The Sc-CO2 extracts of A. paniculata for both Sc-CO2 extractions with and without modifier showed promising antioxidant activity. Free radical scavenging potential of both Sc-CO2 extractions of A. paniculata plant was evaluated by using reducing power. In this method, ascorbic acid was used as a standard for determining reducing power. Both Sc-CO2 extract of A. paniculata plant exhibited appreciable activity as compared to the methanol soxhlet extract, indicating that A. paniculata has promising free radical scavenging activity.

Determination of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction Parameters for Quercus infectoria Galls and the Effects on Extraction Yield and Antioxidant Activity

Currently, finding alternative ways of extracting medicinal plant gain more interest from the researchers. Quercus infectoria, a medicinal plant, is rich with bioactive compound being extracted using supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) extraction which helps to maintain the quality of the product as well as green environment. CO2 is widely used as solvent due to moderate critical conditions, nontoxic and easily removed from the products. This work was performed to determine the optimum extraction parameters of SC-CO2 extraction and their effects on the total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of Q.infectoria extract. Hence, two different parameters have been investigated which were extraction time and CO2 flow rate (2, 3, 4 ml/min) while pressure (P) and temperature (T) were fixed at highest density (P = 30 MPa, T = 40oC). The results obtained from this study show that the solvent flow rate of 2 ml/min gives the highest percentage of yield (0.3652%) and the complete extraction of the sample was achieved at 80 minutes. Better quality of the extract was shown at 2 ml/min as resulted in high amount of phenolic compound in the extract presented as gallic acid equivalent (GAE) (2.04×102 mg GAE/g sample). The extracts were screened for possible antioxidant activity by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assays. In this study, the best result obtained for antioxidant activity was at flow rate of 3 ml/min with inhibition percentage of 96.97%.

Selective Gas Transport Through Few-Layered Graphene and Graphene Oxide Membranes

Graphene is a distinct two-dimensional material that offers a wide range of opportunities for membrane applications because of ultimate thinness, flexibility, chemical stability, and mechanical strength. We demonstrate that few- and several-layered graphene and graphene oxide (GO) sheets can be engineered to exhibit the desired gas separation characteristics. Selective gas diffusion can be achieved by controlling gas flow channels and pores via different stacking methods. For layered (3- to 10-nanometer) GO membranes, tunable gas transport behavior was strongly dependent on the degree of interlocking within the GO stacking structure. High carbon dioxide/nitrogen selectivity was achieved by well-interlocked GO membranes in high relative humidity, which is most suitable for postcombustion carbon dioxide capture processes, including a humidified feed stream.

Ultrathin, Molecular-Sieving Graphene Oxide Membranes for Selective Hydrogen Separation

Ultrathin, molecular-sieving membranes have great potential to realize high-flux, high-selectivity mixture separation at low energy cost. Current microporous membranes [pore size < 1 nanometer (nm)], however, are usually relatively thick. With the use of current membrane materials and techniques, it is difficult to prepare microporous membranes thinner than 20 nm without introducing extra defects. Here, we report ultrathin graphene oxide (GO) membranes, with thickness approaching 1.8 nm, prepared by a facile filtration process. These membranes showed mixture separation selectivities as high as 3400 and 900 for H2/CO2 and H2/N2 mixtures, respectively, through selective structural defects on GO.

Development and validation of analytical method for determination of total urinary antimony by chelation in supercritical carbon dioxide using fluorinated chelating agents

Antimony toxicity occurs either due to occupational exposure or during therapy. There is a growing need for biological monitoring of antimony to provide exposure information to help prevent hazardous exposure. This study presents supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) extraction as an inherently safe and clean sample treatment method for analyzing trace antimony in spiked human urine. Extraction was performed in the presence of a fluorinated β-diketone chelating agent, thenoyltrifluoroacetone, by unmodified SC-CO2. Quantitative extractions were conducted at 60 °C and 17.2 MPa with 15 min static plus 10 min dynamic extractions. The extracts were subsequently analyzed by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy with spiking Pd(NO3)2–Mg(NO3)2 matrix modifier. The proposed procedure was successfully applied to determine the concentrations of antimony in spiked urine samples with satisfactory recoveries of 95.6%–102.9% (n = 6) and relative standard deviations <5%. The accuracy of the proposed procedure was also validated by the analysis of the certified reference materials.

Optimization of Extraction Condition for Supercritical Carbon Dioxide (SCCO 2) Extraction of Strobhilantes crispus (Pecah Kaca) Leaves by Response Surface Methodology

Supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) extraction was used to obtain the bioactive flavonoid compounds of Strobilanthes crispus (Pecah Kaca). Process variables namely pressure, temperature and co-solvent flow rate were studied for optimization of the extraction yield and bioactive flavonoid compound of S. crispus by response surface methodology following a Box Behnken design of experiments. HPLC was performed to determine the major bioactive flavonoid compounds from S. crispus. The optimum value of yield extraction (6.55%) was obtained at pressure 200 bar, 50°C temperature and co-solvent flow rate of 5 g/min. Under the optimum conditions, eight flavonoid compounds were identified namely (+)-catechin, (-) epicatechin, rutin, myricetin, luteolin, apigenin, naringenin and kaempferol. The experimental extraction yield is in good agreement with the predicted one. The response surface methodology used in this study was able to predict the optimal extraction conditions for the extraction yield of bioactive flavonoid compounds from S.crispus leaves extract.

Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction of Volatile Compounds from Antarctic Krill &lt;i&gt;(Euphausia superba)&lt;/i&gt;

Supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) extraction and simultaneous distillation extraction (SDE) were used to determine the volatile composition of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba). The optimal extraction conditions for the oils yield within the experimental range of variables examined were temperature 40 °C, pressure 60 MPa, and extraction time 150 min. The maximum measured extraction yield was 12.34 ± 0.20 %. The chemical composition of the volatile compounds was adsorpted and analyzed by headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), respectively. A total of 35 compounds were identified including 2 alcohols, 6 aldehydes, 1 ketone, 2 furans, 4 acids, 2 amines, 5 aromatic compounds, and 13 hydrocarbons.

Acute toxicity and anti inflammatory effects of supercritical extracts of Ilex paraguariensis

This work reports the in vivo evaluation of acute toxicity and anti-inflammatory activity of supercritical carbon dioxide (CO2) extracts of Ilex paraguariensis. For the acute toxicity study, the extracts diluted in sunflower oil were administered to adult male wistar rats in single doses of 250 mg/kg by the intraperitoneal route. Adverse effects and mortality were monitored along 14 days. In the case of anti-inflammatory activity, the animals were submitted to acute induced-peritonitis assays by injection of oyster glycogen and a single dose of 500 mg/kg of supercritical I. paraguariensis extract diluted in sunflower oil administered by subcutaneous injection. Results obtained in this work suggest the incidence of acute toxicity due to the presence of cells with hyperchromatism, vacuolization and tumefaction in the livers and the presence of cells with tumefaction in the cortical region of the kidneys of the treated group. It was also experimentally observed that treatment inhibited the neutrophil recruitment in the circulating blood, hence demonstrating the anti-inflammatory effect of the I. paraguariensis extracts. The results obtained may be very promising since they open new perspectives for the therapeutic use of supercritical extracts of I. paraguariensisor its preparations as anti-inflammatory agents. Key words: Acute toxicity, anti-inflammatory, supercritical fluid extraction, Ilex paraguariensis.

Preparation of nanoparticles of Magnolia bark extract by rapid expansion from supercritical solution into aqueous solutions

A rapid expansion from supercritical solution into aqueous solution (RESSAS) technology was presented for the micronization of Chinese medicinal material. Magnolia bark extract (MBE) obtained by supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) extraction technology was chosen as the experimental material. RESSAS process produced 303.0 nm nanoparticles (size distribution, 243.6–320.5 nm), which was significantly smaller than the 55.3 µm particles (size distribution, 8.3–102.4 µm) prepared by conventional mechanical milling. The effect of process parameters, including extraction temperature (30°C, 40°C, 50°C), extraction pressure (200, 250, 300 bar) and nozzle size (50, 100, 200 µm), on the size distribution of nanoparticles was investigated. The characteristics of nanoparticles and materials were also studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and laser light scattering (LLS). This study demonstrates that RESSAS is applicable for preparing nanoparticles of MBE at low operating temperature; the process is simple without any residual solvent.

Changes in the chlorophyll and carotenoid content and composition of ground thyme leaves as a function of supercritical carbon dioxide and subcritical propane extraction

This work was conducted to study the changes in the content and composition of chlorophylls and carotenoids in ground thyme leaves as a function of supercritical carbon dioxide and sub-critical propane extraction. the results indicated that the maximum oleoresin yield could be obtained with supercritical carbon dioxide at 400 bar and 35 or 55 °C and sub-critical propane at 50 bar. Pigment solvating capacity of supercritical carbon dioxide increased with the increase of extraction pressure. Substantial variation was noticed in pigment composition between raw material, oleoresin and residues (powders after extraction). Chlorophyll b, chlorophyll a and the Mg-free derivatives were the dominant pigments in the raw material with other derivatives being minor constituents. After extraction with supercritical carbon dioxide at 35 °C and pressures higher than 200 bar, epimerisation and oxidation of chlorophylls lead to marked accumulation of artefacts in the residues. The content of oxidized chlorophylls was incr...

Optimization of Extraction of Wax from Flax Straw by Supercritical Carbon Dioxide

Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) extraction of wax from flax straw. SC-CO2 variables included flow rate (24.8, 35, 50, 65, and 75.2 g/min), pressure (132, 200, 300, 400, and 468 bar), and temperature (34.8, 45, 60, 75, and 85.2°C). The SC-CO2 extraction technique was optimized for the extraction of flax straw wax and its main constituents (fatty acids, alkanes, sterols, aldehydes, and wax esters). A second order polynomial model provided a good fit (R2 value of 0.90) for the yield of wax from flax straw. Canonical analysis revealed a maximum stationary point for wax yield of 1.26 g/100 g at a flow rate of 61.1 g/min, a pressure of 378 bar and a temperature of 75°C. The fatty acid and wax ester contents of flax wax were also fitted with a second order polynomial model with R2 values of 0.94 and 0.87, respectively. The temperature was found to be the most important factor affecting the recovery of wax. Linear and quadratic effects of temperature and interaction effects of temperature and pressure had a significant effect on the total wax yield and on the content of fatty acids, fatty alcohols, and sterols in the wax.

Purification of Waste Cooking Oils via Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction

Purification of waste cooking oils (palm oil and soybean oil) using supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) extraction has been investigated. The purified oils were characterized by their acid value, conjugated diene value, total polar compound measurements, and high-performance size exclusion chromatography. Using optimal extractions conditions of 353.15 K, 20 MPa, and CO2 flow rate of 40 g/min, 80% of the oil was recovered and the purified oil compositions and properties were very close to those of the fresh oils. At higher pressures or lower temperatures, the separation efficiency of the scCO2 extraction was significantly reduced.

Extraction of Melaleuca cajuputi Using Supercritic Fluid Extraction and Solvent Extraction

Extracts of Melaleuca cajuputi were obtained by supercritical (carbon dioxide) extraction and solvent (hexane) extraction methods. This work is aimed at adapting the green technology of using supercritical CO2 (SC-CO2) as solvent in a batch process to extract Melaleuca cajuputi leaves. The plant leaves were collected from Trengganu, Malaysia. Cajuputi extract analyses were performed by GC and GC/MS. The maximum yields obtained were 4.2% and 6.0%, respectively, by supercritical fluid (SFE) and solvent extraction (SE). Several compounds were identified and significant qualitative and quantitative differences were observed under different conditions. The major components of Cajuputi oil consisted of sesquiterpenes (δ-elemene, β-elemene, β-caryophyllene, α-humulene, 9-epi-β-caryophyllene), their oxygenated derivatives (viridiflorol, platyphyllol, β-eudesmol, bulnesol, (Z,Z)-farnesol and (E,E)-farnesal) and polyphenolic ketones (isoeugenitine and three unknown compounds).

Comparison of Supercritical Fluid Extraction and Solvent Extraction of Isoflavones from Soybeans

Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) with supercritical carbon dioxide and solvent extraction of isoflavones from soybeans were investigated. Extraction efficiencies under several different extraction conditions were examined. For SFE, pressure, temperature, organic modifier content, were optimized. The best extraction conditions were 55°C, 100 bar, and 7.5% ethanol modifier. Extraction recoveries of daidzein (97.3%) and genistein (98.0%) were obtained. For the solvent extraction, with 30 mL of 1 N HCL and 80% ethanol, daidzein of 676.3 µg/g and genistein of 659.9 µg/g were extracted. Data shows that SFE gives a little lower isoflavones recovery compared to conventional extraction with organic solvents. However, the SFE method has several advantages over the solvent extraction method. Sample handling steps are minimized, thus reducing possible losses of analytes and saving analysis time. No cleanup steps are employed, and no organic solvent extractions are involved in this method.

Nonequilibrium extraction of hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide from gas, with the formation of aerosols containing reaction products with ammonia and water

Nonequilibrium extraction of hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide from gas, with the formation of aerosols containing reaction products with ammonia and water