Carbohydrates In Relation Research Articles

Turnover of Carbohydrates in Relation to Growth in Apple Trees. I. Seasonal Variation of Growth and Carbohydrate Reserves

Turnover of Carbohydrates in Relation to Growth in Apple Trees. I. Seasonal Variation of Growth and Carbohydrate Reserves

Fasting metabolism in infants. I. Effect of severe undernutrition on energy and protein utilization

Fasting energy metabolism was studied in infants to determine the rates of utilization of endogenous carbohydrate, fat, and protein in relation to length of fasting, glucose homeostasis, other circulating energy substrates and hormones, and severe depletion of energy reserves due to prior malnutrition. Five subjects about 1 yr of age were each studied before and after restoration of their energy reserves. Following 3 days of a standard maintenance intake of energy and protein, the subjects were fasted until glycogen oxidation became negligible. Total energy utilization, determined by hourly oxygen consumption, did not diminish as a result of fasting but was significantly less when malnourished than when recovered, 66 versus 79 kcal/kg/day. In all cases the major energy source shifted from oxidation of dietary carbohydrate and glycogen to oxidation of fat, determined from the respiratory quotient, until the oxidation of glycogen became negligible and fat provided 94% of energy in the malnourished subjects after 21 hr and 92% in the recovered subjects after 27 hr. Utilization of protein, determined from urinary nitrogen excretion, remained very low in the malnourished infants, accounting for a maximum of 4% of energy, 103 mg N/kg/day, whereas after recovery, protein utilization doubled as a result of fasting, finally accounting for 7% of energy, 226 mg N/kg/day ( p < 0.005). Urea accounted for 60% of total urinary N in both groups and plasma urea increased correspondingly in the recovered but not in the malnourished subjects. Plasma glucose decreased to about 40 mg 100 ml in both groups as glycogen oxidation diminished. The maximum amount of glucose that could have been derived from dietary carbohydrate, glycogen, glycerol, and amino acids decreased over this time from about 6 to 1 mg/kg/min. Alanine declined in relation to glucose concentration and was not different in the two groups in spite of the difference in urea production. Glycerol, free fatty acids, β-hydroxybutyrate, and acetoacetate increased in both groups, but the latter three of these remained significantly less in the malnourished group. Insulin decreased rapidly and remained equally low in both groups. Urinary epinephrine increased in both groups and cortisol was elevated after fasting, while growth hormone did not increase significantly. It is concluded that fasting infants complete the transition from dietary carbohydrate to endogenous fat as the major energy source much faster than do adults, proportionate to relatively greater energy utilization. Severe wasting did not prevent energy homeostasis in spite of greatly depleted body fat. Oxidation of fat continued to provide virtually all of the fasting energy requirements, although ketosis was relatively less. Utilization of endogenous protein also increased as a result of fasting but, by contrast, provided only a very small fraction of total energy, and this was substantially diminished as a result of wasting, similar to what has been found in starved adults. The decreased availability of gluconeogenic amino acids did not result in hypoglycemia. The decline of blood glucose during early fasting could be accounted for by declining availability of glycogen. The associated hormonal changes were consistent with the shift to fat oxidation. Availability of body fat as the major energy source is likely to be the most limiting factor in survival of infant malnutrition.

Carbohydrate and Lipid Contents of Celmisia Plants in Alpine Snowbank and Herbfield Communities on Rock and Pillar Range, New Zealand

Carbohydrate and lipid cycles in relation to plant phenology were examined in alpine snowbank and herbfield populations of Celmisia haastii var. tomentosa, C. prorepens and C. viscosa on Rock and Pillar Range, New Zealand. Major periods of carbohydrate build-up and depletion were observed in roots, stems and evergreen leaves during the growing season. Depletion generally occurred during flowering scape elongation, flowering, a late February-early March burst of vegetative growth and overwintering. Although carbohydrates accumulated in some tissues to near seasonal maxima at the onset of winter snow cover, they dropped during the winter to near seasonal minima. Thus, the species do not retain large amounts of carbohydrate reserves over winter, and major periods of growth and flowering are not sustained by carbohydrate reserves from previous growing seasons. Lipid levels in the evergreen leaves were remarkably high. Maximal observed percentages were 6.6, 14.6 and 20.3% in the three species, respectively. Lipid percentages decreased during flowering scape elongation-early flowering in C. viscosa, and possibly during flowering and the February-March growth period in C. haastii. Lipid percentages increased markedly during the winter in C. prorepens. The evergreen leaves may serve as overwinter storage sites for lipids in C. prorepens and C. viscosa. INTRODUCTION Arctic and alpine environments of the Northern Hemisphere have short, cool growing seasons of only a few weeks duration (Bliss, 1956). Plants adapted to these environments must complete their vegetative growth and set seed during these few weeks of favorable weather. Consequently, spring bursts of rapid vegetative growth and flowering characterize most tundra species. This rapid growth must depend on translocation and utilization of stored reserves from the previous growing season as well as current photosynthate (Fonda and Bliss, 1966; Mooney and Billings, 1960, 1961; Russell, 1940, 1948). In perennial species, the depleted reserves must be replenished later in the growing season for use the following year. These reserves are usually stored as carbohydrates in stems and roots, although lipids may also be important reserves in old leaves and stems of evergreen alpine species (Bliss and Mark, 1965; Hadley and Bliss, 1964). In contrast, New Zealand alpine environments have long growing seasons which often exceed 5 months; however, temperatures are favorable for plant growth for only short periods throughout those prolonged seasons (Bliss 1969; Mark,. 1965; Mark and Bliss, 1970). Consequently, vegetative growth is slow and intermittent over 2-4 months (Bliss, 1969). The objective of the present study is to examine energy reserves in

Carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in relation to body composition in myotonic dystrophy.

Body composition and carbohydrate and lipid metabolism were examined in seventeen patients with myotonic dystrophy (MD). Body cell mass and body fat were determined with isotope dilution methods. Adipose tissue fat cell weight was measured and total fat cell number of the body could be estimated. Fasting concentrations of blood glucose, plasma triglyceride, cholesterol, and insulin as well as of glucose and insulin after ingestion of 100 gm. of glucose were also determined. In comparison with pertinent controls, MD patients showed no difference in body weight, although body composition was markedly altered with decreased body cell mass and increased body fat mass. Patients without physical impairment showed no derangements, of metabolism. However, disabled MD patients with pronounced decrease of body cell mass had decreased glucose tolerance and increased levels of fasting plasma insulin and lipids. It was concluded that deranged lipid or carbohydrate metabolism is not a primary characteristic of MD but a phenomenon secondary to muscular impairment and atrophy. Intact muscle function is probably important in regulation of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism.

Diel cycle of dissolved carbohydrates in two freshwater ponds

Diurnal changes of the dissolved carbohydrates in relation to fluctuations in plankton content and primary productivity were investigated in two freshwater ponds. The highest amount of DCHO recorded was 52·25 mg/litre which appears to be high as compared to those of temperate waters. The amount of carbon released in DCHO usually exceeded that of the carbon assimilated during photosynthesis. It has been suggested that probably factors such as temperature, pollution and bacterial activity are responsible for the high yield of dissolved carbohydrates.

Molecular rotations of per-O-acetyl carbohydrates in relation to their structures. III. [M]D20- change caused by the group change at the carbon-6 atom in D-glucopyranose derivatives

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTMolecular rotations of per-O-acetyl carbohydrates in relation to their structures. III. [M]D20- change caused by the group change at the carbon-6 atom in D-glucopyranose derivativesShukichi YamanaCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1968, 33, 5, 1819–1822Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1968Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1968https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01269a025RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views26Altmetric-Citations2LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (473 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts

Molecular rotations of per-O-acetyl carbohydrates in relation to their structures. II. Glycopyranoside

Molecular rotations of per-O-acetyl carbohydrates in relation to their structures. II. Glycopyranoside

Implantation of the rat embryo: further histochemical observations on carbohydrate, RNA, and lipid metabolic pathways.

Summary. The routes of metabolism of carbohydrate, lipid and rna in relation to the implanting rat embryo are examined histochemically, using the standard dehydrogenase technique and, as substrates, α-glycero-phosphate, β-hydroxy-butyrate, glucose-6-phosphate, 6-phospho-gluconate, lactate, isocitrate, succinate, malate (with both nad and NADP as co-factors), alcohol (ethanol), furfuryl alcohol and glutamate. Lipid (Sudan III) and rna (chrome-alum-gallocyanin with rnase controls) were also investigated. The results divide the enzymes into four groups: α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase and β-hydroxy-butyrate dehydrogenase, which are found mainly in the uterine epithelium where they accumulate just before its breakdown and then disappear, and which correspond well to the lipid distribution. glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, whose distribution corresponds well with that of rna suggesting that ribose production for rna may be via the pentose shunt in this site. These enzymes are found in the primary decidua initially, and then mainly in the mesometrial stroma. Lactate, isocitrate, succinate and malate dehydrogenases which accumulate chiefly in the antimesometrial decidua up to 8 to 8½ days thereafter falling off in concentration, and whose distribution suggests that they may represent the route of glycogen breakdown in this site for energy production. alcohol dehydrogenase (function unknown), furfuryl dehydrogenase whose distribution suggests that it may be concerned with rna turnover, and glutamate dehydrogenase, which is found in sites probably engaged in rapid protein turnover. A lesser degree of staining of isocitric dehydrogenase as compared to other Krebs' cycle enzymes is demonstrated, and it is suggested that this is due to an associated decrease in nadph diaphorase, which decrease may suggest transhydrogenation and associated stimulation of protein synthesis. The function of the yolk-sac placenta is examined, and a possible route of protein absorption, breakdown to simpler substances, and re-secretion into the yolk-sac cavity for direct access to the embryo is suggested. Finally the function of the decidua in relation to the nutrition of the embryo is examined and it is suggested that at least one of these functions may be the synthesis and transport to the embryo of protein for tissue growth.

Proceedings of the symposium on carbohydrates in relation to nutrition, economic standard and dental caries. General Introduction.

Proceedings of the symposium on carbohydrates in relation to nutrition, economic standard and dental caries. General Introduction.

Molecular Rotations of Poly-O-acetyl (or Benzoyl) Carbohydrates in Relation to Their Structures. The Rules Which Even D-Mannose Derivatives Obey

Molecular Rotations of Poly-O-acetyl (or Benzoyl) Carbohydrates in Relation to Their Structures. The Rules Which Even D-Mannose Derivatives Obey

Feeding response of adultTribolium to carbohydrates in relation to their utilisation

Die Futterungsreaktionen beim erwachsenenTribolium castaneum (Herbst.) zeigen, dass keine der verschiedenen Kohlenhydrate das Fressen besonders anregt. Der Nahrwert dieser Kohlenhydrate nimmt in folgender Reihenfolge ab: Starke und Maltose; Glukose, Melibiose und Milchzucker; Rohrzucker, Fruchtzucker, Melezitose, Raffinose und Cellobiose.

Hormonal Control of Selective Feeding in Female Calliphora erythrocephala Meig

Calliphora females will live on a sugar diet but will not reproduce unless protein-containing substances are also ingested1. The selection of carbohydrate and protein diets in relation to reproduction has been investigated over the last three years.

Effect of carbohydrate ingestion on postprandial lipemia.

The present study shows that the degree of postprandial lipemia may be decreased by all factors which increase carbohydrate metabolism, such as glucose and glucagon, and increased by factors inhibiting CHO metabolism, such as fasting and epinephrine. The intensity of the lipemia is not, therefore, necessarily an indication merely of fat absorption. Attention is called to the fact that existing knowledge of fat tolerance has usually been based on the effects of test meals containing little or no carbohydrate in relation to the amount of fat.

Starch and Other Carbohydrates in Relation to Powder-Post Beetle Infestation in Freshly Harvested Bamboo

Starch and Other Carbohydrates in Relation to Powder-Post Beetle Infestation in Freshly Harvested Bamboo

Diurnal march of carbohydrates in relation to biochemic constitution of leaves

Diurnal march of carbohydrates in relation to biochemic constitution of leaves

The Specificity of Proteins and Carbohydrates in Relation to Genera, Species and Varieties

American Journal of BotanyVolume 3, Issue 3 p. 91-98 Article THE SPECIFICITY OF PROTEINS AND CARBOHYDRATES IN RELATION TO GENERA, SPECIES AND VARIETIES† Edward Tyson Reichert, Edward Tyson Reichert Department of Physiology, University of PennsylvaniaSearch for more papers by this author Edward Tyson Reichert, Edward Tyson Reichert Department of Physiology, University of PennsylvaniaSearch for more papers by this author First published: 01 March 1916 https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1537-2197.1916.tb05405.x †Invitation paper read before the Botanical Society of America and affiliated societies at Columbus, December 29, 1915. AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Volume3, Issue3March 1916Pages 91-98 RelatedInformation