Carbon Capture, Utilization, And Storage Research Articles

From carrot to stick – the impact of a changing landscape of CCS policy and funding in Australia since 1999

Since 1999 successive Australian Commonwealth governments have provided direct funding for carbon capture, utilisation and storage (CCUS) projects, notably the carbon capture and storage (CCS) Flagships Fund (Rudd government, 2009). The most recent CCUS Hubs and Technologies Fund (Morrison government, 2022) was later revoked (Albanese government, 2022) marking a shift from direct funding (‘carrot’) to emission reduction through a strengthening of the Safeguard Mechanism, the introduction of a 43% emissions reduction target by 2030, and the establishment of the Net Zero Authority (‘stick’). Reports such as the ‘Net Zero Mobilisation Report’, have delineated the need for, and size of, the role of CCUS in Australia, especially for hard-to-abate sectors and the report states ‘private investment in a CCUS industry requires targeted government support’ i.e. funding. As government focus moves from direct funding support for CCS to CCU and direct air capture (DAC), the development of underground geological storage of carbon dioxide will be largely left to fossil fuel emitters, especially large liquefied natural gas (LNG) companies, reflected in current Western Australian government policy (Cook government, 2023) to develop CCS strategy as part of the LNG Jobs Taskforce. The only current exception is CarbonNet, operated by the Victorian government and one of the early CCS Flagship funded projects.

Reliable local renewable power decarbonising offshore energy

Reliable local renewable power generation enables more environmentally and economically viable operations, to meet with the challenge of renewable energy intermittency and energy security. The Renewables for Subsea Power (RSP) project support targets towards Net Zero Targets by providing a full solution to generate low carbon, cost-effective, power and communications to remote locations in the offshore energy industry. The development of the RSP system is a collaborative project led by three UK-based companies in partnership with wider industry engagement from operators and the Aberdeen-based Net Zero Technology Centre. Carbon capture, utilisation and storage (CCUS) is set to play a key role in the energy transition. CCUS developments will incorporate all-electric subsea systems that can benefit from the RSP solution. This first of a kind integrated solution will contribute significantly to the generation of clean energy in the petroleum industry using a Wave Energy Converter and seabed battery energy storage for production control applications. The various applications that would benefit from the cost and CO2 savings from deploying the system, compared to traditional methods, include umbilical remediation, brownfield expansion, long offsets, CCUS, and Autonomous Underwater Vehicle residency. For CCUS projects key advantages are a specific design catered towards simplified controls architecture (e.g. electric controls), and the ability to offer an alternative to direct current fibre-optic from shore. A full system demonstrator deployment commenced in Feb-23 and has demonstrated system capability to power subsea equipment and an Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV). Trials continue through 2024.

Commercialising carbon capture and storage – how much does regulatory certainty truly matter?

With carbon capture, utilisation and storage (CCUS) technology advancement reaching a point of scalability, there is a desperate need for global regulatory and legislative frameworks to support large-scale commercialisation. With various economies at differing stages of updating their policy and regulatory frameworks, the impact on investment into large-scale CCUS projects is an area worth interrogating to understand whether regulatory certainty has material impact on viability of a CCUS project, or whether the bulk of the project economics are still driven by traditional cost components. This paper seeks to undertake a literature review of current regulatory and policy frameworks such as the US Inflation Reduction Act 2022 and Australia’s Safeguard Mechanism to undertake a relative comparison of the two leading regulatory policies on large-scale carbon capture and storage. This paper will also undertake a comparison of a theoretical large-scale carbon capture and storage project subject to each type of regulatory condition to estimate the potential impact on project viability in each scenario. The aim of the paper is to understand the magnitude of impact that regulatory policies can have on commercialisation of a large-scale CCUS project.

Hydrogen and carbon capture utilisation and storage policy for progress on climate change mitigation

This paper highlights the need for Australia to enhance its climate change policies, arguing that the introduction of Contracts for Difference (CfD) policy mechanisms is an appropriate successor to Hydrogen Headstart and would support the development of hydrogen and carbon capture, utilisation and storage (CCUS) industries. CfDs are financial agreements designed to provide price certainty, support investment, and bridge the cost gap between new and established technologies. With explanation of different CfD structures and examples from other countries the paper argues that implementing CfDs could attract investors, provide confidence to the sector, and ultimately help Australia meet its climate change obligations.

Benedict–Webb–Rubin–Starling Equation of State + Hydrate Thermodynamic Theories: An Enhanced Prediction Method for CO2 Solubility and CO2 Hydrate Phase Equilibrium in Pure Water/NaCl Aqueous Solution System

Accurately predicting the phase behavior and physical properties of carbon dioxide (CO2) in pure water/NaCl mixtures is crucial for the design and implementation of carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) technology. However, the prediction task is complicated by CO2 liquefaction, CO2 hydrate formation, multicomponent and multiphase coexistence, etc. In this study, an improved method that combines Benedict–Webb–Rubin–Starling equation of state (BWRS EOS) + hydrate thermodynamic theories was proposed to predict CO2 solubility and phase equilibrium conditions for a mixed system across various temperature and pressure conditions. By modifying the interaction coefficients in BWRS EOS and the Van der Waals–Platteeuw model, this new method is applicable to complex systems containing two liquid phases and a CO2 hydrate phase, and its high prediction accuracy was verified through a comparative evaluation with a large number of reported experimental data. Furthermore, based on the calculation results, the characteristics of CO2 solubility and the variation of phase equilibrium conditions of the mixture system were discussed. These findings highlight the influence of hydrates and NaCl on CO2 solubility characteristics and clearly demonstrate the hindrance of NaCl to the formation of CO2 hydrates. This study provides valuable insights and fundamental data for designing and implementing CCUS technology that contribute to addressing global climate change and environmental challenges.

A new model to predict the small-hole decompression process of long CO2 pipeline

CO2 pipeline transportation is considered as an economical and safe way of moving large quantities of CO2 in Carbon Capture Utilization and Storage (CCUS) projects. However, design and planning of CO2 pipelines passing through populated areas require careful risk assessment of accidental pipeline failure scenarios leading to CO2 pipeline decompression. In this study, a new zero-dimensional multi-stage outflow model describing transient decompression of CO2 is developed. The model accounts for the experimentally observed liquid level variation along the pipeline and uses the liquid volume fraction threshold parameter (αt) to mark the end of the saturated liquid flow decompression stage. Besides, the Lee model is applied to describe the mass transfer in gas-liquid phases. The model was validated against experimental data obtained large-scale pipeline decompression tests and can be recommended for simulation of outflow of supercritical and liquid CO2 from pipelines longer than 258 m and the orifice-to-pipeline diameter ratios smaller than 0.21. The advantage of this model lies in its use of the relatively simple Vessel Blowdown Model (VBM) to accurately model the depressurization process. It addresses the inconvenience posed by the heavy computational burden of high-dimensional models when predicting long-duration leakages in large-capacity pipelines.

Research on carbon dioxide capture materials used for carbon dioxide capture, utilization, and storage technology: a review.

In recent years, climate change has increasingly become one of the major challenges facing mankind today, seriously threatening the survival and sustainable development of mankind. Dramatically increasing carbon dioxide concentrations are thought to cause a severe greenhouse effect, leading to severe and sustained global warming, associated climate instability and unwelcome natural disasters, melting glaciers and extreme weather patterns. The treatment of flue gas from thermal power plants uses carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) technology, one of the most promising current methods to accomplish significant CO2 emission reduction. In order to implement the technological and financial system of CO2 capture, which is the key technology of CCUS technology and accounts for 70-80% of the overall cost of CCUS technology, it is crucial to create more effective adsorbents. Nowadays, with the development and application of various carbon dioxide capture materials, it is necessary to review and summarize carbon dioxide capture materials in time. In this paper, the main technologies of CO2 capture are reviewed, with emphasis on the latest research status of CO2 capture materials, such as amines, zeolites, alkali metals, as well as emerging MOFs and carbon nanomaterials. More and more research on CO2 capture materials has used a variety of improved methods, which have achieved high CO2 capture performance. For example, doping of layered double hydroxides (LDH) with metal atoms significantly increases the active site on the surface of the material, which has a significant impact on improving the CO2 capture capacity and performance stability of LDH. Although many carbon capture materials have been developed, high cost and low technology scale remain major obstacles to CO2 capture. Future research should focus on designing low-cost, high-availability carbon capture materials.

Optimum operation condition of fluidized-bed homogeneous crystallization technology for the recovery of carbon dioxide captured in flue gas

The decarbonization of industry, particularly in "hard-to-decarbonize" sectors like combustion plants, poses a significant challenge due to the limited availability of low-carbon options. Carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) offers a promising solution to this challenge. Chemical precipitation is one method of converting CO2 into precipitated mineral carbonates, which can be stored and converted into valuable materials. This study explores fluidized-bed homogeneous crystallization (FBHC) technology for recovering carbonate from simulated CO2-enriched flue gas, resulting in stable calcium carbonate granules. Factors such as pH, carbonate concentration, reactor type, and reactants significantly impact carbonate removal and crystallization efficiency. Optimal conditions were found at 0.086 M input carbonate concentration, pH 9.0, and using a two-stage reactor, achieving 99.9 % removal and 93.2 % crystallization efficiency. Potassium-based absorbents yield higher crystalline intensity and larger granules compared to sodium. X-ray diffractometry confirms the composition of calcium carbonates, demonstrating FBHC's effectiveness for CO2 capture and storage. Utilizing calcium carbonate granules for carbon dioxide sequestration can potentially reduce emissions, pending resolution of investment and feasibility challenges.

Experimental study of leakage characteristics and risk prediction of N2-containing dense-phase CO2 pipelines in real transportation conditions

In the background of pipelines being widely used as a critical transportation chain for the carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) process, studying the leak diffusion characteristics and risks of high-pressure impure CO2 pipelines in real transportation conditions is critical for process safety. Due to the limitations of the capture process and economic cost, the CO2 used for sequestration contains impurities in the range of 3% molar ratio, mainly N2. In this paper, the first leakage experiments involving dense-phase CO2 with a 3% molar ratio of N2 impurity were conducted on a large CO2 pipeline (258m long and 233mm inner diameter) using initial leakage orifices of 50mm and 100mm. Data concerning the thermodynamic properties of the impurity-containing leakage source were gathered for the analysis of phase transitions and flow alterations within the pipeline, as well as near-field temperature and the progression of the far-field concentration. The pressure-temperature curve in the pipe shifted along the dew line and then slowly shifted to the saturation line of pure CO2 with the influence of N2 impurities during the multiphase leakage phase. In the near-field region, cryogenic diffusion was governed by the boundary of the jet, with the control distance decreasing as the leakage orifice increased. In addition, an accurate prediction model of CO2 concentration on the leak axis was established based on the virtual source theory and the concentration decay law, and the predicted locations of CO2 concentrations at the 5% were 169m and 210m. As the leak orifice increases, the risk of low temperatures and high concentrations escalates, albeit with a sharp decrease in duration. These data provide accurate leakage characteristics and risk assessment for safely operating high-pressure CO2 processes under real conditions with impurities.

Deriving a Framework of Science and Technology Cooperation for Responding to Climate Change with Developed Countries: The Case of the ROK-UK Cooperation

Climate technology is one of the most crucial factors of mitigating greenhouse gas emission and attaining carbon neutrality. The Republic of Korea (ROK) and the United Kingdom (UK) have strengthened science and technology cooperation while climate technology has not been actively discussed so far. This study aimed to suggest a preliminary framework of cooperation on climate technology by analyzing national strategies and official cooperation activities. The national strategies and plans in terms of climate technologies were analyzed to derive common technological interest of the ROK and the UK. Technologies in sectors of energy conversion, building, transportation, agriculture·livestock·fishery, hydrogen, carbon sink, and carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) were identified. Network establishment and joint research and development (R&D) program were defined as main modalities of bilateral cooperation, according to a quantitative analysis on official announcement of the ROK on the cooperations. The methodology of this study is expected to be efficient and relevant as the official and public information·data had been utilized to identify common technological interests and to derive modality of cooperation. We hope this preliminary framework of cooperation on climate technology can contribute to facilitating and mainstreaming bilateral climate technology cooperation.

Lifecycle carbon footprints of buildings and sustainability pathways in China

The Paris Agreement, with a 2 °C temperature increase baseline and a 1.5 °C target temperature increase, imposes challenges to the sustainability of buildings. However, as an end-user or end-of-the-art, the building sector overlaps with other sectors, such as industry and transportation in building materials manufacturing (such as steel, concrete, cement, etc. ) and electricity use (such as building-to-vehicle charging), imposing difficulties in lifecycle carbon footprint quantification in buildings. In this study, the lifecycle carbon footprint of buildings and sustainability pathways in China are provided. Tools and platforms for lifecycle carbon footprint quantification in buildings are reviewed. A global database for lifecycle carbon footprint quantification in buildings is reviewed and compared, together with an analysis of the advantages and disadvantages. Furthermore, decarbonization technologies in the building operation stage are comprehensively reviewed, including the decarbonization potential, technology readiness level (TRL), techno-economic performance, and current technical status. Pathways on carbon neutrality in building sectors in China are provided. The results indicate that inconsistencies in global databases, unclear definitions of lifecycle carbon emissions, and inaccurate models of building energy consumption are the main challenges for accurate lifecycle carbon analysis in buildings. Various carbon neutrality transformation technologies can be classified into ultralow energy building and near zero-energy building technologies and into efficient heat pump and smart metering technologies. Pathways for low-carbon transition in building sectors include building energy saving (330 million tCO2 with 22%), renewable energy supply (299 million tCO2 with 20%), building electrification and power sector decarbonization (450 million tCO2 with 30%), and carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) technology (420 million tCO2 with 28%). These research results can pave the way for upcoming studies on the lifecycle carbon footprint in buildings and sustainability pathways in China.

Efficient Absorption of CO2 by Protic-Ionic-Liquid Based Deep Eutectic Solvents.

Carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) are among the key technologies to achieve large-scale carbon emission reduction globally. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are considered as designable solvents, which has attracted intensive attention for CO2 capture. Here, a series of binary DESs are synthesized through one-step mixing with the starting materials of protic ionic liquid (PIL) and amine. The eutectic behavior was investigated by measuring the melting point of PILs and amine. The saturated vapor of these DESs and industrial MDEA solution were measured and compared. These DESs are investigated to have high absorption capacity (0.1 g ⋅ g-1 at 1.0 bar and 25 °C), superior apparent absorption rate constant (0.381 min-1 vs 0.012 min-1 of 70 wt.% MDEA), moderate interaction with CO2 (the enthalpy change is as low as -34.8 kJ ⋅ mol-1). The absorption mechanism is also investigated by NMR analysis. Eight absorption/desorption regeneration experiments are carried out to show their reversibility. Considering the advantages, including convenience of synthesis, large absorption capacity, fast absorption rate, and moderate interaction energy as well as good regeneration, these DESs are believed to be as potential CO2 absorbent in practical applications.

Toward a Green Energy System: How Does Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage Technology Innovation Promote Green Total Factor Productivity?

Abstract Using a panel data set from 2007 to 2019, we empirically evaluate the impact of carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) technology innovation on green total factor productivity (GTFP). The findings show that (1) CCUS technology innovation significantly improves GTFP. (2) CCUS technology innovation significantly contributes to GTFP by promoting industrial structure upgrading and carbon emissions efficiency. (3) Environmental regulation plays a positive moderating role in the nexus between CCUS technology innovation and GTFP. The findings of this paper provide guidance for China to achieve green energy transition and build a green energy system.

High-efficiency thermal reduction of CO2 to high-valued carbon nanotubes

To reduce the amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) already emitted into the atmosphere, various carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) technologies have been developed for climate and economic reasons in recent years. However, the state of art CCUS techniques suffer from deficiencies such as high cost, low yield, and harsh and discontinuous production conditions. In this work, we report a new thermal reduction method for continuously conversing CO2 to methane (CH4) by introducing sodium borohydride (NaBH4) as a reductant under catalyst-free conditions. Experimental results show that CO2 can be fully captured and converted to CH4 and carbon monoxide (CO) and the selectivity efficiency of CO2 to CH4 can be achieved to be as high as 90% with the optimization of experimental conditions. Such a result originates from the high activity of NaBH4 and high selectivity of the thermal reduction of CO2. To demonstrate one of the potential usages of the reduction products, we integrated the thermal reduction of CO2 with the production of carbon nanotubes (CNTs). As long as CO2 is supplied at the source end, the reduction products can undergo catalytic decomposition to produce a CNT fiber or film continuously at the final end. The present technique is featured with simple equipment setup, low cost, and continuous thermal reduction, thus providing a new pathway for the large-scale conversion of CO2 into high-valued products for wide applications.

Enhancing pore pressure prediction accuracy: A knowledge-driven approach with temporal fusion transformer

Pore pressure plays a crucial role in various fields, including geology, petroleum engineering, hydrology, and carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS). Traditional pore pressure prediction methods, which rely on physical models, often fail to meet the required accuracy standards due to their inflexibility and technical parameterization. Although machine learning methods have been increasingly used for pore pressure prediction, they struggle to integrate domain-specific knowledge and capture the inherent temporal dynamics of the data, resulting in suboptimal prediction accuracy. To address these limitations, this study introduces the Knowledge-Aware TFT model, which determines the key parameter attributes for pore pressure prediction by comprehensively analyzing well logging data, rock mechanics theory, and pore pressure evolution theory. Additionally, the model effectively captures the temporal dynamic characteristics of the data, thereby enhancing the accuracy of pore pressure prediction. To validate the model's accuracy, uncertainty theory is employed to evaluate the experimental results, providing a description of the uncertainty associated with pore pressure prediction and supporting credibility assessment. A case study involving three vertical wells in Block X, China, compares the Knowledge-Aware TFT model with SVM, XGBoost, MLP, and LSTM models, further confirming its superior prediction accuracy (R^2 = 0.997, RMSE = 0.135) and demonstrating its practicality in pore pressure prediction. In conclusion, the proposed pore pressure prediction model not only improves prediction accuracy but also achieves excellent results in practical applications, making it a viable alternative to traditional technologies.

A Comprehensive Assessment of the Carbon Footprint of the Coal-to-Methanol Process Coupled with Carbon Capture-, Utilization-, and Storage-Enhanced Oil Recovery Technology

The process of coal-to-methanol conversion consumes a large amount of energy, and the use of the co-production method in conjunction with carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) technology can reduce its carbon footprint. However, little research has been devoted to comprehensively assessing the carbon footprint of the coal-to-methanol (CTM) co-production system coupled with CCUS-enhanced oil recovery technology (CCUS-EOR), and this hinders the scientific evaluation of its decarbonization-related performance. In this study, we used lifecycle assessment to introduce the coefficient of distribution of methanol and constructed a model to calculate the carbon footprint of the process of CTM co-production of liquefied natural gas (LNG) as well as CTM co-production coupled with CCUS-EOR. We used the proposed model to calculate the carbon footprint of the entire lifecycle of the process by using a case study. The results show that the carbon footprints of CTM co-production and CTM co-production coupled with CCUS-EOR are 2.63 t CO2/tCH3OH and 1.00 t CO2/tCH3OH, respectively, which is lower than that of the traditional CTM process, indicating their ability to achieve environmental sustainability. We also analyzed the composition of the carbon footprint of the coal-to-methanol process to identify the root causes of carbon emissions in it and pathways for reducing them. The work described here provided a reference for decision making and a basis for promoting the development of coal-to-methanol conversion and the CCUS industry in China.

Enhancing carbon capture: Exploring droplet wetting and gas condensation of carbon dioxide on nanostructured surfaces

The investigation of carbon dioxide (CO2) condensation on heat exchange surfaces is essential to the advancement of carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) technology. Molecular dynamics simulations are employed to explore the wetting and condensation behavior of CO2 on nanostructured surfaces. The results indicate that the contact angle of CO2 droplets on nanostructured surfaces is greater than that on smooth surfaces. Increasing the pillar height (h) or solid fraction (f) induces the transition of CO2 droplets from the Wenzel to Cassie state, resulting in an increased contact angle. Nanostructured surfaces significantly enhance the nucleation rate, with molecules initially nucleating at the bottom of the pillars. A higher h or f accelerates the nucleation rate during the condensation. Droplets in the Wenzel state exhibit higher heat transfer efficiency than those in the Cassie state. Additionally, the formation of Cassie-state CO2 droplets undergoes a dewetting transition, altering the heat conduction mode. The dewetting behavior of CO2 droplets favors their detachment from the surface, potentially reducing the initial heat resistance. Therefore, appropriately increasing h and f can promote nucleation and droplet growth, enhancing dewetting transition and mass transfer performance. These simulation results hold great importance for inspiring the design of future CO2-phobic surfaces and guiding CO2 condensation production.

A novel algorithm for asphaltene precipitation modeling in shale reservoirs with the consideration of capillary pressure during the CCUS processes

Tight and shale reservoirs have markedly expanded their role in global oil and gas production. However, the overall recovery from these reservoirs is suboptimal, leaving much of the shale oil unrecovered. CO2 flooding is a promising enhanced oil recovery (EOR) technique that can improve oil extraction and simultaneously facilitate carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS). However, this method presents challenges, notably the precipitation and deposition of asphaltene, which risks plugging the nanoporous structure characteristic of shale reservoirs. Given that the nanopore sizes in these reservoirs align closely with asphaltene particle dimensions, the risk of pore and throat blockages during gas injection is pronounced. Although various asphaltene precipitation models have been proposed, there is still a lack of robust algorithms accounting for the substantial influence of capillary pressure on asphaltene precipitation in these nanopores. In this study, a novel three-phase vapor–liquid-asphaltene equilibrium calculation algorithm coupled with capillary effect is developed. The algorithm is first validated by comparing with the experimental data of the Px phase diagram and asphaltene precipitation amount. The validated algorithm is then used to conduct example calculations to demonstrate the robustness of the new algorithm and to examine the impact of capillarity on the three-phase vapor–liquid-solid (VLS) equilibria. Computation results show that capillary pressures in nanopores substantially modify the three-phase VLS equilibria, causing shifts in saturation pressure and influencing asphaltene precipitation. Generally, asphaltene precipitation in nanopores occurs at a lower pressure and gas injection concentration. The smaller pore sizes intensify these effects, but the impact diminishes as pressure increases. Additionally, the gas composition also greatly affects asphaltene precipitation. The results reveal that this new algorithm is robust across different conditions, offering an innovative approach that reliably predicts asphaltene precipitation considering the effect of capillary pressures, paving the way for improved EOR and CCUS in shale reservoirs.

Highly sensitive and quick response carbon dioxide sensor based on sol–gel film coated four-leaf clover fiber mode interferometer

A highly sensitive and quick response gaseous carbon dioxide (CO2) fiber sensor based on sol–gel film coated four-leaf clover fiber (FLCF) mode interferometer (MI) is proposed. The MI is constructed by using porous polymer tube to connect two sections of multi-mode fiber (MMF) with FLCF. By depositing thymol blue sol–gel film on the cladding wall of the FLCF, interference spectrum caused by the core mode and cladding mode of the MI can be modulated by CO2 concentration through the reaction between sol–gel film and CO2. By observing the shift of peak wavelength at 1555.7 nm, 1552.9 nm and 1549.3 nm, it is found that the interference spectrum changes linearly with CO2 concentration. Experimental results show that the FLCF-MI CO2 sensor has high wavelength sensitivity of 445 pm/% and short response time of 24/28 s. Besides, the sensor exhibits good temperature, humidity stability, and well selectivity, which shows great prospect in detecting CO2 concentration in carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) project.

Kinetics mechanism of pore pressure effect on CO2-water-rock interactions: An experimental study

Carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) is an effective technology to reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) content in atmosphere, while due to the insufficient mastery of deterioration laws of reservoir rocks caused by CO2, the extensive application of carbon storage projects is hindered by the leakage risk. Therefore, it was aimed to study the kinetics mechanism of pore water pressure on CO2-water–rock interactions. First, the pressure effect on water–rock interactions was studied to obtain the relationship between ratio of solid–liquid contact area Ψ and pore pressure, and the controlling mechanism of Ψ on reaction rate ri was verified. On this basis, the pressure effect on CO2-water–rock interactions was further studied. Considering the effects on Ψ and solution acidity, the original CO2-applicable kinetics equation was modified to reduce the error of calculating reaction rate by 33.60% on average. Meanwhile, a forecast method was proposed for the reaction rate under different pressure conditions, and the average calculation error was 41.00% lower than that of original kinetics equation. After verifying the accuracy of these two theoretical methods to calculate reaction rate, the reliability to calculate porosity evolution process was further verified, and the calculation errors could be reduced by 29.52% and 31.81%, respectively.