Additional Carbon Research Articles

High-efficiency leaching process for selective leaching of lithium from spent lithium iron phosphate

With the arrival of the scrapping wave of lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) batteries, a green and effective solution for recycling these waste batteries is urgently required. Reasonable recycling of spent LiFePO4 (SLFP) batteries is critical for resource recovery and environmental preservation. In this study, mild and efficient, highly selective leaching of lithium from spent lithium iron phosphate was achieved using potassium pyrosulfate (K2S2O7) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as leaching agents. The leaching rates of lithium and iron were 99.83 % and 0.34 %, respectively, at the optimal leaching conditions of 4 vol% 30 wt% H2O2, 0.08 mol/L K2S2O7, 25℃, 5 min, and a solid–liquid ratio of 20 g/L. Meanwhile, the mechanism of the leaching process was explored by thermodynamic, XRD, XPS, FTIR, and SEM analyses. The leaching solution was concentrated and purified, with the addition of potassium carbonate (K2CO3) to convert lithium into lithium carbonate (Li2CO3). A small amount of sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is added to the saline wastewater after precipitation, which can be converted into a leaching agent for recycling after heat treatment. This study provides a sustainable green process for the recovery of lithium iron phosphate and a new idea for resource recovery.

Photoelectron-Promoted Sulfate Reduction for Heavy Metal Removal without Organic Carbon Addition.

Sulfate-reducing microorganisms (SRMs) show promise for heavy metal removal from contaminated environments, but their scalability is limited by reliance on organic carbon, sludge formation, and CO2 emissions. This study investigates using photoelectrons from biogenic (Bio-ZnS) and abiogenic (Abio-ZnS) sphalerite nanoparticles to enhance the activity of Desulfovibrio desulfuricans G20 (G20) for sulfate reduction and lead removal without organic substrates. Both Abio-ZnS and Bio-ZnS NPs promote sulfate reduction and energy production in G20 cells under illumination without the addition of organic substrates, with Bio-ZnS achieving 1.6 times greater sulfate reduction and 3.1 times higher ATP production compared to Abio-ZnS. This superior performance of Bio-ZnS NPs is due to their wider band gap, higher photoconversion efficiency, lower charge-transfer resistance, and closer proximity to cells, which enable more efficient photoelectron uptake, enhanced intracellular electron transfer, and reduced energy consumption for motion and filamentation. The uptake of photoelectrons also promotes G20s resistance to high Pb2+ concentrations through enhanced PbS precipitation, biofilm formation, enzymatic detoxification, and Pb2+ efflux, thus improving long-term and cyclic lead removal by G20 under substrate-depleted conditions. This approach harnesses solar energy, reduces reliance on organic substrates, and lowers costs and CO2 emissions, offering a sustainable solution for utilizing SRMs in bioremediation.

An oxycarbide-derived-carbon supported nickel ferrite/copper tungstate ternary composite for enhanced electrocatalytic activity towards the oxygen evolution reaction.

This work integrates a unique porous carbon with a binary heterostructured NiFe2O4/CuWO4 composite to enhance electrocatalytic activity towards the oxygen evolution reaction. The NiFe2O4/CuWO4 binary heterostructure was prepared through the conventional co-precipitation method. The porous carbon with turbostratic order was obtained by the selective etching of SiO2 nanodomains from preceramic polymer-derived SiOC. Finally, an optimum ternary NiFe2O4/CuWO4/C composite was prepared through hydrothermal treatment. Microstructural findings reveal that NiFe2O4/CuWO4 nanocomposite particulates are distributed homogeneously within the porous carbon matrix. Electrochemical findings reveal that the optimum composite with uniform carbon distribution requires an overpotential of 360 mV to attain a current density of 10 mA cm-2 with the lowest Tafel slope of 43 mV dec-1 as opposed to 450 mV and 55 mV dec-1, respectively, for the composites without carbon. The ternary composite demonstrated a stable potential over a prolonged period of 24 hours with enhanced mass activity. The improved electrocatalytic efficiency of the material is attributed to the presence of graphitic carbon and ample porosity within the additive carbon phase, which enhances the catalyst-electrolyte interaction interface area and electronic conductivity.

The effects of diethyl ether, diethylene glycol dimethyl ether, and dimethyl carbonate addition on the physical and thermodynamic properties of biodiesel

The effects of diethyl ether, diethylene glycol dimethyl ether, and dimethyl carbonate addition on the physical and thermodynamic properties of biodiesel

Excess particulate organic matter negatively affects the ecophysiology of the widespread soft coral Xenia umbellata

Coastal coral reefs are experiencing rising concentrations of organic matter. While dissolved organic matter (DOM), rather than particulate organic matter (POM), may negatively impact hard corals, the impact on soft corals remains unclear. We examined the physiological effect of 20 mg L−1 of organic carbon (C) addition on the widespread Indo-Pacific soft coral Xenia umbellata in a series of tank experiments over 28 days. We supplied DOM as glucose, and two POM sources as phytoplankton (2–5 μm length) and zooplankton (150–200 μm length). We comparatively assessed coral morphology, pulsation, colouration, algal symbiont densities, chlorophyll a, oxygen fluxes, and mortality. Corals in the control and DOM enrichment treatments exhibited no morphological or physiological changes, whereas, excess phyto- and zooplankton caused disfigurement of the polyp tentacles and shortening of its pinnules. This coincided with a mortality of 11 and 14%, respectively, a 35% reduction in pulsation rates, and darkening of the polyps (with excess zooplankton), while other assessed response variables remained stable. This suggests that in contrast to many hard corals, the soft coral X. umbellata is vulnerable to excess POM rather than DOM, with amplified effects upon exposure to larger particles. Our results suggest that excess POM may damage the delicate feeding apparatus of X. umbellata, thereby reducing pulsation and lowering gas exchange. In turn, this can cause nutritional, and ultimately, energy deficiencies by directly affecting heterotrophic and autotrophic feeding. Our findings indicate that the global-change-resilient soft coral X. umbellata is vulnerable to local eutrophication, particularly high concentrations of POM.

Investigation into Recycling of Iron Oxide Scale on H13 Steel by Low‐Temperature Carbothermal Reduction Method

The current method for recovering iron oxide scale in the steel industry is not economically optimal, especially for high‐alloy scales found in alloyed steel. This study focuses on iron oxide scale containing valuable metals like chromium (Cr), molybdenum (Mo), and vanadium (V). The required carbon addition is calculated based on the iron and chromium oxides in the scale. The effects of varying carbon additions and reduction temperatures on reduction efficiency are thoroughly examined. Kinetic studies show that as temperature and carbon increase, the rate‐limiting step shifts from interfacial diffusion to interfacial reaction. Reduction experiments assess carbon utilization, metallization rate, deoxidation rate, and removal of harmful elements. Results show that high temperatures hinder sulfur (S) and phosphorus (P) removal, and excess carbon reduces carbon utilization efficiency. Optimal conditions are a carbon ratio of 0.2174 and a temperature of 1150 °C. The carbothermic reduction product requires further refinement through conventional ladle slag systems to meet the quality standards for metallic materials. Over 65% of alloying elements are recovered, though phosphorus content remains slightly higher than in finished alloy steel. The materials from this study are suitable as high‐quality intermediates for alloy steel production.

Effects of Carbon Type and Composition on the Properties of Carbon-Copper Composite as Pantograph Slide in Railway Application

Carbon-copper composites have wide application prospects as high-speed railway pantograph slides due to the self-lubricating ability of carbon and good conductivity of copper. However, carbon-copper composites produced through powder metallurgy may still encounter challenges, such as poor wettability and lower conductivity. The experimental approach in this work involved the fabrication of carbon-copper composites using the warm compaction method, with different types and proportions of carbon materials, namely local carbon from palm kernel shells (PKS) and graphite. Characterisation and testing of hardness, density, resistivity, transverse rupture strength (TRS), and microstructure of the composites have been conducted. An increase in graphite content was found to improve the electrical conductivity of the carbon-copper composite, while the addition of local carbon has enhanced its hardness. Furthermore, the addition of graphene oxide (GO) as filler has significantly improved the mechanical strength of this composite by up to 61.34%. This research has highlighted the potential of locally sourced carbon for developing advanced pantograph slide materials for railway applications. The findings provided valuable insights into the optimisation of composite compositions to achieve the desired balancebetween electrical conductivity and mechanical performance. These carboncopper composites hold the promise of more efficient and durable pantograph slides, which can contribute to the overall reliability and sustainability of railway systems.

PEDOT:PSS as a conductive polymer binder for ecologically and economically sustainable, carbon-free NMC electrodes

In this work new dispersion medium for positive electrode slurries for lithium-ion batteries, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), is proposed, in combination with PEDOT:PSS conductive polymer as a binder. Dispersion of PEDOT:PSS in concentration of 2.5% w/w with anhydrous DMSO is prepared. The electrodes were prepared with NMC622 active material and prepared PEDOT:PSS/DMSO dispersion with and without addition of conductive carbon. SEM imaging with EDS mapping confirms creation of binding film of the polymer on grains of active material. Chronopotentiometry tests of the electrodes in half-cell lithium-ion setup reveal that the best electrochemical performance was achieved for 97.5% active material and 2.5% PEDOT:PSS without conductive carbon addition (ca. 170 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C, 90% retention after 51 cycles). PEDOT:PSS enabled the elimination of the conductive carbon additive from the electrode and reduction of the binder content. It resulted in enhancement of the capacity per gram of electrode paste by approximately 17% compared with standard electrode composition.

The Path to Net-Zero in Dairy Production: Are Pronounced Decreases in Enteric Methane Achievable?

Achieving net-zero greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in dairy production will require >50% reduction in enteric methane (CH4) emissions together with elimination of emissions from feed production, additional carbon sequestration, reduction in manure emissions, anaerobic digestion of manure, and decreased reliance on fossil fuel energy. Over past decades, improved production efficiency has reduced GHG intensity of milk production (i.e., emissions per unit of milk) in the United States, but this trend will continue only if cows are bred for increased efficiency. Genetic selection of low-CH4-producing animals, diet reformulation, use of feed additives, and vaccination show tremendous potential for enteric CH4 mitigation; however, few mitigation strategies are currently available, and added cost without increased revenue is a major barrier to implementation. Complete elimination of CH4 emissions from dairying is likely not possible without negatively affecting milk production; thus, offsets and removals of other GHGs will be needed to achieve net-zero milk production.

Oxidative degradation of glycine in aqueous KOH/K2CO3 solutions for CO2 capture

AbstractPotassium hydroxide and potassium carbonate, being cost‐effective and environmentally friendly CO2 capture solvents, are promising candidates for carbon capture applications. Their slow absorption kinetics, however, necessitate strategies to enhance their rates, thereby reducing the capital costs of absorption equipment and saving energy for regenerating large volumes of solvent. Glycine, a potential additive, is explored for this purpose. While glycine‐based solvents are more stable than MEA, their amino functional group renders them susceptible to oxidative degradation. This study investigates the degradation of these solvents and the influence of potassium hydroxide and potassium carbonate on their stability. The experiment was performed under 100% O2 at 90 °C and 3 bar for about 3 weeks. It was observed that glycinate degraded by 53% for the glycinate‐only solution. The results also show that the addition of potassium hydroxide and potassium carbonate to a glycinate‐only solution had a mixed effect on the degradation of glycinate. Potassium hydroxide increased degradation by 5% compared to the glycinate‐only solution, while potassium carbonate decreased degradation by 4%. This order is supported by the degradation rate constants. Meanwhile, under N2, no significant change was observed in glycine concentration. Glycine's susceptibility to oxidative degradation is likely attributed to its less compact and rigid structure, resulting in weaker bonding and increased vulnerability to external factors. This instability leads to the formation of formate, carbonate, acetate, and oxalate as the primary degradation products across all studied solutions. A proposed mechanism for glycinate oxidative degradation sheds light on this process. These findings are crucial for informed decision making regarding performance trade‐offs in point source carbon capture and direct air capture, where oxygen is a prevalent gas component and potassium‐based solutions are commonly employed as absorbents. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Estimating countries’ additional carbon accountability for closing the mitigation gap based on past and future emissions

Quantifying fair national shares of the remaining global carbon budget has proven challenging. Here, we propose an indicator—additional carbon accountability—that quantifies countries’ responsibility for mitigation and CO2 removal in addition to achieving their own targets. Considering carbon debts since 1990 and future claims based on countries’ emission pathways, the indicator uses an equal cumulative per capita emissions approach to allocate accountability for closing the mitigation gap among countries with a positive total excessive carbon claim. The carbon budget is exceeded by 576 Gigatonnes of fossil CO2 when limiting warming below 1.5 °C (50% probability). Additional carbon accountability is highest for the United States and China, and highest per capita for the United Arab Emirates and Russia. Assumptions on carbon debts strongly impact the results for most countries. The ability to pay for this accountability is challenging for Iran, Kazakhstan and several BRICS+ members, in contrast to the G7 members.

Enhancing Li+ Transportation at Graphite‐Low Concentration Electrolyte Interface Via Interphase Modulation of LiNO3 and Vinylene Carbonate

ABSTRACTThe solvent‐rich solvent sheath in low‐concentration electrolytes (LCEs) not only results in high desolvation energy of Li+, but also forms organic‐rich solid electrolyte interface film (SEI) with poor Li+ conductivity, which hinders Li+ transport at the electrode‐electrolyte interface and greatly limits the application of LCEs. Here, the electrochemical performance of the LCEs is enhanced by dual interfacial modification with LiNO3 and vinylene carbonate (VC) additives. Results show that LiNO3 is preferentially reduced at about 1.65 V to form an inorganic‐rich but incomplete SEI inner layer. The formation of Li3N and LiNxOy inorganic components helps to achieve rapid Li+ transport in the SEI film, and the bare electrode surface caused by the incomplete SEI inner layer provides a place for the subsequent decomposition of VC. Then, at a lower potential of about 0.73 V, VC is reduced to generate the poly(VC)‐rich SEI outer layer, which provides lithium‐philic sites and greatly weakens the interaction between Li+ and ethylene carbonate (EC). The interaction modulates the Li+ solvation structure at the interface and reduces the desolvation energy of Li+. This ingenious design of the bilayer SEI film greatly enhances Li+ transport and inhibits the decomposition of traditional carbonate solvents and the swelling of graphite. As a result, the electrochemical performance of the battery using 0.5 M LiPF6 EC/diethyl carbonate (DEC) + 0.012 M LiNO3 + 0.5 vt% VC is improved to a higher level than the one using 1.0 M LiPF6 EC/DEC electrolyte. This research expands the design strategy and promising applications of LCEs by constructing a favorable SEI to enhance Li+ transport at the electrode‐electrolyte interface.

Promoting the grinding of wheat bran through treatment by sodium carbonate and its mechanism

This work investigated the effect of treatment by sodium carbonate on grinding of wheat bran and the related mechanism. Specifically, wheat bran was treated by sodium carbonate solutions at the ratio of 1:2 to make addition of sodium carbonate at 0.0%, 4.0%, 8.0%, 12.0%, 15.0%, and 30.0% based on the mass of bran, dried, and ground using the universal high-speed grinder. It was found that treatment by sodium carbonate significantly reduced the particle size of ground bran and this effect was positively correlated with the sodium carbonate content, which suggested that treatment by sodium carbonate promoted the grinding of wheat bran. Besides, treatment by sodium carbonate improved the hardness of bran. On the other hand, treatment by sodium carbonate damaged the crystal structure, the cell wall and lignin of bran. Moreover, treatment by sodium carbonate converted bound phenolics, including ferulic acid, into free phenolics and insoluble dietary fiber, including unextractable arabinoxylan, into soluble dietary fiber. These results suggested that treatment by sodium carbonate had already damaged the structure of bran and altered the texture of bran before the mechanical stress during grinding was applied. As a result, treatment by sodium carbonate promoted the grinding of wheat bran.

Determination of Anti-Diabetic Drugs in Health Supplements by Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) Method

The mixing of unpermitted drugs with health supplements to increase effectiveness can cause negative effects to consumers, requiring quality testing of these products. In this study, an analytical method for simultaneously determination of 5 anti-diabetic drugs (ADDs) (i.e., metformin, phenformin, buformin, glibenclamide, and gliclazide) in health supplement samples was developed with a combination of ultrasonic extraction, dispersive solid-phase extraction (d-SPE), and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Hard capsule, soft capsule, and liquid samples were extracted with methanol twice, followed by activated carbon addition for extract clean-up and LC-MS/MS quantification. The analytical method was validated through various factors such as: specificity, limit of detection, limit of quantification, linearity, repeatability, and recovery. The method had high precision (mean recovery from 88% to 99%, relative standard deviation lower than 10%) and low detection limit of 0.1 mg/kg, meeting the requirements of detection of these substances at trace to ultra-trace levels in complex sample matrices. The validated method was then applied to analyze concentrations of 5 ADDs in 30 health supplement samples. Metformin was detected at a concentration of 2.20 mg/kg in one hard capsule sample, while the remaining samples did not contain ADDs at detectable levels.

Partial upgrading of heavy oils by catalytic aquathermal visbreaking with dispersed iron oxide catalysts

The impact of water and red mud-like Fe oxide catalysts on aquavisbreaking (AVB) of heavy-oils was studied under various circumstances. Vacuum residue (VR) was employed as a good substitute for low-viscous bitumen grades. The reaction products were separated into SARA fractions using open-column liquid chromatography (OCLC), and boiling point groups were classified using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). In addition, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was used to study the structural features of VR and its derivatives. It was observed that the thermal visbreaking of VR led to a severe coke formation with asphaltene (ASP) to coke selectivity over 130 %, while the addition of water and Fe catalyst could increase the conversion of ASP to liquid oil products while inhibiting coke formation, resulting in improved conversion of ASP. Furthermore, the structural properties of spent catalysts recovered after reactions were analyzed using X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) to identify the active phase, confirming that the Fe precursor is converted to a 20–30 nm Fe2O3 and Fe3O4 during VR AVB. Moreover, the addition of carbon additives to AVB further improved the dispersion of ASP and catalyst particles, contributing to the decrease of the selectivity for ASP conversion to coke by 50 %.

The Influence of Carbon Fiber on Crystallization and Morphology of Poly(Ether Ketone Ketone) Composites Towards High Rate Thermoplastic Manufacturing Processes

Recent interest in thermoplastic composites for aerospace applications is driven by the need for high-volume manufacturing of materials that display excellent mechanical, thermal, and solvent resistive properties. Specifically, a large component of the composite properties of thermoplastic composites are highly dependent on the crystalline fraction of the semi-crystalline polymer matrix of the reinforced system. This work investigates the melting behavior of poly (ether ketone ketone) (PEKK) and the influence of temperature and fiber on crystallization kinetics and morphology of (PEKK) composites utilizing, differential scanning calorimetry, Velaris-Sefaris modelling, and polarized optical microscopy (POM). Annealing temperatures of 380°C and above were required to fully erase crystalline ordering in the PEKK matrix. Furthermore, carbon fibers accelerated crystallization kinetics in PEKK at a range of temperatures observed via DSC, and Velaris-Sefaris modelling implied a shift from bulk to surface induced nucleation by the addition carbon fiber to the PEKK matrix, reducing activation energy of crystallization events. This nucleation behavior was visually confirmed through POM with observation of transcrystalline domains nucleated from the surface of a single carbon fiber.

The Influence of Carbon Fiber on Crystallization and Morphology of Poly(Ether Ketone Ketone) Composites Towards High Rate Thermoplastic Manufacturing Processes

Recent interest in thermoplastic composites for aerospace applications is driven by the need for high-volume manufacturing of materials that display excellent mechanical, thermal, and solvent resistive properties. Specifically, a large component of the composite properties of thermoplastic composites are highly dependent on the crystalline fraction of the semi-crystalline polymer matrix of the reinforced system. This work investigates the melting behavior of poly (ether ketone ketone) (PEKK) and the influence of temperature and fiber on crystallization kinetics and morphology of (PEKK) composites utilizing, differential scanning calorimetry, Velaris-Sefaris modelling, and polarized optical microscopy (POM). Annealing temperatures of 380°C and above were required to fully erase crystalline ordering in the PEKK matrix. Furthermore, carbon fibers accelerated crystallization kinetics in PEKK at a range of temperatures observed via DSC, and Velaris-Sefaris modelling implied a shift from bulk to surface induced nucleation by the addition carbon fiber to the PEKK matrix, reducing activation energy of crystallization events. This nucleation behavior was visually confirmed through POM with observation of transcrystalline domains nucleated from the surface of a single carbon fiber.

Facile constructing ZrO2 nanoparticles equipped with high conductivity carbon networks as pseudocapacitive anodes for removing phosphorus

Phosphorus pollution can seriously disrupt water quality and endanger ecosystem sustainability. Nonetheless, a few typical methods have been employed to remove phosphorus, but there are still challenges in controlling phosphorus from sewage. Capacitive deionization (CDI) displays the merits of having eco-friendliness and low energy consumption when capturing phosphorus. However, traditional carbon electrodes often suffer from the limitation that phosphorus uptake sites are insufficient. Herein, a novel ZrO2 nanoparticle equipped with a highly conductive carbon network (NZrC) was fabricated by a facile co-pyrolysis process. Na2EDTA can provide additional carbon backbones, N species, and metal chelation sites. Zr-MOF was applied as the ZrO2 precursor with abundant phosphorus trapping sites. The results suggested that Na2EDTA favors improving the ZrO2 dispersion, mesoporous channel formation, and pseudocapacitive behavior. NZrC-21 at 1.2 V displays low energy consumption and the optimal phosphorus uptake capacity of 10.99 mg P/g because of its rich mesoporous structure, abundant pyrrolic-N, graphitic-N, and ZrO2 active sites, and outstanding electrochemical properties. Furthermore, several key parameters were investigated for their effect on phosphorus removal performance. The mechanism revealed that hydrogen bonds, ligand exchange, and electrostatic attraction are the main uptake processes. This work presents a novel perspective for the facile construction and utilization of metal oxide nanoparticles equipped with a highly conductive carbon network for removing phosphorus.

Contrasting Future Growth of Norway Spruce and Scots Pine Forests Under Warming Climate.

Forests are essential to climate change mitigation through carbon sequestration, transpiration, and turnover. However, the quantification of climate change impacts on forest growth is uncertain and even contradictory in some regions, which is the result of spatially constrained studies. Here, we use an unprecedented network of 1.5 million tree growth records from 493 Picea abies and Pinus sylvestris stands across Europe to predict species-specific tree growth variability from 1950 to 2016 (R2 > 0.82) and develop 21st-century gridded projections considering different climate change scenarios. The approach demonstrates overall positive effects of warming temperatures leading to 25% projected conifer growth increases under the SPP370 scenario, but these additional carbon gains are spatially inhomogeneous and associated with geographic climate gradients. Maximum gains are projected for pines in Scandinavia, where growth trajectories indicate 50% increases by 2071-2100. Smaller but significant growth reductions are projected in Mediterranean Europe, where conifer growth shrinks by 25% in response to warmer temperatures. Our results reveal potential mitigating effects via forest carbon sequestration increases in response to global warming and stress the importance of effective forest management.

Carbon emission reduction associated with dapagliflozin compared to standard of care in the UK: translating the DAPA-HF and DELIVER trial findings to an environmental context

Abstract Background Healthcare systems account for 4–5% of UK national greenhouse gas emissions with delivery of care a major component.1 Preventing events that use healthcare resources should contribute to a reduction in emissions, in addition to the primary humanitarian aim of improving patient outcomes. The Dapagliflozin And Prevention of Adverse-outcomes in Heart Failure (DAPA-HF) and the Dapagliflozin Evaluation to Improve the Lives of Patient with Preserved Ejection Fraction Heart Failure (DELIVER) trials demonstrated that dapagliflozin reduced the frequency of hospitalizations for heart failure (hHF), urgent heart failure visits (UHFV) and cardiovascular (CV) death for patients with heart failure (HF).2,3 Purpose The study objective was to translate predicted differences in clinical events associated with dapagliflozin use in HF to a predicted carbon emission reduction from a UK perspective. Methods A previously published model4 based on pooled DAPA-HF and DELIVER event rates was used to predict hHF, UHFV and CV deaths in a cohort of 1,000 HF patients over a 3-year time horizon. Composite greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (as kg CO2 equivalent) were calculated from components sourced from the Sustainable Healthcare Coalition’s Care Pathway Calculator according to assumed clinical pathways and were applied to predicted incidence of hHF, UHFV and CV death events. Average length of stay was sourced from the National Heart Failure Audit.5 CV deaths occurring outside hospital were assumed to incur no additional carbon emission except that associated with cremation. Proportion of funerals by cremation and associated GHG emissions were sourced from literature.6,7 Future emissions were not discounted, representing the NHS’s aim to approach ‘net zero’. Results Over a 3-year time horizon, treatment with dapagliflozin was projected to prevent 74 hHF events, 9 UHFV events and 20 CV deaths per 1,000 patients treated versus placebo. Total estimated GHG emissions associated with hHF (233.2 kg CO2e), UHFV (177.4 kg CO2e), and CV death (251.4 kg CO2e) were 85,660 kg CO2e per 1,000 patients treated with dapagliflozin versus 109,618 kg CO2e per 1,000 patients treated with placebo. The projected total reduction associated with dapagliflozin treatment was 23,958 kg CO2e over 3 years, a 22% reduction versus placebo. Per population (~690,000 HF patients), total emissions prevented by dapagliflozin over 3 years were projected to be equivalent to driving 42 million miles in an average gasoline-powered passenger vehicle. Conclusion While the main aim of any therapeutic intervention is to save lives and improve patient outcomes, to capture the full spectrum of benefit to stakeholders the environmental consequences of new therapies should be considered in addition to their clinical and economic effects. Our analysis suggests treating patients with dapagliflozin may contribute to reducing the environmental burden of HF in addition to improving patient outcomes.