Carbon Absorption Capacity Research Articles

Modeling the daytime net primary productivity of maize at the canopy scale based on UAV multispectral imagery and machine learning

Net primary productivity (NPP) is an important index to evaluate the carbon absorption capacity in agricultural ecosystems, timely and accurate spatial–temporal variations of NPP play a significant role in guiding agricultural production. Currently, NPP observation at the canopy scale is primarily based on the chamber method. However, upscaling the spatial–temporal estimates of NPP at the canopy scale is still challenging. In this study, maize daytime NPP was measured by the chamber, and multispectral images of maize canopies were obtained via unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) multispectral system. We explored the potential of multispectral images for estimating maize daytime NPP at the canopy scale. Four machine learning algorithms were employed to estimate daytime NPP using ground factors and vegetation indices (VIs) × photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) independently. NPP estimation models based on the gradient boosting regression (GBR), random forest (RF), and support vector regression (SVR) using ground factors outperformed the VIs × PAR-based model, barring the ridge regression (RR) model. Among them, the GBR-based models performed better, and the model using ground factors (R2 = 0.958) outperformed those using VIs × PAR (R2 = 0.899). However, the ground factor-based GBR model was complex and contained more input parameters, thus making it highly-time and labor-intensive, and highly destructive. Moreover, ground factor-based GBR model could not reflect the variation of NPP in maize canopy. The VIs × PAR-based GBR model could explain 89.9% of the daytime NPP, and it only required two parameters, including VIs and PAR. Therefore, the VIs × PAR-based GBR model can easily obtain high resolution and long time-series NPP information nondestructively for a large range. This study reveals that maize daytime NPP can be estimated using high-resolution UAV multispectral images and provides a good reference for promoting the monitoring and upscaling of NPP observations.

Preference of carbon absorption determines the competitive ability of algae along atmospheric CO2 concentration.

Although many studies have focused on the effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 on algal growth, few of them have demonstrated how CO2 interacts with carbon absorption capacity to determine the algal competition at the population level. We conducted a pairwise competition experiment of Phormidium sp., Scenedesmus quadricauda, Chlorella vulgaris and Synedra ulna. The results showed that when the CO2 concentration increased from 400 to 760 ppm, the competitiveness of S. quadricauda increased, the competitiveness of Phormidium sp. and C. vulgaris decreased, and the competitiveness of S. ulna was always the lowest. We constructed a model to explore whether interspecific differences in affinity and flux rate for CO2 and HCO3 − could explain changes in competitiveness between algae species along the gradient of atmospheric CO2 concentration. Affinity and flux rates are the capture capacity and transport capacity of substrate respectively, and are inversely proportional to each other. The simulation results showed that, when the atmospheric CO2 concentration was low, species with high affinity for both CO2 and HCO3 − (HCHH) had the highest competitiveness, followed by the species with high affinity for CO2 and low affinity for HCO3 − (HCLH), the species with low affinity for CO2 and high affinity for HCO3 − (LCHH) and the species with low affinity for both CO2 and HCO3 − (LCLH); when the CO2 concentration was high, the species were ranked according to the competitive ability: LCHH > LCLH > HCHH > HCLH. Thus, low resource concentration is beneficial to the growth and reproduction of algae with high affinity. With the increase in atmospheric CO2 concentration, the competitive advantage changed from HCHH species to LCHH species. These results indicate the important species types contributing to water bloom under the background of increasing global atmospheric CO2, highlighting the importance of carbon absorption characteristics in understanding, predicting and regulating population dynamics and community composition of algae.

Managing CO2 levels through precipitation-based capture from seawater and electrochemical conversion

With the rise in global greenhouse gas emissions, many studies have sought methods to reduce the accumulation of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere. Existing methodologies are primarily based on amine solvents such as monoethanolamine (MEA) and 2-amino-2-methylpropanol (AMP) due to their high carbon absorption capacity and good recyclability. As such, they are used for the capture of CO2 from sequestration sites and its subsequent electrochemical transformation. However, because amines have large enthalpies of reaction, this leads to expensive and energy-intensive processes that limit their capacity for large-scale application. Thus, this study seeks to develop an electrochemical device that can sustain efficient CO2 capture and conversion through precipitation. The dissolved inorganic divalent cation calcium (Ca,2+) reacts with carbon to form carbonate (CO32-) compounds that flow through a thin membrane, facilitating the filtration of the precipitate. We hypothesized that higher alkalinity will produce a greater quantity of CO2 capture, as measured by the change in seawater pH and the mass of precipitate formed. The CO32- compound is, in turn, converted to the industrial fuel formic acid (HCOOH). Through our experimentation, we found a statistically significant difference between the measured pH of seawater before and after CO2 capture (p < 0.001), thus suggesting this setup as a proof of concept for the effective reduction of ocean acidification. Additionally, we observed an upwards trend as higher concentrations of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) were generally associated with greater changes in pH.

ESTIMATION OF CARBON STORAGE CAPACITY OF DIFFERENT WARDS THROUGH MAJOR CARBON ABSORBING SINKS USING REMOTE SENSING AND GIS TECHNIQUES: A CASE STUDY ON KHULNA CITY, BANGLADESH

In recent decades, with the rapid growth of urbanization, the amount of carbon emission in urban areas has been globally accelerated. In this study, the carbon storage capacity of different small administrative regions (wards) of Khulna city has been estimated based on four major sinks types- trees, vegetations, soils, and water bodies. To estimate carbon storage capacity, the total coverage area of each of the sink’s types has been estimated by Sentinel-II satellite image data of 2019 through supervised image classification of remote sensing techniques. A comparison of more carbon-absorbing capacities between the wards has been assessed through GIS techniques as well. Results show that the north-west part of Khulna city has some extent of carbon sinks. However, the lower portion in the southern part is congested with built-up areas and has a huge lacking of carbon sinks. The obtained amount of carbon about 9306992 kg, 7733698 kg, 7328298 kg, and 6030692 kg have been absorbed through respective trees, vegetations, soils, and water bodies which is about 31%, 25%, 24%, and 20% of total absorption, respectively. The result shows that carbon absorption capacity is very high in ward no. 3 whereas ward no. 1, 2, 4, 6, 9, 14, 16, and 31 are high carbon-absorbing wards. Ward no 8, 13, 15, 17, 18 and 24 are moderate, ward no 5, 10, 12, 21, 22, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29 and 30 are lower and ward no 7, 11, 19, 20 and 23 are very lower carbon-absorbing wards of Khulna city. The findings of this study opt to provide valuable insights amongst significant stakeholders, i.e., local people, urban planners, policy-makers, and non-government organizations regarding the emission and absorption of carbon.

Methodological approaches to the formation of a unified national system of monitoring and accounting of carbon balance and greenhouse gas emissions on lands of the agricultural fund of the Russian Federation

Methodological approaches to the formation of a unified national system for monitoring and accounting the balance of carbon and greenhouse gas emissions are considered. The purpose, typification, requirements for the spatial placement of “carbon” polygons, assessment of the carbon absorption capacity of forests and agricultural ecosystems in the Russian Federation, the standard methodology recommended by the international community for assessing carbon stocks in soils, which should be applied in the Russian Federation to ensure comparability of the results of greenhouse gas accounting between countries, determination of the carbon absorption capacity of natural ecosystems and soils are discussed. The potential of carbon uptake by agricultural soils is shown. The list of indicators for assessing soil carbon according to the IPCC methodology for Tiers 2 and 3 is given. Taking into account the analysis of international practice, as well as on the basis of theoretical and applied experience of national science, the priority measures have been developed, they are aimed at working out and implementation of the national strategy for the use of terrestrial ecosystems in order to regulate greenhouse gas emissions to mitigate climate change.

Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Forest Management Activities from 1990 to 2019 to Demonstrate Additionality for Climate Change Mitigation in the Forest Sector of South Korea

Forest management is key to maintaining and increasing carbon sinks in forests. In the context of climate change mitigation, the exact number of carbon sinks associated with forest management is estimated as the additionality of activities, which means net greenhouse gas (GHG) removals or carbon sequestration over and above those that would have arisen even in the absence of a given activity. This study analyzes the spatial and temporal patterns of forest management activities to present the forest management ratio, of managed area to the total forest area, as an indicator of additionality in forest management in South Korea. Forest management activities based on the IPCC guidelines were spatially constructed, and the characteristics of managed and protected forests from 1990 to 2019 were analyzed. The results indicate that between the managed forests and roads, 90% of the management activities in private forests occurred within 214 m of the road, and 70% of the activities in the national forest occurred within 234 m. Management took place in easy-to-access places with gentle slopes and low elevations. The proportion of protected forests above 40 years old is 87.2%, higher than the average of 72% in South Korea, and it is expected that most forests will age and their carbon absorption capacity will decrease by 2050. The area of tree planting and thinning is approximately 290 thousand ha per year, which could potentially increase the forest management ratio by up to 4.5% per year. However, the actual increase was at an average of 1.4%, owing to the omission of exact information on management activities, such as spatial coordinates and overlapping practices in the same management unit. The forest management ratio in South Korea as of 2019 was 53.4%; therefore, the amount of GHG removal in the forest sectors was 53.4% of total absorption per year. Thus, it is necessary to make efforts to increase the ratio to enhance the contribution of forest sectors to climate change mitigation for the country.

Potential Carbon Absorption by Tree-Stand Phytomass in the Course of Tugai Forest Restoration

A predictive system has been developed to assess carbon absorption by tree-stand phytomass in the course of the tugai forest restoration in the Ili River valley (Republic of Kazakhstan). This system comprises constraint equations describing the relationships between the forest-stand density and age, average stand height and age, and average tree diameter and stand density; it also includes allometric constraint equations describing the relationships between the forest-stand phytomass and forest valuation parameters. The predictive system makes it possible to forecast the carbon absorption and sequestration by the phytomass with a time-step of 1 year. The system was used to model the development dynamics of desert poplar of three quality classes, oleaster, and white willow. At the end of the 30-year-long forest restoration project, the phytomass carbon will amount to 50.14 t C ha–1 for the desert poplar, quality class I; 40.51 t C ha–1 for the desert poplar, quality class II; 35.79 C ha–1 for the desert poplar, quality class III; 15.61 C ha–1 for the oleaster; and 92.52 t C ha–1 for the white willow. The age of the maximum carbon absorption capacity differs significantly for various forest stands: 9 years for the oleaster; 13 for the desert poplar, quality class I; 16 years for the desert poplar, quality class II, and white willow; and 23 years for the desert poplar, quality class III. The developed system can be used to forecast the potential carbon absorption for other forest-forming species subject to the identification of the equation parameters using the regression method or on the basis of assumptions of the initial and maximum stand density and average height values.

Forestry development as an instrument for implementing the climate policy of Russia

The Paris Agreement is the legal basis for the current stage of regulation of greenhouse gas emissionsaimedat preventing further climate change. The Russian Federation has declared its national climate commitments taking into account the carbon absorption capacity of forests. It has been established that the current stage of development of the national economy is accompanied by an increase in greenhouse gas emissions, which will require additional measures to implement Russia’s climate policy. The article assesses the contribution of the Russian forestry to the fulfilment of the national obligations under the Paris Agreement. A negative tendency towards reduction of carbon sequestration in Russian forests has been revealed. As the main factors influencing the dynamics of greenhouse gas emissions and their absorption in the forest ecosystems, the study identified forest fires, logging activities and the scale of reforestation. The article substantiate the expediency of the development of forestry as a condition for the implementation of the climate policy of both the country as a whole and its business entities. By implementing forest projects aimed at compensating for greenhouse emissions, representatives of the Russian business will be able to avoid the risks of losing the investment attractiveness of their enterprises and reducing the competitiveness of their products in international markets.

Reduction of carbon absorption capacity of forest stands in Zhytomyr Polissya due to the pine stands mortality

According to the signed climate Paris Agreement, Ukraine is faced with the task to prevent the global average air temperature from rising above 2,0 °C in order to avoid an increase in droughts, extinction of certain species of plants and animals, drying up and diseases of tree species, etc. To preserve and increase the number of natural carbon sinks, scientists pay attention in particular to the system of improving forest, soil, and other natural resources management. Among thirty main forest-forming species in Ukraine, Scots pine (Pinus silvestris L.) is the predominant tree species, in Zhytomyr Polissya, in particular, its amount is 388,4 thousand hectares, which is 59 % of all tree plantations.
 To establish the carbon absorption capacity of pine plantations of Zhytomyr Polissya, we have laid temporary test squares (CCIs) in state-owned enterprises: Baran Forestry hunting enterprise; Belokrovytsia Forestry; Gorodnitsky Forestry; Emilchinskoye Forestry; Zhytomyr Forestry; Korostensky hunting enterprise; Malinsky Forestry; People's Specialized Forestry; Novograd-Volyn Experienced Forestry; Ovruch Specialized Forestry; Olevsky Forestry; Slovenian Forestry Agribusiness.
 According to the methods of P. I. Lakida, A. A. Storochinsky, O. I. Poluboyarynova, A. S. Atkin, A. I. Kobzar, we established a phytomass of pine plantations in a completely dry state and obtained conversion coefficients that made it possible to estimate the difference between CO2 emissions and carbon sequestration. 
 The statistical analysis showed homogenous average height, but not for other indicators. We found a very asymmetric right distribution in terms of age, density, bonity, Volume of the trunk, and phytomass, moderate distribution in terms of average diameter and left distribution for average height. The excess factor indicated an acute vertex distribution by density and a flat-top distribution by all other indicators.
 The total area covered by forest vegetation of pine forest areas is 388.4 thousand hectares (according to the latest accounting for 01.01.2011), with a total stock of stem wood 102.7 million m3, accumulate in their phytomass 23.5 million tons of carbon. The density of the phytomass per 1 m2 of forested vegetation is 52.7 kg. Medieval pine plantations absorb the most carbon in Zhytomyr Polissya — 12.1 million tons.
 In recent years, there has been an increase in lost areas covered with forest vegetation under pine trees due to the damage by biotic, abiotic and anthropogenic factors.
 The loss of pine forest plantations for various reasons reduces the carbon absorption capacity of Zhytomyr Polissya forests, as pine stands are the vast majority in the study area - 59%.
 It is established that pine forest plantations of Zhytomyr Polissya in their phytomass accumulate 23.5 million tons of carbon per year. The density of carbon per 1 m2 of forested vegetation is 25.7 kg.
 It is found that medieval pine plantations absorb the most amount of carbon in Zhytomyr Polissya — 12.1 million tonnes.
 It has been established that lost forest plantations due to anthropogenic, biotic and abiotic factors,between 2010 and 2018, could sequestrate 0.17-0.33 million tonnes of carbon in their phytomass reducing the level of CO2 pollution from 10 to 47 %.

Effects of land use cover change on carbon emissions and ecosystem services in Chengyu urban agglomeration, China

This study evaluates the spatial–temporal differences of carbon emissions and ecosystem survives value (ESV) induced by land use cover change in Chengyu urban agglomeration of China, during which uncertainties expressed as interval rough sets are integrated into the modeling framework. Results reveal that built-up land accounts for [88.62%, 99.64%] of total carbon emissions. Compared with other cities, the higher amount of carbon emissions occur in Chengdu and Chongqing, while the eastern region has a stronger carbon absorption capacity. Uncertainties in carbon-emission coefficient have significant effects on regional carbon emissions. With aid of interval-stochastic analysis for carbon emersions, it can help offset some of the mutual effects caused by differences between cities. The values of eco-carrying and carbon-emission coefficients are characterized as a feature of high to low from the east to west, and their highest values exist in Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture. There are slight variations in the regional average ESVs during the periods from 2000 to 2015, but a high sensitive coefficient occurs in grassland that has a significant influence on the overall ESV. Generally, a high regional economic performance corresponds to a high amount of carbon emissions and a low ESV, but variations in the proportion of cultivated and forest lands have slight impacts on carbon emissions and ecosystem services. Policy implications indicate that switching from coal to shale gas might be regarded as a potential approach for carbon-emission reduction. Regional cooperation also is critical channel to promote regional green development of Chengyu urban agglomeration.

Reduction of carbon glaring ability of tree stands of Kyiv Polissya through the death of pine forests

According to the signed climate Paris Agreement, Ukraine is faced with the task to prevent the global average air temperature from rising above 2°C in order to avoid an increase in droughts, plant and animal extinctions, the drying and spread of disease for certain plants, etc. To preserve and increase the number of natural carbon sinks, scientists pay attention in particular to the system of improving forest, soil, and other natural resource management.Among thirty main forest-forming species in Ukraine, Scots pine (Pinus silvestris L.) is the predominant tree species, in Kyiv Polissya, in particular, its amount is 211,2 thousand hectares, which is 61% of all tree plantations. To establish the carbon absorption capacity of pine plantations of Kyiv Polissya we have laid temporary test squares (CCIs) in stateowned enterprises: Ivankov Forestry Poliske Forestry, Teteriske Forestry. According to the methods of P.I. Lakida, A.A. Storochinsky, O.I. Poluboyarynova, A.S. Atkin, A.I. Kobzar, we established a phytomass of pine plantations in a completely dry state and obtained conversion coefficients that made it possible to estimate the difference between CO2 emissions and carbon sequestration.The analysis found that pine plantations accumulate 116.4 million tonnes of carbon per 1 m2 of forest area covered with forest vegetation in their phytomass, with a carbon density of 116.3 kg. It has been found that the largest carbon-absorbing capacity has medium-age trees — 28.7 million tons.It has been found that due to the loss of forest plantations in recent years, the carbon absorption capacity of forests has decreased on average by 1–7%.

Carbon emission analyses of concretes made with recycled materials considering CO2 uptake through carbonation absorption

AbstractThe effect of incorporation of recycled powder and CO2 absorption of concrete was not considered in the previous life cycle assessment studies. This study evaluated the carbon emission of recycled concrete with different replacement rate of recycled powder and recycled coarse aggregate, taking the carbon absorption in storage and service phase into consideration. The carbon absorption model of recycled concrete with recycled powder was optimized and validated by rapid carbonization tests. It is found that concrete with recycled powder has favorable carbon absorption capacity and can greatly reduce carbon emission. The carbon emission of recycled concrete with recycled powder decreased 12.4–52.2% when compared to normal concrete, and with the increase in the replacement of recycled materials, this advantage becomes more obvious. The evaluation results show that the raw material production and transportation phase are the two main contributors to the carbon emission of recycled concrete, accounting for 67.03–85.81% and 4.01–15.27%, respectively. The evaluation results also show the compensation benefits in storage and service phase from carbon absorption account for 1.58–26.93%. Meanwhile, the long‐distance delivery of natural coarse aggregates makes it possible for recycled concrete to be widely applied.

ВУГЛЕЦЕПОГЛИНАЛЬНА ЗДАТНІСТЬ СОСНОВИХ ЛІСОВИХ НАСАДЖЕНЬ ЧЕРНІГІВСЬКОГО ПОЛІССЯ

Згідно з підписаною Паризькою кліматичною угодою перед Україною постало завдання не допус-тити зростання глобальної середньої температури повітря більше 2,5 °C, аби уникнути збільшення посух, зникнення окремих видів рослин і тварин, всихань і захворювань деревних порід та ін. Для збе-реження та збільшення кількості природних поглиначів вуглецю науковці надають особливу увагу системі покращення управління лісовими, ґрунтовими та іншими природними ресурсами. Серед тридцяти головних лісотвірних порід в Україні сосна звичайна (Pinus silvestris L.) є найпоширенішою де-ревною породою, зокрема в Чернігівському Поліссі, її кількість становить 214,2 тис. га, що складає 61 % від усіх деревних насаджень. Для встановлення вуглецепоглинальної здатності соснових наса-джень Чернігівського Полісся в державних підприємствах: Городнянське ЛГ, Добрянське ЛГ, Корюківське ЛГ, Ніжинське ЛГ ми заклали тимчасові пробні площі (ТПП). Згідно з методиками П. І. Лакиди, А. А. Сторочинського, О. І. Полубояринова, А. С. Аткина, А. І. Кобзаря встановлено фітомасу соснових насаджень в абсолютно сухому стані та отримано конверсійні коефіцієнти, які дали змогу оцінити різницю між викидами СО2 та поглинанням вуглецю. Згідно з проведеним аналі-зом розподілу площ лісових ділянок під сосновими насадженнями в Чернігівському Поліссі щонайбі-льше займають соснові ліси IV категорії (експлуатаційні) їх частка складає – 64 %, тому їх вугле-цепоглинальна здатність є більшою. Проаналізовано кліматичні зміни за період 1968–2018 рр., вста-новлено тенденцію до зростання середньорічної температури повітря на 2,5 оС у регіоні досліджен-ня. З’ясовано, що соснові ліси Чернігівського Полісся щорічно поглинають 34,0 тис. т вуглецю з по-вітря, що приблизно становить 1,37–2,15 % від щорічних викидів вуглецю в атмосферне повітря, а це своєю чергою має позитивний вплив на стан навколишнього середовища в регіоні дослідження.

Carbon absorption ability of pine forest plantations in Kyiv Polissya

Purpose. Develop mathematical dependences of conversion coefficients to establish the accumulation of phytomass and volumes of absorbed carbon by pine forest plantations of Kyiv Polissya by age, using the methods of domestic and foreign scientists.
 Methods. In order to establish the carbon absorption capacity of pine plantations Kyiv Polissya in state-owned enterprises: Ivankov Forestry, Polissya Forestry, Teterysh Forestry temporary plots have been laid. According to the procedures P.I. Lakida, A.A. Storochinskogo, A.I. Poluboyarinov, A.C. Atkin, A.J. Bard phytomass pinetums installed in an absolutely dry state and obtained conversion coefficients are allowed to evaluate the difference between the CO2 emissions and carbon absorption.
 Results. Among thirty main forming species in Ukraine Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) is the dominant tree species, particularly in the Kiev Polissya an area of 211.2 thousand hectares (61% of all tree plantations). According to the analysis of the distribution of areas of forest land areas for pine plantations in Kyiv Polissya, the overwhelming majority is occupied by pine forests of IІ and IV category (operational, recreational and health) are their share — 78%, so their carbon absorption capacity is significant. The resulting empirical equation exponential regression established that pine forests Kiev Polissya operating in its phytomass accumulated 1.21 million tons of carbon, and recreation and fitness — 1.17 million tons.
 Conclusion. Pine forests Kiev Polissya annually absorb carbon 16.0—21.0 tons of air that is approximately 0.3—0.7% of the annual carbon emissions.

Carbon dynamics and environmental controls of a hilly tea plantation in Southeast China.

Tea plantations are widely distributed and continuously expanding across subtropical China in recent years. However, carbon flux exchanges from tea plantation ecosystems are poorly understood at the ecosystem level. In this study, we use the eddy covariance technique to quantify the magnitude and temporal variations of the net ecosystem exchange (NEE) in tea plantation in Southeast China over four years (2014–2017). The result showed that the tea plantation was a net carbon sink, with an annual NEE that ranged from −182.40 to −301.51 g C/m2, which was a much lower carbon sequestration potential than other ecosystems in subtropical China. Photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) explained the highest proportion of the variation in NEE and gross primary productivity (GPP) (for NEE: F = 389.89, p < .01; for GPP: F = 1,018.04, p < .01), and air temperature (Ta) explained the highest proportion of the variation in ecosystem respiration (RE) (F = 13,141.81, p < .01). The strong pruning activity in April not only reduced the carbon absorption capacity but also provided many plant residues for respiration, which switched the tea plantation to a carbon source from April to June. Suppression of NEE at higher air temperatures was due to the decrease in GPP more than the decrease in RE, which indicated that future global warming may transform this subtropical tea plantation from a carbon sink to carbon source.

Modeling the impacts of coastal land use changes on regional carbon balance in the Chiku coastal zone, Taiwan

The Chiku coastal zone in Taiwan is characterized by dynamic aquaculture and tourism sectors around the lagoon ecosystem. Recent research efforts focused on the carbon absorption capacity and the interactions between the aquaculture industry and the lagoon. Further exploring land use dynamics in Chiku would enable integration of the findings of these studies into a more comprehensive framework of analysis and would improve estimation of the regional carbon balance. We built a system dynamics model to simulate land use change in this area. This model describes the long-term impact of human activities in the area, mimics their synchronous development in the long term, and thereby provides a basis for estimating the overall carbon balance of the area by combining Monte Carlo simulation and decision tree analysis. Our results suggest that the carbon absorption capacity can be sustainably enhanced by appropriate management actions, such as market prices stabilization for aquaculture and agriculture products and/or the limitation of constructed land development.

Green Space Ecological Planning Based on Carbon-oxygen Balance in Shenyang, China

Carbon-oxygen balance in urban areas refers to the income and expenditure of carbon and oxygen in urban ecosystem. Shenyang city is choosing as the study object to get the carbon gap index. Carbon emission and the carbon sequestration of Shenyang city are studied with the indicators of the GDP, unit GDP energy emissions and green areas of Shenyang during 2006 – 2015. The result shows that the carbon gap in Shenyang is huge with the data analysis. Ecological planning for green space is urgent to apply to enhance the carbon absorption capacity. Ecological land is needed to increase.

The absorption of carbon and production of oxygen by a pine in terms of Mizhrichynskyi Regional Landscape Park

By means of an equation of multiple-level regression, mathematical models were proposed for determination of the aboveground fitomass in a completely dry pine in various climatopes. The mathematical equations helped to establish the quantity of absorbed carbon and produced oxygen by a pine at the Mizhrichynskyi Regional Landscape Park (RLP). It was found, that in wet conditions a pine has higher carbon absorption and oxygen production capacity

PEMBUATAN KARBON AKTIF DARI CANGKANG BUAH KARET DENGAN AKTIVATOR H3PO¬4 DAN APLIKASINYA SEBAGAI PENJERAP Pb(II)

&#x0D; Activated carbon necessity in Indonesia was increasing along with the developments of the industriaization era. Based on natural product in Indonesia, probably activated carbon necessity could be guaranteed by domestic production. Rubber shells were solid waste which has potential for multiple uses such as raw materials for the manufacture of activated carbon. In this researched, rubber shells waste were processed into activated charcoal. The aim of this researhed was to determine the effect of the concentration of phosphoric acid activator toward the characteristics of the activated carbon and activated carbon absorption capacity to Pb(II). Shells rubber that passed by the of 100 mesh sieve was impregnated with phosphoric acid (H3PO4) as activator in the ratio fruit shells rubber: phosphoric acid (b:b) of 1:2 and varying concentrations of H3PO4 at 20%, 40%, and 60% for 1 hour. After immersion in the acid, then material was carbonized in a furnace at temperature 500 oC for 1 hour. Surface area of activated carbon was analyzed by usning Braunanear, Emmelt and Teller and concentration of adsorption of Pb(II) was measured by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. The results showed the general characteristics of activated carbon comparable to the Indonesian National Standard. The largest adsorption capasity percentage 74% is obtained using Rubber shell activated carbon that activated by 20% phosphoric acid .&#x0D;

Forest biomass energy: assessing atmospheric carbon impacts by discounting future carbon flows

AbstractAlthough forest biomass energy was long assumed to be carbon neutral, many studies show delays between forest biomass carbon emissions and sequestration, with biomass carbon causing climate change damage in the interim. While some models suggest that these primary biomass carbon effects may be mitigated by induced market effects, for example, from landowner decisions to increase afforestation due to higher biomass prices, the delayed carbon sequestration of biomass energy systems still creates considerable scientific debate (i.e., how to assess effects) and policy debate (i.e., how to act given these effects). Forests can be carbon sinks, but their carbon absorption capacity is finite. Filling the sink with fossil fuel carbon thus has a cost, and conversely, harvesting a forest for biomass energy – which depletes the carbon sink – creates potential benefits from carbon sequestration. These values of forest carbon sinks have not generally been considered. Using data from the 2010 Manomet Center for Conservation Sciences ‘Biomass sustainability and carbon policy study’ and a model of forest biomass carbon system dynamics, we investigate how discounting future carbon flows affects the comparison of biomass energy to fossil fuels in Massachusetts, USA. Drawing from established financial valuation metrics, we calculate internal rates of return (IRR) as explicit estimates of the temporal values of forest biomass carbon emissions. Comparing these IRR to typical private discount rates, we find forest biomass energy to be preferred to fossil fuel energy in some applications. We discuss possible rationales for zero and near‐zero social discount rates with respect to carbon emissions, showing that social discount rates depend in part on expectations about how climate change affects future economic growth. With near‐zero discount rates, forest biomass energy is preferred to fossil fuels in all applications studied. Higher IRR biomass energy uses (e.g., thermal applications) are preferred to lower IRR uses (e.g., electricity generation without heat recovery).