Carbol Fuchsin Research Articles

The clinician, the lab and the patient: Understanding lab diagnostics to eradicate tuberculosis

BackgroundDiagnostic modalities for diagnosing Tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium group of organisms include mainly AFB smear by Ziehl Neelsen carbol fuchsin smear microscopy, GeneXpert (CB NAAT) molecular method, Line probe assay (Molecular method) and AFB culture (Liquid automated systems and solid media) methods. MethodsThis study was initiated to understand and prioritize TB lab diagnosis, with reference to selection of lab diagnostic tests and its order of preference for MTC and NTM/MOTT closely associating it with the TB irradication program initiated by the Government of India. Result and conclusionThe results and discussion bring to light the importance of each test and the purpose of their requisition. When diagnosis is handled half heartedly eradication of TB becomes a challenge. All the efforts including planning, resources in the form of manpower, infrastructure, finances, education, time etc., would be hampered. This challenge is not only for India but the globe. For countries harboring TB, Correct diagnostic request and timely diagnosis and treatment is the key to eradication of tuberculosis.

Photodegradation of Carbol Fuchsin Dye Using an Fe2−xCuxZr2−xWxO7 Photocatalyst under Visible-Light Irradiation

Fe2−xCuxZr2−xWxO7 (x: 0, 0.05, 0.015) nanoparticles were synthesized following the Pechini method and characterized via X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) measurements to be used as photocatalysts in colored water remediation. All of the prepared materials were crystallized in a cubic fluorite phase as the major phase. The band gap was reduced upon doping with W6+ and Cu2+ from 1.96 eV to 1.47 eV for Fe1.85Cu0.15Zr1.85W0.15O7. Carbol fuchsin (CF) dye was used to determine the photocatalytic degradation efficiency of the prepared catalysts. Degradation efficiency was directly proportional to the dopant’s concentration. Complete removal of 20 mg/L CF was achieved under optimal conditions (pH 9, and catalyst loading of 1.5 g/L) using Fe1.85Cu0.15Zr1.85W0.15O7. The degradation rate followed pseudo-first-order kinetics. The reusability for photocatalysts was tested five times, decreasing its efficiency by 4% after the fifth cycle, which indicates that the prepared Fe1.85Cu0.15Zr1.85W0.15O7 photocatalyst is a promising novel photocatalyst due to its superior efficiency in dye photodegradation.

Enhanced Photocatlytic Activity of two Dimensional Graphitic C3N4@Co3O4 Core Shell Nanocomposite for Discriminatory Organic Transformation under Hg-Vapor Reactor

In the present investigation the material Co3O4 nanoparticles were prepared by co-precipitation method, while graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) was prepared by direct heating of melamine. The nanocompositeg-C3N4- Co3O4were prepared by stoichiometric mixing and direct heating in porcelain boat followed by calcination. The prepared nanomaterials were characterized by various techniques. These both materials were characterized by XRD to get structural parameters and to confirm the average particle size of prepared nanomaterial. The scanning electron microscopy(SEM) was carried out to get surface characteristics of prepared materials. The energy dispersive spectroscopy was conducted to get elemental composition prepared material Co3O4and g-C3N4- Co3O4 .The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was conducted to get lattice information of prepared material. While magnetic properties of both the material were investigated by means of vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), since cobalt oxide is a ferromagnetic material. The surface area was confirmed from Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) study. The g-C3N4- Co3O4nanocomposite has found enhanced surface areaof 78.48 m2/g in comparison to the sole Co3O4nanomaterial (55.23 m2/g). Both these prepared materials were utilized in photocatlytic degradation of CarbolFuchsin (CF) dye. The various parameters related to optimization of photocatlytic degradation of dyes were investigated in detail. The carbon nitride mediated cobalt oxide material is found to be very effective for degradation of CF dye and almost 97% of dye was successfully decomposed by the g-C3N4- Co3O4nanocomposite. The reusability test confirms that the prepared g-C3N4- Co3O4nanocomposite is very efficient in degradation of CF dye in multiple cycles with 110 minutes of contact time.

Carbol fuchsin stain enhances detection of poly‐(d, l‐lactide‐co‐glycolide) microspheres in exenatide extended‐release cutaneous injection‐site foreign body reaction

Injection of high-viscosity fluids into subcutaneous tissues may lead to a granulomatous reaction called sclerosing lipogranuloma (SL). Poly-(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLG or PLGA) microspheres are used as vehicles for extended-release drugs. Here we describe the histopathologic features of a case of SL induced by exenatide extended-release injections, and the staining pattern of PLG microspheres and microsphere remnants with carbol fuchsin.

Biogenic Synthesis of Copper Nanoparticles from Rose (Rosa indica L.) and their Applications in Photocatalytic Degradation of Malachite Green and Carbol Fuchsin Dyes

Background: In recent years, the green synthesis of nanoparticles has taken a lead role over the conventional chemical and physical approach due to its non-toxic, cost-effective parameters and has found its place in various applications. Objectives: The major objectives of this study were to synthesise and characterise the copper nanoparticles using the rose extract at different set of conditions and analyse these nanoparticles as a source of dye degradation agent under sunlight. Methods: Present study was conducted with the aim to synthesize the copper nanoparticle using the rose petal extract. The components present in the extract act as the reduction and stabilization agents for the synthesis of CuNPs. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by using UVVIS, FTIR, XRD and SEM analysis. Photocatalytic degradation of two dyes (Malachite Green and Carbol fuchsin) was analysed using double beam spectroscopic analysis. Results: UV-Vis analysis indicated the presence of a peak at around 630 nm. The FT-IR analysis indicated the involvement of various biomolecules during the synthesis of nanoparticles. The structure and the conformation were elucidated using XRD and SEM showed the agglomerated form of the synthesized nanoparticles with the size range of about 60-90 nm. The synthesised copper nanoparticles were used for the degradation of malachite green and carbol fuchsin dye using photocatalytic under sunlight irradiation. UV-Vis spectral analysis indicated that synthesised copper nanoparticle act more effective in degradation of malachite green (around 95%) whereas carbol fuchsin showed a maximum degradation by 52% therefore suggesting that CuNPs act as an efficient photocatalyst in dye degradation. Conclusion: The results obtained from this study indicate that rose extract has the potential of synthesis of copper nanoparticles which is non-toxic and convenient approach as compared to physical and chemical synthesis. These nanoparticles can be effectively employed as dye decolourisation agents to treat industrial effluent and prevent environmental pollution.

Removal of carbol fuchsin from aqueous solution by using three-dimensional porous, economic, and eco-friendly polymer.

In this study, a three-dimensional (3D) porous polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) was prepared using a cheap material with a highly simple and different method. PDMS was firstly applied for the removal of carbol fuchsin (CF) cationic organic dye pollution in this study. Besides, the adsorption capacity of 3D PDMS for removal of the CF was found quite high compared to other materials in already published results. The synthesized PDMS was characterized using several spectroscopic and imaging techniques such as FTIR, Raman, SEM, stereomicroscope, EDX, UV/Vis, and TGA. The optimal conditions were found as 10mgL-1 initial concentration, 20mg of adsorbent dose, 2h contact time, pH 10, and 25°C temperature. The removal % of CF and the maximum adsorption capacity were calculated at approximately 89% and 88.8mgg-1 , respectively. Furthermore, the equilibrium studies showed that the Langmuir isotherm model fitted well with the removal of CF. Moreover, according to the kinetic results, the second-order kinetic model was found suitable (qe,cal 89.3mgg-1 and qe,exp 88.8mgg-1 close to each other) for the adsorption of CF. Also, the thermodynamic studies indicated that adsorption occurs spontaneously, and the adsorption process was physical adsorption. Besides, the reusability of the adsorbent was studied. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Water treatment technology should be low cost, economically viable and in the meantime, eco-friendly. The 3D porous PDMS was prepared by using cheap material with a highly simple method and eco-friendly This unique material was firstly applied for the removal of organic dye in water in this study.

Morphological analysis of cementoenamel junction in premolars of Sri Lankans.

Cementoenamel junction is an anatomical landmark which indicates the meeting point of enamel of the crown and the cementum of the root. It is an important reference point in clinical dentistry as well as in dental radiography. The present study is done to describe the distribution of the mineralized tissue at the cementoenamel junction in relation to various surfaces of the premolars. The study sample consisted of 89 permanent maxillary and mandibular premolars from both males and females extracted for orthodontic reasons. They were stained with carbol fuchsin and observed under a dissecting microscope to identify the following tissue interrelationships at the cementoenamel junction: cementum overlapping the enamel; edge-to-edge relationship between enamel and cementum; gap between the enamel and cementum and enamel overlapping the cementum. The cementum overlapping the enamel interrelationship was predominant in the buccal and lingual surfaces of both first and second maxillary premolars, while the edge-to-edge relationship and the presence of a gap between the enamel and the cementum relationship were abundant in distal and mesial sides. Enamel overlapping the cementum was recorded only in a very small proportion of the sample. A good understanding about the morphological variations at the cementoenamel junction area is very important and this area should be handled carefully during routine dental procedures such as dental bleaching, orthodontic treatment, placement of rubber dam and placement of dental materials.

Synthesis and characterization of 2-D La-doped Bi2O3 for photocatalytic degradation of organic dye and pesticide

Photocatalytic degradation of organic dye by AOP's is an effective method to minimize water pollution. The semiconducting materials have a larger bandgap and difficult to fabricate in the form of 2 D-films. Here we report a simple method for the effective fabrication of undoped and La-doped Bi2O3 thin films by a chemical solution deposition method. The incorporation of lanthanum dopant was successfully done and confirmed with the help of SEM, EDAX, XRD, and other advanced characterization techniques. A brilliant flower-like morphology and incorporation of La ions in Bi2O3 lattice helped the fabricated doped thin film for efficient degradation of carbol fuchsin (CF) organic dye, and Chlorpyrifos (CPS) organic pesticide under 120 min of stimulating light source irradiation. Detailed deposition effect on morphology is discussed. The narrowing of bandgap (2.85 eV) in the doped thin film as compared to undoped Bi2O3 film (3.01 eV) resulted in efficient degradation of CF up to 89% with a rate constant of 0.520 min−1 and CPS to 67% with 0.366 min−1. The scavenger addition confirmed ●OH as the major ROS and, metabolites formed during the degradation are identified by LC-MC analysis of degraded samples of both CF and CPS. The reusability study confirmed the efficiency of films up to multiple catalytic cycles. The work confirmed La-Bi2O3 film was effective for the degradation of moieties from a separate class of organic framework.

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF EFFICACY OF PAPANICOLAOU AND ACETO-ORCEIN STAINS IN DEMONSTRATING BARR BODIES IN BUCCAL MUCOSAL SMEARS

Introduction: Establishing one’s sexual identity has a critical role in medical conditions like ambiguous genitalia and in crime investigations. There are various investigations to determine the sexual identity of a person and Barr body evaluation in buccal smears forms the first line of investigation. Barr body estimation in buccal mucosal scrapes has been demonstrated by using different stains like Papanicolaou, Aceto-Orcein(AO), Feulgen, Guard, Cresyl violet, Carbol fuchsin and fluorescent staining methods, but with varying efficacy. 
 The current study is done to evaluate the efficacy of Papanicolaou and AO stains in demonstration of Barr bodies.
 Materials and Methods: A total of 207 medical students were included in the study. Two buccal smears were collected from each student and subsequently, one was stained with Aceto-Orcein by squash technique and the other with Papanicolaou stain. Both slides were evaluated for percentage of Barr bodies using 1000x magnification and cytomorphological features in 400x.
 Results: The percentage of Barr bodies in AO stained slides ranged from 5-18 among females and 0-8 in males, while with Papanicolaou stain the ranges recorded were 4 – 12 in females,
 0 – 2 in males. The accuracy of AO and Papanicolaou stains for detecting sex accurately were 97% and 91% respectively. Evaluation of the buccal smears was better in AO stained smears because of the clean background and better cytoplasmic and nuclear contrast in comparison to PAP stain.
 Conclusion: Aceto-Orcein staining method is rapid, economical, accurate, reproducible and comparable to Papanicolaou staining, for the detection of Barr body in buccal mucosal smears.
 Keywords: Aceto-Orcein, Papanicolaou, Buccal smears, Barr body.

Characteristics and Parameters for Adsorption of Carbol Fuchsin Dye by Coal-based Activated Carbon: Kinetic and Thermodynamic

Characteristics and Parameters for Adsorption of Carbol Fuchsin Dye by Coal-based Activated Carbon: Kinetic and Thermodynamic

Ni and Zn modified acid activated montmorillonite clay for effective removal of carbol fuchsin dye from aqueous solution

The present work aims to investigate efficiency of zinc and nickel modified acid activated montmorillonite clay to remove carbol fuchsin dye from aqueous solution. The synthesized nanocomposites were characterized by TEM, SEM-EDAX, XRD, FT-IR and UV–Vis techniques. The adsorption of dye increased with increase in pH obeying pseudo-second-order rate kinetics and rapidly degraded (94%) alkaline dye solution in 90 min confirmed by LC–MS analysis. Zinc modified clay had slight edge due to high adsorption capacity and 3.24 eV band gap energy. Scavenger study confirmed participation of O 2 −· in degradation mechanism and reusability experiments confirmed stability of nanocomposites for multiple cycle.

Cytological abnormalities during pollen development in interspecific hybrids of Nicotiana

Nicotiana alata is resistant to Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) and of great value in breeding. However, hybrid sterility constrains the application of interspecific genetic resources. Previously, we obtained interspecific hybrids between a cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) line of Nicotiana tabacum and N. alata, some of which were pollen sterile. In the present research, we studied the cytological abnormalities during pollen development in sterile hybrids (F1-D) by comparing pollen development with that in fertile hybrids (F1-S) from the same cross. Transmission electron microscopy and DiI staining showed that the membrane structures of microspores and pollen in F1-D sterile hybrids were impaired. Carbol fuchsin staining revealed that cytomixis, chromosome loss and asymmetric callose wall formation occurred with high frequency in the microsporocytes and microspores of the sterile hybrids. The cytoplasm and nucleus were lost in the microspores and pollen of sterile hybrids, leading to mature pollen grains that were vacuous and collapsed in the aperture region. In addition, delayed tapetum degradation was detected in the anther of sterile hybrids, and sporopollenin was deposited in the aperture region. Impaired membrane structures of microspores and pollen in F1-D sterile hybrids affected the integrity of the cells, and might be associated with chromosome, nuclear and cytoplasm loss, vacuous pollen, and sterility in F1-D hybrids. Abnormal tapetum degradation in the anther and irregular sporopollenin deposition in the pollen wall of the F1-D sterile hybrids might also be related to the pollen sterility. This study deepens our understanding of the cytological mechanisms of hybrid sterility, and may facilitate the application of TSWV-resistant resources in cultivated Nicotiana species through hybrid fertility restoration and backcross breeding.

Transition metal decorated Ferrosoferric oxide (Fe3O4): An expeditious catalyst for photodegradation of Carbol Fuchsin in environmental remediation

In this research, we report the removal of Carbol Fuchsin dye by using doped Ferrosoferric oxide nanocatalyst. The nanocatalysts Fe3O4 and doped Fe3O4 was characterized by various methods. The structural properties of the prepared Fe3O4 doped Fe3O4 were investigated by using X-Ray Diffractometer (XRD), which confirmed the single-phase Fe3O4 nanoparticles. The surface, texture, morphology of nanoparticles was identified, from SEM. The crystal lattice confirmed from TEM. The magnetic property of Fe3O4 was confirmed by VSM analysis. The elemental composition of prepared pure and doped Ferrosoferric oxide was confirmed by EDS study. The zeta potential was investigated for the stability of iron oxide nanoparticles. XPS spectrum of doped Fe3O4 was analysed to find the surface characteristics and elemental composition of doped Fe3O4 nanocatalyst. Here undoped Fe3O4 and doped Fe3O4 were comparatively investigated for the Carbol Fuchsin dye degradation study. Different parameters like initial catalyst dose, the effect of pH, contact time, dye concentration, effect of dopants, catalyst recycling have been studied to optimize degradation study. The optimum conditions for the removal of the Carbol Fuchsin dye are found to be initial concentration 20 mg/L, photocatalyst dose 8 gm/L, pH 8.0. In kinetics study, Pseudo First order kinetics has been investigated for both pure and doped Ferrosoferric oxide catalyst. Almost 97% of dye degradation has been observed for doped iron oxide.

Optimization and Application of Bioflocculant Passivated Copper Nanoparticles in the Wastewater Treatment.

Nanotechnology offers a great opportunity for efficient removal of pollutants and pathogenic microorganisms in water. Copper nanoparticles were synthesized using a polysaccharide bioflocculant and its flocculation, removal efficiency, and antimicrobial properties were evaluated. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using thermogravimetry, UV-Visible spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), powder X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope (SEM), and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The highest flocculation activity (FA) was achieved with the lowest concentration of copper nanoparticles (0.2 mg/mL) with 96% (FA) and the least flocculation activity was 80% at 1 mg/mL. The copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) work well without the addition of the cation as the flocculation activity was 96% and worked best at weak acidic, neutral, and alkaline pH with the optimal FA of 96% at pH 7. Furthermore, the nanoparticles were found to be thermostable with 91% FA at 100 °C. The synthesized copper nanoparticles are also high in removal efficiency of staining dyes, such as safranin (92%), carbol fuchsine (94%), malachite green (97%), and methylene blue (85%). The high removal efficiency of nutrients such as phosphate and total nitrogen in both domestic wastewater and Mzingazi river water was observed. In comparison to ciprofloxacin, CuNPs revealed some remarkable properties as they are able to kill both the Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms.

The informative value of various methods for identifying acid-fast bacilli in relation to the degree of tuberculosis process activity

To reveal the morphological characteristics of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in patients with long-lasting tuberculosis. Twenty-four autopsies of verified fibrous-cavernous tuberculosis were examined. Paraffin sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, carbol fuchsin (Ziehl-Neelsen), or auramine-rhodamine (followed by luminescence microscopic examination); an immunohistochemical (IHC) study with serum to PAV (Protein antigen B) was conducted. The changes characteristic of progressive tuberculosis were revealed in all the cases. The Ziehl-Neelsen staining revealed isolated clusters of acid-fast bacilli (a total of 1,000 in less than 10 fields of view). When stained with auramine-rhodamine, the number of found mycobacteria proved to be significantly larger (a total of 1,000 to 10,000 in 10-50 fields of view) and that was greatest in the IHC study (a total of over 10,000 in more than 50 fields of view). At the same type, all types of studies revealed that the localization of mycobacteria was exclusively extracellular. The Ziehl-Neelsen staining indicated that the proportion of typical bacilli was much higher (85-95%; mean 88.13±2.14) than that (50-85%; mean 64.38±4.24%) identified when stained with auramine-rhodamine and even more significantly more than that (50-70%; mean 57.29±2.78%) detected during the IHC study. The indicators were equally different for the atypical morphological forms of mycobacteria identified in minimal quantities by the Ziehl-Nielsen staining and in large quantities by fluorescence and IHC studies. There is evidence for the ability of mycobacteria to have morphological polymorphism and for the need to clarify the pathogenesis of tuberculosis.

External Quality Assessment of Laboratories Performance in AFB Microscopy in Tigray Region, North Ethiopia 2016

Background: In several countries with a high incidence of tuberculosis (TB), direct sputum smear microscopy remains the most cost effective tool for diagnosing patients with infectious tuberculosis and for monitoring their progress on treatment. The objective of the current study was to assess the quality of laboratory service in AFB microscopy of Tigray Region. Randomly selected health facilities were participated in the external quality assessment. Data was entered and analysed using SPSS version 20. Results: Between December 2015 and February 2016, a total of 80 laboratories were participated. Most (87%) of the laboratories have continuous electric supply. Only 70% of the health facilities have continuous pipe water and 56.5 % have no separate table for smear preparation, staining, microscopy and recording. From the distributed panel slides, 91% of the Health facilities were scored 100% concordant results but 9% of the health facilities were scored discordant results. The main reasons for discordant results were shortage of training, non-functional microscope, have no lens cleaning and using of unfiltered carbol fuchsin reagent. Conclusions: The performance of health facilities for smear microscopy reading and smear quality were relatively low in this study area, because smear positivity rate and annual negative slide volume of the health facilities were below the standard. Therefore Strengthening the EQA program and technical support on smear quality indicators are recommended to ensure for better quality diagnostic service of tuberculosis

Identification of a novel cytoplasmic male sterile line M2BS induced by partial-length HcPDIL5-2a transformation in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

A cytoplasmic male sterile line (designated as M2BS) was obtained from an indica rice maintainer M2B induced by partial-length HcPDIL5-2a (Hibiscus cannabinus protein disulfide isomerase-like) transformation. The anther of M2BS was short, slender, hygrophanous, and fissured. I2-KI staining method showed that there was typical and spherical abortion in pollen grains. M2BS was found abortive at middle and late stage of monocyte by the modified carbol fuchsin stained observation and paraffin section observation. The tapetum was observed pre-degenerated in M2BS. Hereditary analysis indicated that the male sterility of M2BS was a maternally inherited inability after six backcross generations with M2B and the combinations of M2BS hybridized with other two male fertile materials. The M2BS could be affirmed a cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) type. Moreover, it was a transgenic plant confirmed by PCR, Southern blot and RT-PCR detection. M2BS could be distinguished from M2B and its CMS line M2A by RFLP analysis. The overall mitochondrial genome sequencing results showed, that in M2BS, the main differences of mitochondrial gene sequence were located in nad4, nad5, nad7, orf194 and intergenic region, relatively to those of M2A. The obtained results indicate that M2BS is a novel cytoplasmic male sterile line.

Embryology of Hemerocallis L. and its systematic significance

The embryology of the genus Hemerocallis L. was studied to re-evaluate its current systematic position proposed by recent phylogenies based on molecular data. Using the improved carbol fuchsin–aniline blue staining method and conventional paraffin sectioning technique, we followed the development of anther and pollen grain, ovule and female gametophyte, and embryo and endosperm up to seed maturity. Our results showed that the (1) anther wall development is of the Monocot type, with a one cell-thick middle layer and a secretory tapetum, (2) microsporocytes cytokinesis is of the intermediate type, (3) microspore tetrads are tetragonal or decussate, (4) pollen grains are two-celled, (5) ovary is superior and trilocular, with axile placentas bearing two collateral ovules per locule, (6) ovules are anatropous, tenuinucellate, and bitegmic, with micropyle formed by the inner integument, (7) megaspore tetrads are linear, and only the chalazal one is functional, (8) embryo sac development is typically of Polygonum type, (9) embryogenesis is of Graminad type, and (10) endosperm development is of nuclear type. Overall, our study thus confirms that the embryological features of Hemerocallis support its exclusion from Liliaceae in Liliales, its inclusion in Asparagales, and its affinities with Asphodelaceae.

Prevalence of Intestinal Parasites in Cats and Their Importance in Terms of Public Health.

This study aimed to detect the prevalence of intestinal parasites in cats by fecal examination. A total of 100 fecal samples were collected from owned and stray cats in the Kırıkkale province. Epidemiological data on the sampled cats (e.g., age, race, and sex) were recorded. The samples were macroscopically investigated for the presence of cestode proglottids. The fecal smears were stained with Giemsa and Carbol fuchsin stains. The samples were prepared by centrifugal flotation with a saturated sugar solution. The slides were examined using light microscopy. Parasites were detected in 47% of feces of cats examined. Protozoa (Isospora spp. and Cryptosporidium spp.) oocysts, gravid proglottid of cestode (Joyeuxiella spp.), and nematode (Toxocara spp. and hookworm) eggs were present in the fecal samples. In this study, 48.9% of cats were infected with one species, and 44.6% and 6.3% of cats were infected with two and three species, respectively. The more prevalent parasite species were Isospora spp. (65.9%) and Toxocara spp. (48.9%). The parasites were found to be more common in stray cats. Intestinal parasites were highly prevalent in the cats examined in this study. House cats can have significant parasitic infections, particularly because they are allowed outdoors. House cats should be regularly examined by a veterinarian.

Cytological assessment of Barr body in buccal scrapes: A comparative study

IntroductionBarr body is a deeply stained condensed chromatin material seen in the nuclei of females, which is taken as a vital tool in the identification and determination of sex of the individual. Various staining techniques can be used for their demonstration. However, staining with carbol fuchsin, papanicolaou and acridine orange were considered appropriate as they produce stronger contrast and are simple to use. AimTo determine the sex and also to assess the accuracy and efficacy of special nuclear stains like carbol fuchsin, papanicolaou and acridine orange in staining Barr bodies. Materials and methodsA total of 300 samples were included in the present study. The smears were collected and subsequently stained with three different special stains of which 100 samples were stained with acridine orange, 100 with papanicolaou and 100 with carbol fuchsin. Stained smears were examined for Barr bodies and also for their staining accuracy and efficacy. Results and discussionBarr body was found to be negative in the male samples and positive for female samples with acridine orange yielding 64%, papanicolaou yielding 46.14% and carbol fuchsin 8.68% of Barr-body-positive cells. ConclusionOn comparison, the efficacy and accuracy for detection of Barr bodies were more with acridine orange followed by papanicolaou and carbol fuchsin.