Carbon Deficits Research Articles

Quantification and sensitivity assessment of Chinese provincial ecological compensation in the perspective of carbon deficit redistribution

The ecological compensation mechanism is a tool for managing regional development and promoting the green economy. This paper proposes a revised model for carbon emissions and absorption based on IPCC, then analyses the spatial and temporal variations of carbon emissions, absorption, and deficit in 31 provinces of China from 2001 to 2019. A model was developed to redistribute carbon deficits and compensate for ecological imbalances, with the aim of eliminating background differences between regions. The concept of ecological compensation sensitivity was proposed, and a redundancy analysis (RDA) was conducted to detect possible influencing factors. Results indicate that: (1) The carbon deficits were relatively substantial in the centre and developed coastal regions, which were the subject regions of China’s ecological compensation. Meanwhile, the northwest and southwest regions were the object regions of ecological compensation, and the compensated object regions tended to extend towards the southeast. The majority of compensated subject areas are generally less sensitive than compensated object regions. (2) The graph of carbon deficit volume over time shows that China’s two carbon targets are closely aligned. The distribution of China’s ecological compensation amounts follows the pattern of provincial economic development levels, with higher compensation amounts concentrated in the central and coastal regions. There is a positive correlation between GDP, year, and population size with carbon emission and carbon deficit. Additionally, there is a positive correlation between year, region, and carbon absorption. (3) This compensation model can strongly incentivise the compensation subject area to proactively adjust its economic development model to cope with the significant compensation pressure. Additionally, it can fully encourage the compensation recipient area to continue adhering to the green economic development model. The conclusions of the study hold significant reference value for promoting the development of a green, low-carbon economy.

Regional Differences in Carbon Budgets and Inter-Regional Compensation Zoning: A Case Study of Chongqing, China

Carbon compensation can guide human activities in reducing carbon emissions or increasing carbon sequestration and also represents an important approach for coordinating regional development. In this paper, Chongqing Municipality, whose internal development is varied, was selected as a case study. The annual carbon emissions, carbon sequestration, carbon deficits, and inter-regional carbon compensation costs from 2000 to 2021 were continuously estimated via local optimization methods, and a carbon compensation zoning scheme was proposed that integrates the present situation and trend analysis. The results show that (1) Chongqing’s total carbon emissions were greater than the total carbon sequestration, and the carbon deficit was approximately 556.24 × 104 t~3621.58 × 104 t. (2) County-level carbon budgets have large regional differences; the counties that should always receive carbon compensation are from the southeast and northeast regions, and the counties that should always pay carbon compensation are from central urban areas and the surrounding new urban areas. (3) All the counties were zoned into key payment areas, basic payment areas, key recipient areas, and basic recipient areas. The key payment areas, which account for 39.47%, maintain and grow payment status and are the main sources of carbon compensation costs, while the key recipient areas, which account for 44.74%, maintained a negative compensation status and a continuous downward trend, meaning that they may receive increasing carbon compensation costs. This paper revealed inequities in carbon compensation and proposed a novel zoning solution, which can provide scientific reference and data support for further establishing inter-regional carbon compensation mechanisms.

Carbon surplus or carbon deficit under land use transformation in China?

With the progression of industrialization and urbanization, terrestrial ecosystems have experienced varying degrees of degradation in their carbon sequestration capabilities, leading to functional loss in some regions. Consequently, the issue of reducing emissions and enhancing carbon sinks, especially in addressing the carbon imbalance brought on by urban and industrial developments, has become a focal point for international organizations and the academic community. Existing studies have separately investigated the effects of changes in single land use types, such as built-up land, forest land, and cropland, on carbon emissions or carbon sequestration. However, few studies have discussed carbon emissions and carbon sequestration within the same framework. This study, based on remote sensing data from 2000 to 2020, utilizes spatial autocorrelation analysis and spatial Durbin model to reveal the long-term trends in land use intensity and carbon balance in China. It was found that the carbon balance index decreased annually by 3.42%, from 0.2406 to 0.0760 during that period. In particular, the eastern and central regions of China exhibited increasingly evident carbon deficits, with most areas along the southeastern coast transitioning from a carbon surplus to a carbon deficit. Over two decades, China’s land use intensity and carbon balance developed a stronger negative spatial dependence. The spatial match and mismatch between land use intensity and carbon deficit are the primary clustering types for their spatial correlation. Each unit increase in land use intensity decreased the local city carbon balance by 0.755 but raised the carbon balance in adjacent areas by 2.740. This indicates that land use intensity impacts the local carbon balance negatively but benefits neighboring regions. There is also evident spatial inequality in different economic zones, with the strongest impact in the Northeast, followed by the Western, Eastern, and Central regions. The resolution of these issues reveals the spatial inequalities and remote driving effects of land use transformation on carbon balance across different scales, from the “entire region” to “economic divisions”. The results of this study provide theoretical and empirical evidence for emissions reduction and carbon sequestration in cities at different levels of land use intensity.

Plant-microbe involvement: How manganese achieves harmonious nitrogen-removal and carbon-reduction in constructed wetlands

Carbon deficits in inflow frequently lead to inefficient nitrogen removal in constructed wetlands (CWs) treating tailwater. Solid carbon sources, commonly employed to enhance denitrification in CWs, increase carbon emissions. In this study, MnO2 was incorporated into polycaprolactone substrates within CWs, significantly enhancing NH4+-N and NO3–-N removal efficiencies by 48.26–59.78 % and 96.84–137.23 %, respectively. These improvements were attributed to enriched nitrogen-removal-related enzymes and increased plant absorption. Under high nitrogen loads (9.55 ± 0.34 g/m3/d), emissions of greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4, and N2O) decreased by 147.23–202.51 %, 14.53–86.76 %, and 63.36–87.36 %, respectively. N2O emissions were reduced through bolstered microbial nitrogen removal pathways by polycaprolactone and MnO2. CH4 accumulation was mitigated by the increased methanotrophs and dampened methanogenesis, modulated by manganese. Additionally, manganese-induced increases in photosynthetic pigment contents (21.28–64.65 %) fostered CO2 sequestration through plant photosynthesis. This research provides innovative perspectives on enhancing nitrogen removal and reducing greenhouse gas emissions in constructed wetlands with polymeric substrates.

Spatial Effects of Economic Modernization on Carbon Balance in China

Exploring the impact of economic modernization on carbon balance is an essential endeavor to achieve carbon neutrality and combat climate change. However, the spatial impact of economic modernization on carbon balance remains ambiguous. Therefore, this study aims to explore the spatial spillover effects of agricultural modernization, industrialization, and urbanization on carbon balance during the economic modernization process in China, taking 30 provinces and cities in China as examples from 2010 to 2021. This study utilizes the spatial Durbin model to derive the following results: In the past decade, the carbon balance ratio has shown a fluctuating and decreasing dynamic evolution trend. There is an increase in regions with serious carbon deficits. Further investigation into the spatial spillover effect of carbon balance unveils that for every 1% increase in the carbon balance ratio of a province, neighboring provinces experience a decrease of 0.833%. Additionally, the spatial spillover effects of the three modernizations in China on the carbon balance ratio behave differently. Agricultural modernization and urbanization demonstrate negative spatial spillover effects on the carbon balance in neighboring regions, while industrialization exerts a significant positive spatial spillover effect on the carbon balance of neighboring regions. Regarding control variables, the level of innovation solely contributes to local carbon balance realization without generating a trickle-down effect, whereas infrastructure development operates inversely. At the same time, there are differences in the spatial effects of agricultural modernization and industrialization on the carbon balance between the eastern region and the central and western regions. The study underscores the importance of economic modernization and development processes focusing on fostering synergistic growth between economic and environmental benefits within both local and neighboring areas.

Multiscale spatial-temporal evolution of energy carbon footprint in the Yellow River Basin of China based on DMSP/OLS and NPP/VIIRS integrated data.

Increased CO2 emissions from urban energy consumption pose a significant challenge to regional carbon mitigation policies. In this paper, we integrated two nighttime light (NTL) data: the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) Operational Linescan System (OLS) and the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) on the Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (NPP) composite data to estimate the energy carbon emissions from 2000 to 2019. Then the spatiotemporal dynamics of carbon footprint and deficit in the Yellow River Basin were analyzed at the provincial, municipal, and county scales combined with NPP data. The study shows that (1) the total amount of energy consumption CO2 emissions in the Yellow River Basin had increased from 1332 Mt in 2000 to 6469 Mt in 2019, but the average annual growth rate slowed down after 2010 from 11.5 to 5.61%. (2) From 2000 to 2018, the provinces with the highest carbon footprint and carbon deficit were concentrated in Inner Mongolia and Shanxi. In 2018, Inner Mongolia's carbon footprint was 1366.91 × 104 km2, accounting for 22.8% of the total. Cities with high carbon footprint were mainly economic centers and energy-intensive areas of various provinces. High-carbon deficit counties were mainly distributed in the western region. In 2018, 954 counties exhibited carbon deficits. (3) The carbon footprint in the Yellow River Basin at the municipal and county scales have a significant spatial correlation. The H-H clusters of the carbon footprint on the municipal scale were distributed in the middle reaches of the Yellow River Basin. At the county scale, the L-L clusters were mainly in Sichuan and eastern Henan regions. Through the analysis of the spatial and temporal evolution of carbon footprint and carbon deficit in the Yellow River Basin, it is significant to measure the degree of comprehensive coordination of carbon sources and sinks in the basin, to grasp the differences in the level of regional carbon emissions, and to promote synergistic regional governance, assist in the formulation of more precise carbon emission reduction policies, and to promote green and high-quality development.

Persistent soil organic carbon deficits from converting primary forests to plantations and secondary forests in subtropical China

Soil organic carbon (SOC) plays a critical role in supporting key ecosystem functions and services for humanity. Despite the widespread conversion of primary forests to plantations and secondary forests, it remains uncertain how it affects the content and distribution of SOC. We evaluated SOC content, its components in two fractions, particulate organic carbon (a mean residence time shorter than decades) and mineral-associated organic carbon (a mean residence time of multiple decades to centuries), and the fine root characteristics (biomass, necromass, and C: N of dead fine roots) across Chinese fir plantations and secondary forests during stand development (5–41 years old) in subtropical China, employing primary forests as a reference. We found that SOC content differed significantly between forest types and soil depths, but not with stand age within plantations or secondary forests. In the topsoil (0–10 cm), the SOC content of primary and secondary forests was 47 % and 25 % higher than that of Chinese fir plantations, respectively. The SOC content in the subsoil (40–60 cm) was approximately 6 ± 1.7 mg C g−1 and did not change significantly with forest types or stand ages. The higher SOC contents in primary forests and secondary forests in topsoil resulted primarily from particulate organic carbon accumulation caused by higher fine root biomass and dead root C: N. The fraction of mineral-associated organic carbon to SOC increased with soil depth and was higher in Chinese fir plantations than in secondary forests, suggesting that more SOC is composed of mineral-associated organic carbon that was associated with a higher amount of fine root necromass. Contrary to our expectations, we found SOC content or its fractions did not increase with 40 years of plantation and secondary forest development. Our results reveal persistent SOC deficits from converting primary forests to plantations and secondary forests and highlight the urgent need to conserve the remaining primary forests and protect secondary forests and plantations from disturbances, allowing them to evolve towards older-aged primary forests.

Carbon emission quotas and a reduction incentive scheme integrating carbon sinks for China's provinces: An equity perspective

Allocation of carbon emission rights, which is fundamental to incentive mechanisms such as quota trading, carbon sink construction, and emission reduction, and related to the development space of some traditional industries, must balance efficiency and equity with economic benefit and environmental protection. We apply the entropy right method and integrate the four principles of fairness, responsibility, efficiency, and security from an equity perspective to analyze the allocation of carbon quotas among China's provinces. We integrated carbon sinks and carbon emission rights into the same accounting system to comprehensively identify surplus space, and use it to propose carbon offset and carbon emission rights trading scheme. An empirical study of China's provinces revealed that the carbon-sink-based allocation scheme achieved compensation from developed provinces with carbon deficits to less-developed provinces with carbon surplus. From an equity perspective, the emission reduction scheme realizes the original intentions of making developed regions take greater responsibility for emission reduction, giving less-developed regions scope for emission reduction and strengthening penalties for excessive carbon emissions. The findings reflect the direct impact of carbon sinks on carbon emission rights allocation and encourage the construction of carbon sinks while contributing to coordinated regional development.

Spatiotemporal evolution and influence mechanism of the carbon footprint of energy consumption at county level in the Yellow River Basin

Implementing emission reduction policies at county level is important to realize high-quality development in the Yellow River Basin and achieve national “carbon peaking” and “carbon neutrality” goals. Based on remote-sensing data of night light, net primary productivity, and land use, the present study utilized the light‑carbon conversion and carbon footprint measurement models to quantify the carbon footprint of energy consumption. An exploratory spatiotemporal data analysis method was implemented to analyze the spatiotemporal evolution path. Panel quantile regression and spatiotemporal transition-nested models were used to reveal the influence mechanism of the spatiotemporal evolution of the carbon footprint. The following results were obtained. (1) The carbon footprint of counties increased from 2001 to 2020. Counties with high‑carbon footprint diffused around the “one center and two axes”. Carbon-deficit counties exhibited a diffused trend towards the west. In 2020, 506 counties exhibited carbon deficits, and the carbon balance of the ecosystem was severely unbalanced. (2) The carbon footprint showed evident path dependence and Matthew effect. The high‑carbon footprint lock-in area comprising 177 counties is a challenging zone for governance. The 86 counties that exhibit carbon footprint changes are the key zones to drive the carbon footprint changes in the Basin. The change direction of the county's carbon footprint type, with evident spatial correlation characteristics, is in accordance with adjacent counties. (3) The carbon footprint spatiotemporal transition types and influence mechanisms in counties exhibited significant differences, with the coexistence of low-carbon footprint driving, low-carbon footprint restriction, high-carbon footprint driving and high-carbon footprint restriction modes. As the influence mechanisms of different modes and the paths to achieve “dual carbon” goals are different, the governance of different modes should focus on optimizing and strengthening restriction factors or controlling and improving of driving factors.

Identifying rotation and tillage practices that maintain or enhance soil carbon and its relation to soil health

Physical fractions of soil organic matter (SOM) are established indicators of management-induced change and have been used to estimate the soil carbon storage capacity and storage potential. Here, we use SOM physical fractions and soil textures to identify management practices that maintain or enhance soil health and carbon storage in agricultural soils in Ontario. Metadata from the National Soil Database were used to estimate carbon storage potentials and calculate carbon deficits. A map was created showing carbon deficits in Ontario's agricultural soils and indicates that these soils have the potential to store an additional 0 to 2 kg m−2 in the top 20 cm of the soil. Tillage system generally had no effect on the size of the carbon deficit at four long-term agricultural experiments (Delhi, Elora, Ottawa, and Ridgetown). There was only a significant tillage effect at Ridgetown and only in the maize–soybean crop rotation, where the carbon deficit was 2.95 g C kg soil−1 under conventional tillage compared to 8.97 g C kg soil−1 with no tillage. A statistically significant effect of crop rotation was detected in Elora and Ridgetown. In Elora, continuous alfalfa had the smallest carbon deficit (7.25 g C kg soil−1) and maize–soybean rotation had the largest deficit (12.07 g C kg soil−1). In Ridgetown, the maize–soybean rotation had the smallest carbon deficit (2.95 g C kg soil−1). Regression analysis showed a weak negative relationship ( R2 = 0.11; P < 0.001) between carbon storage deficits and soil health scores. This suggests that increasing SOM levels alone may not improve soil health.

Influencing factors of the supply-demand relationships of carbon sequestration and grain provision in China: Does land use matter the most?

The provision of ecosystem services (ESs) such as carbon sequestration and grain provision are critical components to sustainable development. Reaching carbon neutrality generally requires the growing carbon sequestration of forest land, and feeding a growing population needs an expansion of cultivated land. However, limited land resources may lead to a contradiction between the carbon sequestration and grain provision. China has proposed long-term and large-scale land use programs, and exploring whether these land use policies are effective for ES sustainable provision would be instructive for future policy implications. This study integrated multi-source data in the socioecological dimension to determine the extent by which land use and land use change influence the supply-demand mismatches of carbon (carbon sequestration and emission) and grain (grain provision and consumption) in China at the provincial level. The result showed that the total quantity of carbon emissions surpassed carbon sequestration and the grain provision could cover the consumption from 2000 to 2015. Spatially, southeastern coastal provinces had higher grain deficits and northeast provinces had higher carbon deficits. This study further detected the influencing factors of the mismatches between the supply and demand of the two ESs. Excluding land use factors, our results showed that social factors contributed 38% and 47% to the supply-demand mismatches of carbon and grain, respectively, and natural factors contributed 39% and 15%, respectively. During 2000–2005, 2005–2010, and 2010–2015, cropland changes significantly affected grain balance, while forest land changes did not significantly affect carbon balance. These results indicated that cropland protections are vital to food safety, and carbon emission reductions should be the focus for carbon balance. Finally, this study makes policy suggestions for land use and ecosystem management, and a future research framework was proposed to help mitigate ES supply-demand imbalance.

Soil Organic Carbon Deficits from Converting Primary Forests to Plantations and Secondary Forests in Subtropical China

Soil Organic Carbon Deficits from Converting Primary Forests to Plantations and Secondary Forests in Subtropical China

Soil organic carbon saturation in cropland-grassland systems: Storage potential and soil quality

Reliable estimations of soil organic carbon (SOC) deficits in agroecosystems are crucial in evaluating the atmospheric C sequestration potential of agricultural soils and supporting management decisions. Nonetheless, the co-benefit on soil quality resulting from SOC accrual is rarely considered. Here, we assessed SOC saturation and soil physical quality in permanent grasslands (PG) and croplands (CR) by applying the C-saturation concept and the SOC:clay ratio as an indicator of soil physical quality to a set of long-term monitoring sites in western Switzerland. For this goal, we produced a new relationship between the silt + clay (SC) particles and the C stored in the mineral-associated fraction (MAOMC) and we assessed the assumption that grasslands can be used as C-saturated reference sites. The saturation in PG was not coincidental as it depended on the C accrual history. Hence, PG with the lowest MAOMC have not reached their C-saturation level and present a potential SOC storage under optimal management. The MAOMC saturation in CR was low (62 ± 4%) and corresponded to a deficit of −8.8 ± 1.2 mg C g−1 soil as compared to the current level in PG. The saturation was mainly affected by the proportion of temporary grassland in the crop rotation. The relative distribution of C between MAOM (∼80%) and the fine and coarse particulate organic matter (POM) was not affected by land-use types. The MAOMC saturation in this study (MAOMC = 0.372 × SC + 4.23) was similar to that reported in the litterature, but discrepancies appeared when the silt and clay contents were considered separately. SC was by far the main factor explaining MAOMC amount in PG (semi-partial R2: 0.66). In contrast to other studies, the C content of MAOM in PG (43 mg C g−1 SC) was not related to the SC content, suggesting a fixed maximal value in C-saturated soils. Nonetheless, MAOMC saturation may be underestimated as the least saturated PG might still accumulate MAOMC. Finally, the SOC:clay ratio was correlated with MAOMC saturation level in CR, but not in PG suggesting that targeting SOC accrual in CR optimizes the benefits between soil C storage and soil quality.

Spatial-temporal characteristics and decoupling effects of China’s carbon footprint based on multi-source data

In 2007, China surpassed the USA to become the largest carbon emitter in the world. China has promised a 60%–65% reduction in carbon emissions per unit GDP by 2030, compared to the baseline of 2005. Therefore, it is important to obtain accurate dynamic information on the spatial and temporal patterns of carbon emissions and carbon footprints to support formulating effective national carbon emission reduction policies. This study attempts to build a carbon emission panel data model that simulates carbon emissions in China from 2000–2013 using nighttime lighting data and carbon emission statistics data. By applying the Exploratory Spatial-Temporal Data Analysis (ESTDA) framework, this study conducted an analysis on the spatial patterns and dynamic spatial-temporal interactions of carbon footprints from 2001–2013. The improved Tapio decoupling model was adopted to investigate the levels of coupling or decoupling between the carbon emission load and economic growth in 336 prefecture-level units. The results show that, firstly, high accuracy was achieved by the model in simulating carbon emissions. Secondly, the total carbon footprints and carbon deficits across China increased with average annual growth rates of 4.82% and 5.72%, respectively. The overall carbon footprints and carbon deficits were larger in the North than that in the South. There were extremely significant spatial autocorrelation features in the carbon footprints of prefecture-level units. Thirdly, the relative lengths of the Local Indicators of Spatial Association (LISA) time paths were longer in the North than that in the South, and they increased from the coastal to the central and western regions. Lastly, the overall decoupling index was mainly a weak decoupling type, but the number of cities with this weak decoupling continued to decrease. The unsustainable development trend of China’s economic growth and carbon emission load will continue for some time.

Not seeing the carbon for the trees? Why area-based targets for establishing new woodlands can limit or underplay their climate change mitigation benefits

Area-based targets for afforestation are a frequent and prominent component of policy discourses on forestry, land use and climate change emissions abatement. Such targets imply an expected contribution of afforestation to the net reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, yet the nature of afforestation undertaken and its geographical distribution means that there is considerable uncertainty over the eventual emission reductions outcomes. This uncertainty is reduced if the net carbon balance is calculated for all potential afforestation sites, considering climate, soil characteristics and the possible types of afforestation (species and management regimes). To quantify the range of possible emissions outcomes for area-based afforestation targets, a new spatial analysis method was implemented. This improved the integration of spatial data on antecedent land use with mapped outputs from forest models defining the suitability and productivity of eleven forestry management alternatives. This above ground carbon data was then integrated with outputs from the ECOSSE (Estimation of Carbon in Organic Soils – Sequestration and Emissions) model which simulates the soil carbon dynamics. The maps and other model output visualisations combining above and below ground carbon highlight where net carbon surpluses and deficits are likely to occur, how long they persist after afforestation and their relationships with antecedent land use, soils, weather conditions and afforestation management strategies. Using more productive land classes delivers more net sequestration per hectare and could mean greater carbon storage than anticipated by emissions reduction plans. Extensive establishment of lower yielding trees on low-quality ground, with organo-mineral soils could, though, result in net emissions that persist for decades. From the spatial analysis, the range of possible outcomes for any target area of planting is substantial, meaning that outcomes are highly sensitive to policy and implementation decisions on the mix of forestry systems preferred and to spatial targeting or exclusions (both at regional and local scales). The paper highlights the importance of retaining the existing presumption against planting of deep peat areas, but also that additional incentives or constraints may be needed to achieve the aggregate rates of emission mitigation implied by policy commitments. Supplementary carbon storage tonnage targets for new forestry would introduce a floor for carbon sequestration outcomes, but would still allow for flexibility in achieving an appropriate balance in the trade-offs between carbon sequestration and the many other objectives that new woodlands are expected to deliver.

Short- and long-term responses of riparian cottonwoods (Populus spp.) to flow diversion: Analysis of tree-ring radial growth and stable carbon isotopes

Long duration tree-ring records with annual precision allow for the reconstruction of past growing conditions. Investigations limited to the most common tree-ring proxy of ring width can be difficult to interpret, however, because radial growth is affected by multiple environmental processes. Furthermore, studies of living trees may miss important effects of drought on tree survival and forest changes. Stable carbon isotopes can help distinguish drought from other environmental factors that influence tree-ring width and forest stand condition. We quantified tree-ring radial expansion and stable carbon isotope ratios (δ13C) in riparian cottonwoods (Populus angustifolia and P. angustifolia x P.trichocarpa) along Snake Creek in Nevada, USA. We investigated how hydrological drought affected tree growth and death at annual to half-century scales in a partially dewatered reach (DW) compared to reference reaches immediately upstream and downstream. A gradual decline in tree-ring basal area increment (BAI) began at DW concurrent to streamflow diversion in 1961. BAI at DW diverged from one reference reach immediately but not from the other until nearly 50 years later. In contrast, tree-ring δ13C had a rapid and sustained increase following diversion at DW only, providing the stronger and clearer drought signal. BAI and δ13C were not significantly correlated prior to diversion; after diversion they both reflected drought and were correlated for DW trees only. Cluster analyses distinguished all trees in DW from those in reference reaches based on δ13C, but BAI patterns left trees intermixed across reaches. Branch and tree mortality were also highest and canopy vigor was lowest in DW. Results indicate that water scarcity strongly limited cottonwood photosynthesis following flow diversion, thus reducing carbon assimilation, basal growth and survival. The dieback was not sudden, but occurred over decades as carbon deficits mounted and depleted streamflow left trees increasingly vulnerable to local meteorological drought.

China’s intra- and inter-national carbon emission transfers by province: A nested network perspective

Since China carries an increasingly significant responsibility in carbon emission reduction, a systematic assessment from the multi-scale and multi-regional perspective is essential to examine the region-specific carbon emissions and different kinds of carbon transfer patterns. By identifying carbon emission flows among 31 domestic provincial administrative regions and 184 foreign countries/economies, this work examines the domestic and foreign carbon emission flows of Chinese provinces/municipalities based on the intra- and inter-national relations. Overall, the provinces and municipalities in China are divided into 4 patterns according to carbon emission flows, among which inland provinces mainly engage in domestic carbon emission transfers, western regions generally receive carbon emissions with main carbon outflows in northeastern and central provinces, and coastal regions play an essential role in balancing carbon emission surpluses and deficits between domestic and foreign regions. For different sub-regions in China, recognizing carbon emission transfer relations contributes to the synergetic and sustainable regional development from a tele-connected perspective. With the nested network analysis, the multi-scale and multi-regional assessments focusing upon China’s provinces and municipalities extend the existing research to both national and global scales, providing a solid foundation for sustainable regional development in China.

The Identification of Hydrogen-deficient Cataclysmic Variable Donor Stars* †

Abstract We have used ATLAS12 to generate hydrogen-deficient stellar atmospheres to allow us to construct synthetic spectra to explore the possibility that the donor stars in some cataclysmic variables (CVs) are hydrogen deficient. We find that four systems, AE Aqr, DX And, EY Cyg, and QZ Ser, have significant hydrogen deficits. We confirm that carbon and magnesium deficits, and sodium enhancements, are common among CV donor stars. The three Z Cam systems we observed are found to have solar metallicities and no abundance anomalies. Two of these objects, Z Cam and AH Her, have M-type donor stars—much cooler than expected, given their long orbital periods. By using the combination of equivalent width measurements and light curve modeling, we have developed the ability to account for contamination of the donor star spectra by other luminosity sources in the binary. This enables more realistic assessments of secondary star metallicities. We find that the use of equivalent width measurements should allow for robust metallicities and abundance anomalies to be determined for CVs with M-type donor stars.

Late‐summer biogeochemistry in the Mertz Polynya: East Antarctica

AbstractA marked reconfiguration of the Mertz Polynya following the 2010 calving of the Mertz Glacier Tongue has been associated with a decrease in the size and activity of the polynya. We report observations of the oceanic carbonate (CO2) system in late‐summer 2013, the third post‐calving summer season. Estimates of seasonal net community production (NCP) based on inorganic carbon deficits and the oxygen‐argon ratio indicate that the waters on the shelf to the east of Commonwealth Bay (adjacent to the Mertz Glacier) remain productive compared to pre‐calving conditions. The input of residual or excess alkalinity from melting sea ice is found to contribute to the seasonal enhancement of carbonate saturation state and pH in shelf waters. Mean rates of NCP in 2012–2013 are more than twice as large as those observed in the pre‐calving summers of 2001 and 2008 and suggest that the new (post‐calving) configuration of the polynya favors enhanced net community production and a stronger surface ocean sink for atmospheric CO2 due at least in part to the redistribution of sea ice and associated changes in summer surface stratification.

Determinations of the 12C/13C Ratio for the Secondary Stars of AE Aquarii, SS Cygni, and RU Pegasi*

Abstract We present new moderate-resolution near-infrared spectroscopy of three CVs obtained using GNIRS on Gemini-North. These spectra covered three 13CO bandheads found in the K-band, allowing us to derive the isotopic abundance ratios for carbon. We find small 12C/13C ratios for all three donor stars. In addition, these three objects show carbon deficits, with AE Aqr being the most extreme ([C/Fe] = −1.4). This result confirms the conjecture that the donor stars in some long-period CVs have undergone considerable nuclear evolution prior to becoming semi-contact binaries. In addition to the results for carbon, we find that the abundance of sodium is enhanced in these three objects, and the secondary stars in both RU Peg and SS Cyg suffer magnesium deficits. Explaining such anomalies appears to require higher mass progenitors than commonly assumed for the donor stars of CVs.