Levels Of Carbon Dioxide Emissions Research Articles

Efficiency of China's urban development under carbon emission constraints: A city-level analysis

This study explores the efficiency of China's urban development under carbon emission constraint from 1996 to 2017. Firstly, it uses the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program's Operational Linescan System (DMSP-OLS) and Suomi National Polar-Orbiting Partnership Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (NPP-VIIRS) nightlight imaging to evaluate the carbon dioxide emission levels of 249 cities in China. Then, it utilises the epsilon-based measure (EBM) superefficiency model and Global Malmquist–Luenberger (GML) index to evaluate the urbanization efficiency and changes in the total factor productivity (TFP) of urban development of the 249 cities under carbon emission constraints. Results show that from 1996 to 2017, the total carbon emissions of the 249 cities grew during a rapid development stage, while the efficiency of urban development under carbon emission constraints showed fluctuation and did not increase significantly. The redundant improvement values of government fiscal expenditure, urban employees, urban fixed asset investment, foreign direct investment, and carbon emission increased in fluctuations. From the regional spatial perspective, the urbanization efficiency of western China was the highest, followed by the northeast region, the central region, and finally the eastern region. In addition, the driving factors of TFP of urbanization in China have improved as a whole. The application of nightlight imaging data and EBM superefficiency model improves the accuracy of urban development efficiency measurement. The findings of this study can provide a scientific basis for different regions and cities of different sizes to formulate carbon emission reduction strategies, and have important policy value for improving urban development efficiency in China. In addition, the research of index system should be deepened to further improve the measurement accuracy.

Modelling the effect of renewable energy and public-private partnership in testing EKC hypothesis: Evidence from methods moment of quantile regression

Global warming is creating a distressing situation around the globe and, accordingly, requires substantial solutions. Among the potential solutions are shifting towards renewable resources and encouraging investments through Public-Private Partnership Investment (PPPI) in the green initiatives. Hence the present study explores the relationships of the aforementioned factors with the level of carbon dioxide emissions under the Environment Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis framework. Utilizing the recently developed Method of Moments of Quantile Regression (MMQR) method, the results revealed that the EKC is present only in the lower quantiles, whereas there is less probability of its presence in higher quantiles of carbon dioxide emissions. Renewable energy serves as a solution for mitigating CO2 emissions in lower and upper quantiles only, whereas, for the mid-quantiles, the relationship is insignificant. Lastly, for the case of PPPI, the relationships are similar across all of the quantiles of the CO2 emissions already discussed earlier in light of the existing studies. Based on the findings, it is recommended that the government channels more resources towards renewable energy development, whereas greater PPPIs should be made in the areas and industries that are environmentally friendly.

Effects of Trade, Environment Quality and Human Capital on Industrial Sector Output in Developing Countries: A Panel Data Analysis

The study is conducted to explore the effectiveness of various variables i.e. Trade, Environmental Quality and Human Capital on Industrial Sector Output by taking data of 63 developing economies, Panel Unit root and Panel ARDL approaches are applied for empirical results. The supporting variable are selected from theoretical support like Labor, Capital, Broad Money, GDP deflator and human capital. The study explores that Money Supply, Human Capital, Government Expenditure and Capital Stock are increasing industrial sector output, but it is reduced by Carbon Dioxide Emission, Trade Openness, Labor Force and Price Level.

Exploring the nexuses between nuclear energy, renewable energy, and carbon dioxide emissions: The role of economic complexity in the G7 countries

The G7 countries consist of some of the world's most economically developed nations. However, alongside such robust economic growth performances, the environmental qualities in these countries have simultaneously aggravated to raise deep concerns among the stakeholders. Hence, this study is designed to empirically examine the environmental effects of nuclear and renewable energy consumption, economic complexity, and economic growth in the context of the G7 countries for the period between 1995 and 2016. To ensure novelty, this study considers carbon footprints along with carbon dioxide emissions to measure environmental quality in the context of the G7 nations. The results reveal that although nuclear energy consumption is effective in mitigating carbon dioxide emissions and carbon footprints in the long run, renewable energy consumption degrades the environment in the G7 countries. Besides, the results also suggest that the G7 countries can transform their production processes in an environmentally friendly manner provided they can undergo a clean transition in energy use. Finally, economic growth is evidenced to be detrimental for the environment since higher economic growth levels are seen to boost both carbon dioxide emission and carbon footprint levels. Therefore, in line with the findings, this study recommends the G7 countries to significantly enhance their nuclear and renewable energy consumption levels, increase their economic complexity indices, and integrate environmental welfare policies within their economic growth strategies.

Pathways to securing environmentally sustainable economic growth through efficient use of energy: a bootstrapped ARDL analysis.

Oman has traditionally relied upon natural gas and oil for meeting its domestic energy demand. As a result, despite growing economically, the level of carbon dioxide emissions in Oman has persistently surged; consequently, the nation has failed to ensure environmentally sustainable economic growth. Against this background, this current study aims to explore the impacts of energy consumption, energy efficiency, and financial development on Oman's prospects of attaining environmentally sustainable growth over the 1972-2019 period. The estimation strategy is designed to take into account the structural break issues in the data. Using the carbon productivity level as an indicator of environmentally sustainable economic growth, we find long-run associations amid the study variables. Besides, higher energy consumption and greater financial development are found to impede carbon productivity while improving energy efficiency is observed to boost carbon productivity in Oman. Therefore, it is pertinent for Oman to consume low-carbon and energy-efficient fossil fuels, improve energy efficiency levels, and green its financial sector to achieve environmentally sustainable growth.

The Real Costs of Climate Change

Several reports released over the last few weeks highlight the latest climate trend metrics and the news is dismal. US carbon dioxide (CO2) emission levels are increasing to pre‐pandemic levels negating progress made over the last decade. The year 2021 was identified as the sixth warmest year on record dating back to 1880, amid a four‐decade warming trend. And costs associated with severe weather‐related disasters in the US during 2021 were more than $145 billion, the third highest costs on record.

The asymmetric effects of crops productivity, agricultural land utilization, and fertilizer consumption on carbon emissions: revisiting the carbonization-agricultural activity nexus in Nepal.

Agriculture plays an integral part in facilitating socioeconomic development in Nepal. However, it is also associated with environmental concerns which need to be controlled for the sake of ensuring environmental and agricultural sustainability in tandem. Against this backdrop, this current study aims to check whether shocks to the levels of agricultural productivity, land utilization for crop production, and fertilizer consumption influence the carbon dioxide emission figures of Nepal over the 1965-2018 period. The long-run associations between these variables are confirmed from the cointegration analysis. Besides, the outcomes from the asymmetric non-linear autoregressive distributed lag regression analysis show that crop productivity does not influence the emission levels in Nepal. However, a decline in the land area used for crop production purposes is evidenced to trigger higher emissions of carbon dioxide both in the short- and long run. On the other hand, higher fertilizer consumption is found to boost the short- and long-run carbon dioxide emission levels in Nepal. Accordingly, considering the objective of reducing agriculture-based emissions, this study recommends the Nepalese government to adopt policies that can enhance the productivity of low energy-intensive crop production, stimulate green agriculture and non-agriculture activities, and minimize the use of chemical fertilizers in arable lands.

Exploring the linkage between export diversification and ecological footprint: evidence from advanced time series estimationtechniques.

In recent literature, scholars discussed the role of export diversification in environmental quality. However, most studies analyzed the role of export diversification in influencing carbon dioxide emissions with mixed results. However, since carbon dioxide emissions specificallycapture the environmentaleffects of energy utilization, a change in the level of carbon dioxide emissions cannot be regarded as a comprehensive measure of environmental deterioration. Also, many previous studies use the original form of the Theil index to measure export diversification, and during the interpretation of the results, they disregard the fact that the lower value of the Theil index indicates higher diversification and vice versa. In this context, to address these gaps in the literature,a study on the contribution of export diversification in ecological footprint is necessary to understand the ecological impacts of export diversification. Therefore, this study analyzes the contribution of export diversification in ecological footprint covering the period between 1965 and 2017 using the STIRPAT model in the context of India which is required to fulfill the demands for resources of over 1.3 billion people. The study relied on the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis framework to understand the role of export diversification in ensuringenvironmental sustainability. Using the newly developed Augmented ARDL test, the study established that variables of interest are cointegrated. In the long-run estimation, export diversification reduces the ecological footprint of India and helps establish the inverted-U-shaped nexus between ecological footprint and economic growth.Thus, the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis was evidenced to hold for India. This important finding divulges that India can control the level of environmental footprints, and therefore decrease environmental degradation by continuously increasing export product diversification. Also, India is on the right path to achieve a reduction in ecological footprint associated with more development when accounting for export diversification in the model. Moreover, energy intensity boosts environmental deterioration, while population density reduces it. Finally, the study discusses strategies to achieve environmental sustainability through increasing export diversification.

The role of liquefied petroleum gas in decarbonizing India: fresh evidence from wavelet-partial wavelet coherence approach.

India is predominantly a fossil fuel-intensive South Asian country that has traditionally settled for higher economic gains at the expense of lower environmental quality. However, in the contemporary era, it has become essential for India to come up with viablesolutions that can enable the nation to transform its economy into a low-carbon one. Although replacing fossil fuel use with renewable energy sources is assumed to bethe ideal pathway to decarbonizing the Indian economy, achieving this cleanenergy transition involves a long-term process. Thus, the Indiangovernment should rather consider adoption of interim solutions to the environmental pollution problems faced by the nation. Against this backdrop, this study looks at whether enhancing the consumption levelof liquefied petroleum gas, a relatively cleaner fossil fuel, can help India reduce its carbon dioxide emissions figures andattain environmentally sustainable economic growth. The econometric analysis is designed as per the theoretical framework of the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis whereby the effects of economic growth on carbon dioxide emissions are examined controlling for liquefied petroleum gas consumption in the context of India between 1990 and 2018. Based on the findings from the autoregressive distributed lag model bounds testanalysis, it is witnessed that there are long-run cointegrating relationships among per capita levels of carbon dioxide emissions, real gross domestic product, and liquefied petroleum gas consumption of India. Besides, the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis is found to be valid only in the short run; however, it does not sustain in the long run since the economic growth-carbon dioxide emissions nexus is observed to follow a U-shaped relationship in the long run. Moreover, higher liquefied petroleum gas consumption is found to boost carbon dioxide emissions in the short run while reducing it in the long run. Furthermore, the findings from the wavelet and partial wavelet coherence and causality analyses also advocate in favor of promoting the use of liquefied petroleum gas in India in orderto significantlycurb theenergy use-relatedcarbon dioxide emission figures of the nation. Hence, considering these importantfindings,this study recommends that the Indian government should design policies for augmenting liquefied petroleum gas into the national energy mix and also adopt relevant green economic growth strategies in order to facilitate environmentally-sustainablegrowthof its economy.

Recent Advances of Photocatalytic Hydrogenation of CO2 to Methanol

Constantly increasing hydrocarbon fuel combustion along with high levels of carbon dioxide emissions has given rise to a global energy crisis and environmental alterations. Photocatalysis is an effective technique for addressing this energy and environmental crisis. Clean and renewable solar energy is a very favourable path for photocatalytic CO2 reduction to value-added products to tackle problems of energy and the environment. The synthesis of various products such as CH4, CH3OH, CO, EtOH, etc., has been expanded through the photocatalytic reduction of CO2. Among these products, methanol is one of the most important and highly versatile chemicals widely used in industry and in day-to-day life. This review emphasizes the recent progress of photocatalytic CO2 hydrogenation to CH3OH. In particular, Metal organic frameworks (MOFs), mixed-metal oxide, carbon, TiO2 and plasmonic-based nanomaterials are discussed for the photocatalytic reduction of CO2 to methanol. Finally, a summary and perspectives on this emerging field are provided.

Influence of the fin to baffle distance on temperature, stress distribution and fatigue life of a cooled Exhaust Gas Recirculation system

Environmental concerns and the decline of Earth's natural resources are among the most prominent issues in today's society, leading to stringent policies regarding commercial vehicle emission products, such as nitrogen oxides (NOx) and carbon dioxide (CO2) emission levels. Aiming to reduce their environmental footprint, car manufacturers have chosen to integrate the Exhaust Gas recirculation (EGR) cooler technology into their vehicles decades ago, as this is a resourceful and effective technique for reducing NOx emissions. This technique is still applied in hybrid cars and is foreseen to be used in future moved vehicles, proving its contemporaneity, adequacy, and relevancy. Nevertheless, this technology requires that different factors be considered during the design phase, such as high gas temperatures, mechanical vibrations, and other loads, as these may affect overall performance and durability. Therefore, this study aims to assess the impact of varying the inner fińs length on the applied loads and how it may affect the EGR Cooler efficiency. To this end, Computer-Aided Engineering (CAE) tools using numerical methods, such as Finite Element Method (FEM) and Finite Volume Method (FVM), were applied. This investigation revealed that varying the inner fi length affects each of the applied loads differently, and increasing the length was shown to improve the heat transfer process of the EGR; however, it also increases the thermally induced stresses at the hottest region, diminishing the fatigue resistance of the component. The advantages and disadvantages of several configurations understudy were addressed in the work carried out.

Wind Turbine Emulator: A Tool for Experimental and Computational Study

Renewable sources of energy appear to be a great solution to problems related to rising demand for electricity and the ever-growing worldwide concern about carbon dioxide emission levels as they are non-polluting, clean and abundant. Wind energy is one of the most promising forms of renewable energy. Thus, in order to further improve wind generation technology, this work presents a wind turbine emulator (WTE) capable of simulating power curves of a turbine by means of hardware-in-the-loop control. An WTE is an important tool for the development of renewable energy systems providing a controllable test environment that allows the evaluation and improvement of control schemes which is difficult to acquire in real wind turbines as wind speed is random. Thus, this paper presents the analysis, modeling and experimental implementation of a wind turbine emulator using a three-phase induction motor (TIM) driven by a frequency inverter. For this, a closed loop control of torque and speed is implemented. This control causes the TIM along with the frequency inverter to emulate the actual behavior of a wind turbine, considering variations in wind dynamics, aerodynamic phenomena, load effects and pitch angle. The control algorithm is designed via MATLAB / Simulink software and communication between the computational model and the experimental bench is ensured through the microcontroller DSP TMS320F28335. Using a torque sensor and an encoder, this model defines the torque level on the system shaft and the rotational speed of the TIM. These signals are fed back to the computational model and thus the power curve of the WTE is defined with the voltage level to be applied to the frequency inverter. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of using the TIM-frequency inverter assembly for emulating a wind turbine, since the WTE can represent a real wind turbine.

Utjecaj smola na mehanička svojstva polimernog betona

Cement manufacturing is currently responsible for one of the highest levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and energy consumption in construction industry. Thus, the use of sustainable binder materials instead of cement has become a worldwide issue. Previous studies have shown that polymers are a reliable and sustainable alternative to cement in construction, while polymer concretes (PCs) are seen as the biggest alternative to conventional cement concretes in the long term. In this study, the main objective is to investigate the effects of resins, which are used as binder components in polymer concrete, on the mechanical properties of the PCs. To achieve this, ten different orthophthalic unsaturated polyester resins (OUPR) that are commonly used in construction industry are considered, and fresh concrete tests and hardened concrete tests are performed on deck plates prepared with these resins. Based on the analysis results, each resin is given a performance index. The experimental results indicate that the type of resin has a significant impact on mechanical properties of polymer concrete.

MANAGEMENT OF XINJIANG’S OIL ENERGY AND NUCLEAR ENERGY SOURCES IN THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA (PRC) IN POST-COLD WAR

China's dependence on energy so far has been on coal. However, like other non-renewable fossil energy, the supply of coal itself is getting depleted. In addition, the PRC's dependence on coal so far has brought losses to the PRC itself, namely the high levels of carbon dioxide emissions contained in the PRC's air. This situation makes the PRC government feel the need to develop other energy sources. Considering the PRC is a country that is blessed with various energy reserves which are quite abundant, it is not too difficult for the PRC government to explore and develop these energy reserves. However, it turns out that it is not so easy to raise this issue because in some ways this energy issue has touched other sensitive aspects. For this reason, the PRC government implements an energy policy consisting of a short-term plan, a medium-term plan, and a long-term plan. The agency responsible for this is the State Planning Commission (SPC). Bringing together the supporting factors and inhibiting factors, the visible trend is that the PRC government will continue to strive to maintain its energy policy, but by making improvements that are felt to be very necessary in order to be effective. This is inseparable from the existence of the PRC's economy as well as its environment which means the existence of the country itself in the future.

Exploring the Relationship between Foreign Investments and Carbon Emission: A Bound Test Analysis for Pakistan

In this study, the theoretical and empirical effects of foreign investment, openness to trade, urbanization, and economic development on carbon dioxide emission levels (CO2) in Pakistan were examined. Annual time series for 38 years 1970-2018 were utilized. The Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bound test has been used to estimate the model which indicates the presence of cointegration among the variables. Long-run and short-run relationships were observed between Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and CO2 emission levels revealing that increase in FDI results in increased CO2 emission levels contributing to environmental degradation. This endorses the theory of Pollution Haven Hypothesis (PHH) in the case of Pakistan. To achieve the goal of sustainable economic development, it is imperative to consider the possible negative effects of foreign investment on the environment. The study suggests limiting CO2 emissions by adopting more advanced low carbon technologies to ensure growth and a sustainable environment. Strict implementation of environmental laws for foreign and domestic firms both by defining CO2 emission limits, installation of proper waste management plants, and imposing a pollution tax are crucial steps for the improvement of environmental quality.

Asymmetric effects of tourism development and green innovation on economic growth and carbon emissions in top 10 GDP countries

This study aims to evaluate the impacts of international tourism development and green technology innovation on economic growth and carbon dioxide emissions in the top 10 GDP countries between 1995 and 2018. Our preliminary findings reject the preposition of data normality, which instigate us to apply a novel method of moments quantile regression. The overall results suggest that international tourism development facilitates economic growth and increases carbon dioxide emissions asymmetrically across the different levels of economic growth and carbon dioxide emissions. Specifically, the economic growth impacts are relatively large for the comparatively more developed nations while the adverse environmental impacts are relatively larger for the comparatively less-polluted nations; thus, the tourism led-economic growth hypothesis is verified. On the other hand, green technology innovation is found to facilitate economic growth and mitigate carbon dioxide emissions, especially in the context of the relatively more developed and polluted economies.

Trade, Environment, Human Capital and Services Sector in Developing Countries: A Panel Data Analysis

Objective: This study aims to examine the influence of Trade Liberalization, Environmental Quality (CO2 Emission) on Services Sector Growth in some selected developing.
 Methodology: The estimation of the study considers panel data unit root and panel data ARDL approach. The environmental quality is represented by Carbon Dioxide Emission and trade liberalization is by trade openness.
 Findings: The results of Panel Unit Root test summarize that Panel ARDL is the most appropriate method of estimation for having Panel Coefficient values due to mixed order of integration for developing countries.
 Implications: The empirical findings of model, in Developing Countries, Labor Force, Capital Stock, Trade Openness, Money Supply, Government Expenditure and Human Capital exert upward pressure on Services Value Addition while Carbon Dioxide Emission and Price Level is putting download pressure on Services Value Addition.

TH20. PATHWAY-BASED POLYGENIC RISK SCORES USING MACHINE LEARNING CLASSIFICATION SCHEMES: APPLICATION TO BIPOLAR DISORDER

Globally, concerns continue to mount over the accelerating increase in worldwide levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and over the consequent rise in temperatures and associated adverse effects. Regulatory efforts and market incentive mechanisms to develop and deploy mitigation (GHG emission reducing) measures—from carbon taxes and emission-trading schemes to research and development and production-tax subsidies and intellectual property rights—have so far proven inadequate to control and reduce emissions. Humans are resistant to behavioral changes, and research and development and deployment (with deployment also including demonstration) of emission-reducing technologies is costly, time-consuming, and may strand valuable assets. Even with the dramatic contraction of economic activity and associated reductions of GHG emissions following lockdowns to address the COVID-19 pandemic, “no one should think that the climate crisis is therefore over—far from it” (UN Environment Programme, 2020).

Modelling the Macroeconomic Determinants of Carbon Dioxide Emissions in the G-7 Countries: The Roles of Technological Innovation and Institutional Quality Improvement

The group of seven (G-7) countries are seven of the most advanced global nations. Yet, these nations have not been able to achieve environmentally sustainable economic growth (EG) in the past. Consequently, despite growing economically, the environmental quality in the G-7 countries has persistently deteriorated. Hence, the present study examined the environmental impacts associated with EG, technological innovation, institutional quality (IQ), renewable energy consumption (RENE) and population using the carbon dioxide emission figures to measure environmental quality in the G-7 economies for the period 1996–2018. The econometric analyses involved the application of different estimation techniques that control the cross-sectional dependency and slope heterogeneity issues in the data. Overall, the results indicated that greater EG and higher population size increase environmental pollution by boosting the carbon dioxide emission levels. In contrast, technological innovation, IQ improvement, and greater RENE were found to impede the carbon dioxide emission levels. In line with these key findings, several environmental development-related policies are recommended.

Do natural gas, oil, and coal consumption ameliorate environmental quality? Empirical evidence from Russia.

Environmental degradation stemming from the combustion of conventional energy sources is not only a major factor behind climate change but it also poses an adverse impact on human health. Undoubtedly, fossil fuels are major drivers of economic growth; however, their detrimental environmental impacts are of global concern. In the literature, there is no comprehensive empirical evidence on the linkage between the use of different energy sources and carbon dioxide emissions in the context of Russia, a nation that is ranked third in the list of the top carbon dioxide-emitting global countries. Hence, this paper aims to scrutinize the relationships between oil consumption, natural gas consumption, coal consumption, and carbon dioxide emissions controlling economic growth for Russia over the 1990-2016 period. The findings from the econometric analysis indicate that carbon dioxide emissions in Russia have long-run associations with economic growth and consumption of oil, gas, and coal. The long-run elasticity estimates reveal that economic growth is not directly harming Russia's environmental quality. However, higher oil, gas, and coal consumption degrades environmental quality byboosting the level of carbon dioxide emissions in Russia. In addition, the results from the Granger causality analysis confirm the existence of both long and short-term causal connections among the variables of concern. In line with these findings, several policy recommendations to address the environmental challenges in Russia are put forward.