Carbon Capture, Utilization, And Storage Research Articles

An investment decision framework for offshore CCUS project under interval-valued fermatean fuzzy environment

ABSTRACT Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage (CCUS) is an indispensable technology for achieving a net-zero emission society. The offshore CCUS project is still in its infancy. To promote its sustainable development, developing a comprehensive framework for investment decision-making is very crucial. First, a comprehensive evaluation criteria system is established. Second, in order to characterize the ambiguity and uncertainty of information in the process of making decisions, the interval-valued fermatean fuzzy set (IVFFS) is introduced, and the extended variance method of IVFFS is proposed to systematically calculate the weights of experts. Then, the power weighted average (PWA) operator based similarity measure of IVFFSs is developed to aggregate different expert information. Meanwhile, the fuzzy-weighted zero-inconsistency (FWZIC) method and the method based on the removal effects of criteria (MEREC) are used to determine the criteria weights. In addition, considering the interactions between the criteria, we introduce the Hamacher operator into the measurement of alternatives and ranking according to the compromise solution (MARCOS) method to select the optimal alternative in the interval-valued fermatean fuzzy (IVFF) environment. The suggested framework is then used to analyse a case study. After that, sensitivity and comparative analyses are conducted to confirm its robustness and viability. This study creates a practical investment framework for offshore CCUS projects, identifies a number of investment-sensitive criteria and provides management insights. The proposed framework expands the methods and applications in the field of decision-making and provides a scientific approach for investment decision-making in offshore CCUS projects, which can be a useful reference for managers.

Annual progress in global carbon capture, utilization, and storage in 2023

AbstractSince the industrial revolution, global anthropogenic CO2 emissions have surged dramatically to unsustainable levels, resulting in severe issues, such as global warming, extreme weather events, and species extinction. In response to this critical situation, extensive efforts have been undertaken across academia, industry, and policymaking sectors to deploy carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) technologies. Here, we present the annual summary of global CCUS for the year 2023. We begin by discussing the trends of anthropogenic CO2 emissions and atmospheric CO2 concentrations, and then offer an up‐to‐date summary of progress in academia, industry, and policy, respectively. In academia, we analyze the number and categories of publications and highlight some key breakthroughs. In the industry sector, we meticulously collect and present information on operational commercial carbon‐capture and storage facilities. Furthermore, we elucidate significant policy announcements and reforms across diverse regions. This concise and comprehensive annual report aims to inspire ongoing efforts and collaboration among academia, industry, and policymakers toward advancing carbon neutrality.

Options to enhance China’s national emission trading system design for carbon neutrality

ABSTRACT To better align the emissions trajectory of China’s power sector with the country’s neutrality target for 2060, China’s national Emission Trading System (ETS) needs to be enhanced. This study uses a power system planning model that incorporates an output-based ETS module to explore the effects of three enhanced ETS options: 1) tightening the benchmark faster, 2) introducing auctions, and 3) transitioning to a cap-and-trade ETS. A cap-and-trade ETS can achieve deep decarbonization at the lowest cost by encouraging cheap renewables. With an increased benchmark stringency under free allocation and output-based ETS, the power sector can achieve the same level of emission reduction at a 5.2% higher cost compared to a cap-and-trade ETS. This is due to the extensive development of carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) technology, facilitated by the free allowance allocation of the output-based ETS. Introducing auctions into an output-based ETS would encourage both renewables and CCUS and increase the cost by 1.4% compared to the cap-and-trade ETS. First, we suggest that auctioning be introduced into an output-based ETS to cost-effectively encourage a diversified power supply. Subsequently, we recommend turning to a cap-and-trade ETS after 2030 to reduce the cost of decarbonization.

Circular Economy Integration in 1G+2G Sugarcane Bioethanol Production: Application of Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage, Closed-Loop Systems, and Waste Valorization for Sustainability

Bioethanol production is a vital player in the renewable energy landscape. However, it faces pressing issues regarding carbon emissions and resource management. Traditional open-loop systems generate substantial waste and pollution, exacerbating environmental concerns. Various emerging technologies offer promising solutions. Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS) presents avenues for tackling carbon emissions. Utilization transforms CO2 emissions into valuable products, while Storage securely stores emissions to prevent atmospheric release. Closed-loop processes and waste valorization capitalize on material reuse, conserving natural resources, and minimizing waste. By promoting resource efficiency and waste minimization, circular economy principles align seamlessly with CCUS, closed-loop systems, and waste valorization. This study delves into utilizing Utilization technologies tailored to sugarcane 1G+2G bioethanol production, evaluates CO2 capture options, and presents applications. Storage strategies suitable for bioethanol production facilities are scrutinized, and deployment options are explored, highlighting the closed-loop system and waste valorization's role in waste reduction and environmental preservation. Through synergistic integration, these technologies pave the way for sustainable sugarcane bioethanol production, addressing economic and technological challenges while fostering innovation and collaboration. This comprehensive study will serve as a guide for transitioning to a circular economy model in bioethanol production.

Research on Gas Injection Limits and Development Methods of CH4/CO2 Synergistic Displacement in Offshore Fractured Condensate Gas Reservoirs

Gas injection for enhanced oil and gas reservoir recovery is a crucial method in offshore Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS). The B6 buried hill condensate gas reservoir, characterized by high CO2 content, a deficit in natural energy, developed fractures and low-pressure differentials between formation and saturation pressures, requires supplementary formation energy to mitigate retrograde condensation near the wellbore area through gas injection. However, due to the connected fractures, the B6 gas reservoir exhibits strong horizontal and vertical heterogeneity, resulting in severe gas channeling and a futile cycle, which affects the gas injection efficiency at various levels of fracture development. Based on these findings, we conducted gas injection experiments and numerical simulations on fractured cores. A characterization method for oil and gas relative permeability considering dissolution was established. Additionally, the gas injection development boundary for this type of condensate gas reservoir was quantified according to the degree of fracture development, and the gas injection mode of the B6 reservoir was optimized. Research indicates that the presence of fractures leads to the formation of a dominant gas channel; the greater the permeability difference, the poorer the gas injection effect. The permeability gradation (fracture permeability divided by matrix permeability) in the gas injection area should be no higher than 15; gas injection in wells A1 and A2 is likely to achieve a better development effect under the existing well pattern. Moreover, early gas injection timing and pulse gas injection prove beneficial in enhancing the recovery rate of condensate oil. The study offers significant guidance for the development of similar gas reservoirs and for reservoirs with weakly connected fractures; advancing the timing of gas injection can mitigate the retrograde condensation phenomenon, whereas initiating gas injection after depletion may reduce the impact of gas channeling for reservoirs with strongly connected fractures.

A Step towards CO2 Sequestration through Mineral Carbonation: Using Ammonium-Based Lixiviants for the Dissolution of Calcium from Iron-Making Blast Furnace Slag

In recent years, technical processes for the sequestration of CO2 through industrial waste mineral carbonation have been explored and developed. There is a large portfolio of carbon capture, utilisation, and storage (CCUS) techniques that have been employed in laboratories and at pilot scale. These include geological storage, ocean storage, and mineralisation by carbonate ores. In view of this, the main purpose of this research was to investigate and explore chemical variables, particularly ammonium salts as lixiviants for calcium mineral extraction from iron-making slag. The slag in use was acquired from a steel mill in the Vaal Triangle Region in Gauteng, South Africa. The experimental test work was conducted using different ammonium lixiviants, namely, NH4NO3, NH4Cl, and CH3COONH4, to understand the influence of anion type as well as possible differences in mechanisms of interactions. Lixiviant concentration as well as reaction time were varied in this research study. The three selected ammonium-based lixiviants showed different extents of calcium extraction owing to differences in the anion groups. NH4NO3, NH4Cl, and CH3COONH4 were found to be capable of dissolving 50% to 80% of the calcium from the selected slag for different molar concentrations. Anion type and leaching time also had significant influences on the leaching of calcium from the slag. Rapid pH degradation resulted in better calcium extraction capabilities. This work has shown that the selected ammonium salts have the potential to be lixiviants for calcium dissolution from iron-making blast furnace slags. These lixiviants would, therefore, be important to consider during calcium mineral carbonation for CO2 sequestration.

A Step towards CO2 Sequestration through Mineral Carbonation: Using Ammonium-Based Lixiviants for the Dissolution of Calcium from Iron-Making Blast Furnace Slag

In recent years, technical processes for the sequestration of CO2 through industrial waste mineral carbonation have been explored and developed. There is a large portfolio of carbon capture, utilisation, and storage (CCUS) techniques that have been employed in laboratories and at pilot scale. These include geological storage, ocean storage, and mineralisation by carbonate ores. In view of this, the main purpose of this research was to investigate and explore chemical variables, particularly ammonium salts as lixiviants for calcium mineral extraction from iron-making slag. The slag in use was acquired from a steel mill in the Vaal Triangle Region in Gauteng, South Africa. The experimental test work was conducted using different ammonium lixiviants, namely, NH4NO3, NH4Cl, and CH3COONH4, to understand the influence of anion type as well as possible differences in mechanisms of interactions. Lixiviant concentration as well as reaction time were varied in this research study. The three selected ammonium-based lixiviants showed different extents of calcium extraction owing to differences in the anion groups. NH4NO3, NH4Cl, and CH3COONH4 were found to be capable of dissolving 50% to 80% of the calcium from the selected slag for different molar concentrations. Anion type and leaching time also had significant influences on the leaching of calcium from the slag. Rapid pH degradation resulted in better calcium extraction capabilities. This work has shown that the selected ammonium salts have the potential to be lixiviants for calcium dissolution from iron-making blast furnace slags. These lixiviants would, therefore, be important to consider during calcium mineral carbonation for CO2 sequestration.

Direct Air Capture (DAC) for Achieving Net-Zero CO2 Emissions: Advances, Applications, and Challenges

Carbon dioxide (CO2), as the primary greenhouse gas, has significant impacts on global climate change, leading to severe and irreversible adverse consequences for ecosystems and human environments. To address the issue of excessive CO2 emissions, efforts in recent years have yielded significant progress in the development of clean energy sources and the promotion of carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) technologies. Conventional CO2 capture techniques are limited in addressing global atmospheric CO2 excess effectively, as they target only high-concentration CO2 emissions and require implementation at specific emission points. Direct air capture (DAC) technology has emerged as a promising solution due to its flexibility in deployment, avoidance of land competition, and ability to capture legacy CO2 emissions. Additionally, DAC offers opportunities for producing synthetic clean fuels, thereby reducing reliance on traditional fossil fuels and aiding in reducing greenhouse gas emissions. This study provides a comprehensive review of DAC technology, encompassing its principles, technological advancements, real-world applications, challenges, and future research directions. By offering insights into the current state and potential of DAC technology, this study aims to guide global efforts in scaling up DAC deployment, ultimately contributing to achieving global carbon neutrality or even negative emissions.

Direct Air Capture (DAC) for Achieving Net-Zero CO2 Emissions: Advances, Applications, and Challenges

Carbon dioxide (CO2), as the primary greenhouse gas, has significant impacts on global climate change, leading to severe and irreversible adverse consequences for ecosystems and human environments. To address the issue of excessive CO2 emissions, efforts in recent years have yielded significant progress in the development of clean energy sources and the promotion of carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) technologies. Conventional CO2 capture techniques are limited in addressing global atmospheric CO2 excess effectively, as they target only high-concentration CO2 emissions and require implementation at specific emission points. Direct air capture (DAC) technology has emerged as a promising solution due to its flexibility in deployment, avoidance of land competition, and ability to capture legacy CO2 emissions. Additionally, DAC offers opportunities for producing synthetic clean fuels, thereby reducing reliance on traditional fossil fuels and aiding in reducing greenhouse gas emissions. This study provides a comprehensive review of DAC technology, encompassing its principles, technological advancements, real-world applications, challenges, and future research directions. By offering insights into the current state and potential of DAC technology, this study aims to guide global efforts in scaling up DAC deployment, ultimately contributing to achieving global carbon neutrality or even negative emissions.

High-resolution analysis of 3D fracture networks from Digital Outcrop Models, correlation to plate-tectonic events and calibration of subsurface models (Jurassic, Arabian Plate)

The performance of different reservoirs, both hydrocarbon and gas storage, is significantly influenced by the presence of natural fracture networks mainly originated in response to tectonic deformation. However, adequate characterization of fracture networks in the subsurface is often difficult since most of the used techniques are either spatially sparse (well and log data) or have limited resolution (seismic and well tests). In this study, we use UAV-based digital photogrammetry to reconstruct a 3D Digital Outcrop Model and characterize natural fracture sets of the late Jurassic Hanifa Formation (Tuwaiq Escarpment, Saudi Arabia). We analyzed the exposed fracture patterns in terms of fracture distribution, intensity, and lateral variability. The fracture dataset was collected using manual sampling approaches since the automatic sampling techniques are highly influenced by outcrop morphology thus not yet reliable to quantify and interpret fracture networks along reservoir outcrop analogues. The well-exposed late Jurassic outcrops in Wadi Birk, southern central Saudi Arabia, are considered analogous in depositional facies to subsurface reservoirs in the region. The observed fracture patterns are congruent with patterns reported from same-age formations in other parts of the Arabian Plate and hence can be related to plate-wide tectonic events that impacted Arabia during the Late Cretaceous (Alpine I) and the late Tertiary Period (Alpine II). This association provides support for using outcrop-based fracture studies as analogue scenarios for the orientation, distribution and intensity of fractures in subsurface reservoirs. The applied methodology for fracture network characterization have potential implications for hydrocarbon development, gas storage (H2) and Carbon Capture Utilization and Storage (CCUS).

Toward a Green Energy System: How Does Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage Technology Innovation Promote Green Total Factor Productivity?

Abstract Using a panel data set from 2007 to 2019, we empirically evaluate the impact of carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) technology innovation on green total factor productivity (GTFP). The findings show that (1) CCUS technology innovation significantly improves GTFP. (2) CCUS technology innovation significantly contributes to GTFP by promoting industrial structure upgrading and carbon emissions efficiency. (3) Environmental regulation plays a positive moderating role in the nexus between CCUS technology innovation and GTFP. The findings of this paper provide guidance for China to achieve green energy transition and build a green energy system.

Optimal multi-period source-sink matching in carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) systems under neutrosophic environment

Carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) is an important technology for mitigating the effect of climate change. It involves the capture of CO2 from a point source, transport it through pipelines and store it in geological reservoirs for permanent storage. CCUS enables the use of fossil fuel-based power plant sources that produce a steady amount of energy and the reduction of CO2 emissions from these sources simultaneously. While CO2 sources are easy to characterize, the storage parameters of geological reservoirs are more difficult to measure, thus, estimates are provided and used for planning large-scale CCUS systems. CO2 utilization can provide a means to delay CO2 emissions by converting it highly valuable products, however, its sequestration potential is highly uncertain. A systematic mathematical approach is needed to effectively plan CCUS systems considering the risks associated with the estimates in the characteristics of the geological reservoir and the sequestration benefits from CO2 utilization. In this study, an optimization model is developed for planning multi-period CCUS systems under neutrosophic environment. The model considers managing storage risk by maximizing satisfaction from minimizing risks, minimizing dissatisfaction from consequences brought by these risks, and minimizing indeterminacy from inaccuracy of storage characteristics estimates. For utilization, the model considers the satisfaction for CO2 utilization benefits, dissatisfaction for opportunity losses, and indeterminacy in sequestration potential. Two case studies are used to illustrate the model where a sensitivity analysis is performed to illustrate the effect of the different risk appetite on the optimal solution. These cases studies reveal important insights on scheduling operations between CO2 sources and sinks and the allocation of captured CO2 for storage and utilization. The model can be used to develop policies for considering the risks associated with these uncertainties and how it will be managed.

Comparative Evaluation of Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS) Technologies Using Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Approaches

Comparative Evaluation of Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS) Technologies Using Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Approaches

Investigation of the transferability of calibration between alternative fluids for liquid and dense phase carbon dioxide flow measurement

Carbon Capture Utilisation and Storage (CCUS) technology is pivotal for achieving global emissions reduction goals. The rise in CCUS facilities, with a near doubling of global capture capacity, indicates industry momentum. Robust flow measurement across the CCUS transport and storage networks are essential for commercial contracts, financial incentives, and regulatory compliance since these are underpinned by accurate quantification of the CO2 quantity transferred across the CCUS chain. However, a critical gap exists in verification and quality assurance of flow meters as currently there are no traceable calibration facilities that operates with liquid and/or dense phase CO2. However, globally there are many accredited traceable water and oil calibration facilities in operation, which can meet the required flow rates and meter sizes. An experimental study was then conducted at TÜV SÜD National Engineering Laboratory, UK, and at the Institute for Energy Technologies, NO, to explore the transferability of calibration between water, oil, and CO2 using five flow meter technologies with the aim of providing a preliminary assessment of whether meters calibrated in alternative fluids can accurately measure liquid and supercritical CO2. The results suggest that this approach could work for Coriolis meters. The results also suggest caution in relying solely on using Equations of State to calculate density values and a recommendation is presented to currently employing direct density measurements until a more comprehensive understanding is achieved on Equations of State performance for CO2-rich mixtures. To the best of the author's knowledge this is the first time that such experimental investigation is conducted, and the results shared publicly.

Generalized functionals for qualification of geological carbon storage injection sites

Many nations have pledged to reach carbon neutrality by 2050. Embarking on the decarbonization journey, they posited geological carbon storage (GCS) as a pivotal technology within the carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) framework. The CCUS chain operates to reduce “hard-to-abate” emissions at key sectors by capturing carbon dioxide (CO2), reusing it, transporting it, or disposing of it via injection into underground geological formations for permanent storage. Despite the global success of GCS ventures, mainly driven by the oil and gas industry, GCS initiatives are still in their early stages in several developing countries. In Brazil, for instance, a full setup covering precise storage capacity databases, potential CCUS clusters, national regulatory structure, and auxiliary computer-aided engineering is underway. Intended to push the frontier in the latter subject, this paper introduces mathematical models for qualifying underground CO2 storage sites. Our research explores a family of multivariate functionals endowed with underlying reservoir features and distinct weighting functions, thus envisioning two primary objectives. Firstly, it clarifies non-linear interactions between rock and fluid properties using quality indicators. Secondly, it evaluates geographical regions considering structural traps/caprocks settings. Backed by the Matlab Reservoir Simulation Toolbox (MRST) capabilities, the methodology is a subsidiary resource for identifying suitable injection and storage sites. A case study using the UNISIM-I-D model generated dozens of volumetric quality maps that point to unique potential storage sites. Numerical simulation experiments of injection comparing legacy and novel wells reveal storage surpluses improved by up to 50%. The paper seeks to establish foundational knowledge in GCS efficiency for general underground settings. One expects that these outcomes leverage well-repurposing perspectives and stimulate field appraisal actions to scale up GCS projects both in Brazil and worldwide.

Evolution of CO2 Storage Mechanisms in Low-Permeability Tight Sandstone Reservoirs

Understanding the storage mechanisms in CO2 flooding is crucial, as many carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) projects are related to enhanced oil recovery (EOR). CO2 storage in reservoirs across large timescales undergoes the two storage stages of oil displacement and well shut-in, which cover multiple replacement processes of injection–production synchronization, injection only with no production, and injection–production stoppage. Because the controlling mechanism of CO2 storage in different stages is unknown, the evolution of CO2 storage mechanisms over large timescales is not understood. A mathematical model for the evaluation of CO2 storage, including stratigraphic, residual, solubility, and mineral trapping in low-permeability tight sandstone reservoirs, was established using experimental and theoretical analyses. Based on a detailed geological model of the Huaziping oilfield, calibrated with reservoir permeability and fracture characteristic parameters obtained from well test results, a dynamic simulation of CO2 storage for the entire reservoir life cycle under two scenarios of continuous injection and water–gas alternation were considered. The results show that CO2 storage exhibits the significant stage characteristics of complete storage, dynamic storage, and stable storage. The CO2 storage capacity and storage rate under the continuous gas injection scenario (scenario 1) were 6.34 × 104 t and 61%, while those under the water–gas alternation scenario (scenario 2) were 4.62 × 104 t and 46%. The proportions of storage capacity under scenarios 1 and 2 for structural or stratigraphic, residual, solubility, and mineral trapping were 33.36%, 33.96%, 32.43%, and 0.25%; and 15.09%, 38.65%, 45.77%, and 0.49%, respectively. The evolution of the CO2 storage mechanism showed an overall trend: stratigraphic and residual trapping first increased and then decreased, whereas solubility trapping gradually decreased, and mineral trapping continuously increased. Based on these results, an evolution diagram of the CO2 storage mechanism of low-permeability tight sandstone reservoirs across large timescales was established.

Unleashing geological sequestration potential of mature oilfield by enforcing 4-dimensional seismic model-based inversion in Widuri Field, Indonesia

Implementing reservoir characterization by undertaking seismic inversion on time-lapse surveys is very effective for observing the distribution and changes in the hydrocarbon reservoir. In mature oilfields, these changes are most likely influenced by the thermodynamic activities including the injection of fluid into the reservoir, which can change the volume, pressure, and composition of the geological formations. Fluid injection (in this case, water injection) into the reservoir is typically used as an oil and gas booster to increase production through EOR (Enhanced Oil Recovery). However, in light of CCUS (Carbon Capture Utilization and Storage) application, injecting CO2 can be considered as a new EOR strategy development, with the dual objectives of increasing oil and gas production as well as lowering carbon emissions at the same time. The 4-dimensional (4D) seismic data available over Widuri Field covers an area of 125 km2, with 884 inlines and 905 crosslines, acquired in 1991 and 2004 over the same area. The inversion algorithm is using seismic deconvolution to generate an acoustic impedance model before developing a geological reservoir model. Reservoir characterization was conducted in this study to obtain detailed information of the reservoir zones by determining the impact of water injection that replaces hydrocarbons. Intervals and areas with an abundance of water can be considered as potential CO2 sequestration in the future, as a part of the CCUS application. In conclusion, the findings of increasing impedance from inversion data from 1991 to 2004 can indicate the presence of existing porosity and permeability. This evidence could indicate reservoir capability as CO2 storage.

CO2-responsive polymer promoted by polyether to efficient viscosity increase for CO2 plugging

A novel series of CO2-responsive polymers with unique hydrophobic structures were developed, capable of efficiently increasing viscosity in response to CO2 at low concentrations. These polymers, namely PAD-H, were synthesized by copolymerizing acrylamide, 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate, and octadecyl polyoxyethylene ether methacrylate. In parallel, two comparative polymer sets were crafted, lacking the long polyether chains in their hydrophobic structures. DMAEMA imparts CO2-responsiveness through its tertiary amine groups, while the hydrophobic monomer contributes an alkyl structure with polyether long chains. These hydrophilic polyether long chains provide enhanced mobility to the hydrophobic alkyl chains, enabling lower concentration molecular hydrophobic association post CO2 exposure, thus leading to an increase in viscosity. This research delved into the mechanism of CO2-responsive viscosity increase, examining the impact of the polymer's intrinsic structure and external factors on its responsive behavior. Additionally, the polymer was applied in CO2 flooding, a crucial technique in carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS). Simulated reservoir conditions were used to conduct in-situ CO2-responsive viscosity increase tests and CO2 gas channeling plugging experiments, substantially enhancing plugging efficiency. This advancement offers practical materials for addressing gas channeling in CO2 flooding and augments the technical methodologies for carbon utilization and storage within the CCUS framework.

India’s Transition Towards Becoming a Carbon Neutral Nation

The escalating impacts of climate change and the imperative to decarbonize global energy systems have spurred a concerted effort toward exploring and adopting renewable energy technologies. Among all these options, wind energy stands out as a top choice. It has a lot of potential to meet the growing need for energy and help the environment simultaneously. In this study, we comprehensively assess wind energy potential in five key cities across India: Udupi, Kollam, Surat, Visakhapatnam, and Jamnagar. Leveraging two decades of wind data sourced from reputable repositories such as the Iarc Power Project of NASA, we employ rigorous statistical analysis, including the application of the Weibull distribution, to elucidate the probability distribution of wind speeds and assess the viability of wind energy utilization in each city. We have also focused on other ways for decarbonizing India using new and advanced technologies such as Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage (CCUS), and green hydrogen. Our analysis extends beyond theoretical considerations to encompass practical dimensions such as infrastructure requirements, cost implications, and technological advancements. Through meticulous evaluation, we aim to provide actionable insights that can inform policy formulation, infrastructure development, and investment strategies aimed at accelerating the adoption of wind energy technologies in India. Our research suggests a solution for implementing and policy framework for CCUS to make it more effective in achieving India’s carbon-neutral goals. We have also discussed green hydrogen its types, cost of implementation, and its current application. By fostering dialogue and collaboration, our research seeks to contribute to the ongoing discourse surrounding renewable energy transitions, facilitating informed decision-making towards a more sustainable energy future.

From carrot to stick – the impact of a changing landscape of CCS policy and funding in Australia since 1999

Since 1999 successive Australian Commonwealth governments have provided direct funding for carbon capture, utilisation and storage (CCUS) projects, notably the carbon capture and storage (CCS) Flagships Fund (Rudd government, 2009). The most recent CCUS Hubs and Technologies Fund (Morrison government, 2022) was later revoked (Albanese government, 2022) marking a shift from direct funding (‘carrot’) to emission reduction through a strengthening of the Safeguard Mechanism, the introduction of a 43% emissions reduction target by 2030, and the establishment of the Net Zero Authority (‘stick’). Reports such as the ‘Net Zero Mobilisation Report’, have delineated the need for, and size of, the role of CCUS in Australia, especially for hard-to-abate sectors and the report states ‘private investment in a CCUS industry requires targeted government support’ i.e. funding. As government focus moves from direct funding support for CCS to CCU and direct air capture (DAC), the development of underground geological storage of carbon dioxide will be largely left to fossil fuel emitters, especially large liquefied natural gas (LNG) companies, reflected in current Western Australian government policy (Cook government, 2023) to develop CCS strategy as part of the LNG Jobs Taskforce. The only current exception is CarbonNet, operated by the Victorian government and one of the early CCS Flagship funded projects.