Carbohydrate Supplementation Research Articles

The effects of perioperative carbohydrate supplementation on length of hospital stay and postoperative complications in older adult hip fracture patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis

The effects of perioperative carbohydrate supplementation on length of hospital stay and postoperative complications in older adult hip fracture patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis - Volume 82 Issue OCE3

The effect of an intervention of porcine protein versus maltodextrin supplement on CONvalescence of FUnCtional outcomes after IcU Stay (CONFUCIUS): Study protocol for a randomized controlled, single-center, double-blind trial.

Patients discharged from the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) frequently suffer from ICU-acquired weakness because of immobilization and massive inflammation-induced muscle mass loss. Consequently, rehospitalization, reduced quality of life (QoL), increased disabilities, and higher post-ICU mortality is observed. Exercise rehabilitation and optimal nutrition, particularly protein intake, are pivotal to regaining muscle mass and function. Studies have shown that protein requirements in the post-ICU phase are often unmet. Furthermore, protein supplementation in other patient groups has shown beneficial effects. However, a study on protein supplementation during the post-ICU period is lacking. This study aims to investigate the effect of a six-week intervention of daily porcine protein supplementation versus an isocaloric control (maltodextrin) on functional outcomes in the post-ICU period in patients with moderately severe ICU-acquired weakness. 72 post-ICU patients with moderately severe ICU-acquired weakness of Hospital Gelderse Vallei will be randomly assigned to either the intervention or the control group (36 per arm). The intervention group receives a porcine protein supplement twice a day. The control group receives a maltodextrin supplement twice a day. The intervention starts on the first day in the general ward and lasts 42 days (6 weeks). The primary outcome is the between-group difference in physical function at hospital discharge (t;=2), the end of the intervention (t;=3, day 42), and the 3-month follow-up (t;=4) expressed as a composite score consisting of handgrip strength, muscle strength leg, muscle strength arm and exercise capacity. Secondary outcomes encompass physical function, QoL, Activity of daily living (ADL), and plasma amino acids concentrations. Lastly, ICU readmission after ICU discharge, hospital readmission after hospital discharge, and overall survival status will be considered. Linear mixed models will be used to test the treatment effect for the primary and secondary outcome measures. This trial will be the first to investigate porcine protein supplementation compared with carbohydrate supplementation in the post-ICU period aiming to improve functional outcomes of ICU survivors with moderately severe ICU-acquired weakness. The study has been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov. Number: NCT05405764.

Sparing Muscle Glycogen in Rats with Brown Sugarcane Supplementation

ABSTRACT Background: Carbohydrates supplementation before exercise is known to delay fatigue in athletes, especially for endurance type of sports. Brown sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) mostly contains sucrose. The breakdown of sucrose into glucose and fructose is used by the body as an energy-providing substrate, especially when exercising for a long duration – endurance. Consumption of brown sugarcane before exercise is expected to keep blood glucose in normal condition and preventing from muscle glycogen catabolism. Objectives: This research aimed to investigate the effect of carbohydrate supplementation with brown sugarcane and glucose on blood glucose and muscle glycogen levels. Methods: 36 male Sprague Dawley rats at 8 weeks old were involved in this study. There were 4 groups of intervention, brown sugarcane + swimming (BS), glucose + swimming (G), water + swimming (W), and brown sugarcane without swimming (S). The dose of intervention was 0,3 g sucrose/100 g body weight of rats. The supplementation was given 10 minutes before doing the swimming activity. A statistical test with SPSS software was used to analyze the results. One-way ANOVA and t-test were used to analyze before and after supplementation. Results: The results showed that the rats who were given sugar cane supplementation before swimming had a smaller increase in blood glucose than the other groups. The increasing of blood glucose in each group were BS = 7.95 mg/dl; G = 21.19 mg/dl; W = 35.64 mg/dl; S = 4.57 mg/dl; p=0.000. Muscle glycogen levels in the rats given sugar cane supplementation group were higher than in the other groups (p=0.000). Conclusions: Carbohydrate supplementation with brown sugarcane before endurance type of exercise was able to maintain blood glucose on normal condition and prevent muscle glycogen catabolism in experimental animals. Research on the development of sports spesific products based on brown sugarcane can be carried out to see its effects directly on humans. Keywords: brown sugarcane, glucose, glicogen, swimming, carbohydrates

Assessment of sensory preference and frequency of carbohydrate bar consumption by physically active people

Introduction: Active lifestyles are causing an increase in interest directed toward foods, many athletes use specially formulated food products that concentrate large amounts of nutrients in a small volume, while also being easily digestible and quickly absorbed. The main objective of the study was to compare selected commercially available products prepared for physically active people with those prepared based on proprietary recipes and natural, commonly available ingredients. Material and method: The material used in the comparative study was energy bars from three sources: popular market bars from the leading manufacturers in the Polish market and available in most grocery stores, specialized bars, and bars made according to the author's recipe in imitation of the above snacks using natural ingredients. The evaluation of the use of supplements was based on the author's survey questionnaire on consumer preferences and frequency of consumption of carbohydrate products, using energy bars as an example. Results: Bars prepared according to the author's recipe received scores of 2 and 3 for taste and texture and scores of 1 and 2 for the input of basic raw materials. Evaluation of the use of supplements was carried out in a group of 147 people, the study group was dominated by people who train in cycling and running. About 65% of the respondents declared that they use energy bars. Among those who use energy bars, the largest number of respondents declared that they use specialty bars (20%), 15% of respondents use market bars and 8% make the bars themselves. Conclusions: The results of the sensory evaluation of bars prepared according to the author's recipe indicate the need to modify their composition, especially in terms of improving the texture. Carbohydrate supplements are used by respondents, especially if it is justified in the case of practicing endurance and endurance sports characterized by high intensity of training, i.e. cycling and running.

Effects of dietary carbohydrate levels on growth, metabolic enzyme activities and oxidative status of hybrid snakehead (Channa maculata ♀ × Channa argus ♂)

An 8-week feeding trial was aimed to explore the effects of dietary carbohydrate on growth performance, metabolic enzyme activities and oxidative status of hybrid snakehead (Channa maculata ♀ × Channa argus ♂). A total of 540 healthy hybrid snakehead with initial body weight of (39.4 ± 0.01) g were selected and randomly divided into 18 cages, with 30 in each cage. Six isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets with different levels of digestible carbohydrate (α-starch) levels (DCL) (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25%) were fed to hybrid snakehead. Results showed that dietary carbohydrate supplementation had significant effects on final body weight (FW), weight gain (WG), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) of hybrid snakehead in a third order polynomial (cubic) model, with the optimal level established at 10.2%–12.0%. Effects on Condition factor (CF) of hybrid snakehead was described by a second order polynomial (quadratic) relationship. Hepatosomatic index (HSI) and viscerosomatic index (VSI) showed a linear relationship with increasing DCL. The body protein, crude lipid and hepatic glycogen content of hybrid snakehead increased with the levels of carbohydrate supplementation (P < 0.05). Dietary supplementation with carbohydrate significantly increased the levels of plasma cholesterol (CHOL), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in hybrid snakehead (P < 0.05). The activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in both plasma and liver were significantly enhanced by the highest level of carbohydrate (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in liver increased firstly and then decreased with the increasing of DCL (P < 0.05). The expression levels of genes encoding SOD, glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX), proinflammatory cytokines interleukin 1β (IL-1β) and interleukin 8 (IL-8) in liver showed significantly increasing trend when DCL increased from 0% to 15%, followed by significant decline when DCL exceeds 15% (P < 0.05). The malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in liver were not affected by DCL. Based on these results, the optimal level of dietary carbohydrate supplementation was estimated at approximately 11% for maximum growth and normal metabolism of hybrid snakehead.

Effects of carbohydrate and protein supplement strategies on endurance capacity and muscle damage of endurance runners: A double blind, controlled crossover trial.

ABSTRACTBackgroundThe purpose of this study is to explore the effect of carbohydrate only or carbohydrate plus protein supplementation on endurance capacity and muscle damage.MethodsTen recreationally active male runners (VO2max: 53.61 ± 3.86 ml/kg·min) completed run-to-exhaustion test three times with different intakes of intervention drinks. There was a 7-day wash-out period between tests. Each test started with 60 minutes of running at 70% VO2max (phase 1), followed by an endurance capacity test: time-to-exhaustion running at 80% VO2max (phase 2). Participants randomly ingested either 1) 0.4 g/kg BM carbohydrate before phase 1 and before phase 2 (CHO+CHO), 2) 0.4 g/kg BM protein before phase 1 and 0.4 g/kg BM carbohydrate before phase 2 (PRO+CHO), or 3) 0.4 g/kg BM carbohydrate before phase 1 and 0.4 g/kg BM protein before phase 2 (CHO+PRO). All subjects ingested carbohydrate (CHO) 1.2 g/kg BM during phase 1, and blood samples were obtained before, immediately, and 24 h after exercise for measurements of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), creatine kinase (CK), and myoglobin (MB).ResultsThere was no significant difference in time to exhaustion between the three supplement strategies (CHO+CHO: 432 ± 225 s; PRO+CHO: 463 ± 227 s; CHO+PRO: 461 ± 248 s). However, ALT and AST were significantly lower in PRO+CHO than in CHO+CHO 24 h after exercise (ALT: 16.80 ± 6.31 vs. 24.39 ± 2.54 U/L; AST: 24.06 ± 4.77 vs. 31.51 ± 7.53 U/L, p < 0.05). MB was significantly lower in PRO+CHO and CHO+PRO than in CHO+CHO 24 h after exercise (40.7 ± 15.2; 38.1 ± 14.3; 64.3 ± 28.9 ng/mL, respectively, p < 0.05). CK increased less in PRO+CHO compared to CHO+CHO 24 h after exercise (404.22 ± 75.31 VS. 642.33 ± 68.57 U/L, p < 0.05).ConclusionCarbohydrate and protein supplement strategies can reduce muscle damage caused by endurance exercise, but they do not improve endurance exercise capacity.

Multiple Effects of Egg Weight, in Ovo Carbohydrates, and Sex of Birds on Posthatch Performance in Broilers.

Simple SummaryFuture technologies in poultry nutrition must support the growth, gut health, and energy status of the birds. One of these technologies is in ovo nutrition, in which nutrients enter the egg by a needle puncture without any harm to the embryo. Amino acids, vitamins, and even carbohydrates can be injected into various parts of the egg, mainly during the last days of hatch. Carbohydrates, as a primary energy source, are crucial for the avian body, especially on the day of hatch, when the carbohydrate resources of the egg yolk do not meet the needs of the embryo. In our study, a carbohydrate mixture composed of disaccharides and glucose was tested to examine the performance and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens. It can be concluded that a carbohydrate mixture tends to reduce hatchability; however, the correct quantity of fluids, injection day, and osmolality of the mixture still need to be specified. In addition, many other factors can determine performance, such as the hatching day, sex, and the size or weight of the egg. On the other hand, this technique may improve carcass traits. Further studies are needed to refine the method to avoid embryo death.Chickens raised for their meat (Gallus gallus domesticus) tend to have a critical phase of life right after hatching due to the management of modern production systems. Early nutrition strategies such as in ovo intervention can be an alternative means to support growth and gut health by compensating for the energy deficit after pipping out of the egg. In the current study, 1200 Ross 308 eggs were used to examine the effects of a complex carbohydrate solution of disaccharides and glucose applied in ovo on hatchability, the hatching time of different-sized eggs, and the development, performance, and carcass characteristics of broilers of both sexes. The eggs were divided into three treatment groups: intact (NT), in ovo saline (ioS), and in ovo carbohydrate mixture (ioCH). The incubation protocol was performed according to the recommendations of Aviagen (2019), and the in ovo process was carried out on day 17 by manually injecting 0.5 mL of the solutions into the amniotic fluid. After hatching, the birds were kept in floor pens until day 35 and fed ad libitum in a three-phase feeding program. Body weight, average daily weight gain, feed intake and conversion, and carcass characteristics were measured during the trial. In ovo carbohydrates reduced hatchability by 15%, while growth performance and the weight of thigh and breast muscle were enhanced significantly (p < 0.05) compared with ioS as a possible outcome of carbohydrate-to-muscle satellite cell proliferation and protein accumulation. However, further study is needed to refine the in ovo carbohydrate supplementation method to minimize the mortality of embryos during hatching.

The Immediate Effects of High Carbohydrate and Caffeinated Drinks on Speed, Coordination, and Cognitive Function in Professional Futsal Players

Background: Researchers believe the beneficiary role of some supplements in improving futsal player's performance, since their performance is disturbed by lactate accumulation. Objectives: In the present study, we aimed to investigate the acute effects of high-carbohydrate and high-caffeine drinks on the motor performance (speed and coordination) and cognitive function of futsal players. Methods: The study utilized a quasi-experimental design with a pretest-posttest control group. The study involved 40 participants who were randomly assigned to one of four groups: (1) carbohydrate supplementation (N = 10), (2) caffeine supplementation (N = 10), (3) carbohydrate and caffeine supplementation (N = 10), and (4) control group (placebo). The subjects were given two different sports drinks, one containing carbohydrates and caffeine, each at a dose of 6 mL per kilogram of body weight, while the control group received a placebo. To measure speed, a 36-m sprint test was used, while coordination was assessed using a dribble and shoot test. Cognitive performance was measured using a modified version of the continuous performance test (CPT) developed specifically for use with futsal players. Results: The study found that carbohydrate intake had a significant positive effect on reaction time and coordination (P &lt; 0.05). Caffeine intake was also associated with a significant improvement in cognitive performance (P &lt; 0.05), but no significant effect was observed on speed and coordination (P &gt; 0.05). Furthermore, the group that received both carbohydrate and caffeine supplements showed improvements in speed, coordination, and cognitive performance (P &lt; 0.05). Conclusions: It is suggested that taking a supplement containing a combination of carbohydrates and caffeine for 5 days prior to performance may lead to improved results in speed and coordination tests.

Carbohydrate Ingestion Attenuates Cognitive Dysfunction Following Long-Duration Passive Heat Stress In Humans

PURPOSE: To determine if electrolyte or carbohydrate supplementation would reduce cognitive dysfunction in humans following long-duration passive heat stress. METHODS: Fifteen subjects performed 2 visits of 120 minutes of passive heat stress wearing liquid perfused suits infused with 50 °C water. In random order, subjects consumed fluids supplemented with electrolytes (E) or electrolytes+carbohydrates (E + C). Pre- and post-heat stress, body mass (BM) and plasma osmolality (pOsm) were measured. Heat rate, blood pressure, Physiological Strain Index (PSI), core temperature (TC), plasma glucose, plasma lactate, respiration rate, end-tidal CO2, internal carotid artery (ICA) velocity, and ICA diameter were recorded every 15 minutes. Cognitive function was assessed via the Automated Neurophysiological Assessment Metric (simple vs. complex cognitive tasks) at 30 minutes and at 120 minutes. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between fluid conditions (E & E + C) for BM loss (0.33 ± 0.2 & 0.22 ± 0.2 kg), pOsm (Δ3.6 ± 8.0 & 5.9 ± 6.7 mmol/L), peak-PSI (6.2 ± 0.3 & 5.9 ± 0.3), peak TC (38.9 ± 0.1 & 38.9 ± 0.1 °C), and ICA diameter (0.42 ± 0.01 & 0.42 ± 0.01 cm). Plasma glucose was significantly higher in the E + C condition at 60, 75, 90, 105, & 120 minutes (P < 0.05). No significant differences were noted between the 2 fluid conditions for the simple cognitive tasks however, in both fluid conditions, cognitive function was impaired following the bout of passive heat stress. Interestingly, compared to the E condition, the E + C condition demonstrated improved performance on all complex cognitive tasks (P < 0.05). Furthermore, compared to the E condition, the E + C condition demonstrated a significant increase in ICA blood velocity, blood flow, and vascular conductance at 90, 105, and 120 minute time points (P < 0.05) and a significant decrease in mean arterial pressure and heart rate at 60, 75, 90, 105, and 120 minute time points (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: These data are the first to suggest that exogenous glucose administration may have a protective effect on cognitive function during long-duration passive heat stress. Furthermore, this protection is associated with elevated global cerebral blood flow and glucose delivery to the brain.

Ketone Ester Plus Carbohydrate Supplementation Impairs Physical Performance And Decreases Glucose Turnover Versus Carbohydrate Alone

BACKGROUND: Ketone esters combined with carbohydrate have been reported to enhance physical performance compared to carbohydrate alone. Improvements in physical performance are suggested to result from sparing of glucose for fuel use during exercise; however, no studies have examined the effect of ketone supplementation on glucose kinetics. PURPOSE: Determine the effect of ketone ester plus carbohydrate (KE + CHO) supplementation on physical performance and glucose kinetics during steady-state aerobic exercise. METHODS: Twelve men (mean ± SD; 29 ± 5 y, 26 ± 3 kg/m2) completed this randomized, double-blind, crossover study. After controlling exercise and diet for 48 h, participants consumed a KE + CHO (KE: 573 mg KE/kg body mass, CHO: 110 g glucose) or CHO (110 g glucose) drink before and during 90 min of steady-state treadmill exercise (54 ± 3 % VO2peak) with a weighted vest (30% body mass; 25 ± 3 kg). Glucose kinetics during exercise were determined using indirect calorimetry and tracer techniques ([6,6-2H2] glucose and 13C glucose). Participants performed an unweighted time to exhaustion test (TTE; 85 % VO2peak) following steady-state exercise. After 24 h of controlled feeding, participants consumed a bolus of KE + CHO or CHO and completed a weighted 4-mile time trial (TT; 25 ± 3 kg). RESULTS: β-hydroxybutyrate concentrations were higher (P < 0.05) after exercise (2.3 ± 0.8 vs. 0.1 ± 0.1 mM) and the TT (2.7 ± 0.8 vs. 0.1 ± 0.1 mM) in KE + CHO than CHO. TTE was lower (761 ± 429 vs. 865 ± 458 sec) and TT performance was slower (55.0 ± 7.4 vs. 52.9 ± 6.6 min) in KE + CHO than CHO (P < 0.05). Exogenous (0.5 ± 0.1 vs. 0.5 ± 0.1 g/min) and plasma (0.6 ± 0.1 vs. 0.6 ± 0.1 g/min) glucose oxidation rates in the last 40 min of steady-state exercise were the same between KE + CHO and CHO (P > 0.05). Glucose rate of appearance (6.5 ± 1.4 vs. 7.0 ± 1.6 mg/kg/min) and disappearance (6.7 ± 1.3 vs. 7.2 ± 1.6 mg/kg/min) during steady-state exercise was lower (P < 0.05) in KE + CHO than CHO, and metabolic clearance rate (MCR) did not differ between treatments (10.5 ± 3.0 vs. 10.1 ± 3.4 mL/kg/min; P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: KE + CHO impaired TT and TTE performance compared to CHO alone. Though glucose turnover was lower, similar rates of exogenous glucose oxidation and MCR during steady-state exercise in KE + CHO and CHO suggests performance decrements occur independent of glucose kinetics.

Abstract 035: Novel Metabolites Associated With Blood Pressure During Dietary Protein And Carbohydrate Interventions

Introduction: Dietary protein and carbohydrate intake have been associated with blood pressure (BP). However, molecular mechanisms for these associations are not well studied. Hypothesis: We hypothesize that novel metabolites – intermediate products of metabolic reactions of diet or genetic factors, may play a role in BP regulation during dietary protein and carbohydrate interventions. Methods: In the Protein and Blood Pressure (ProBP) trial, 80 participants were randomly assigned to take 40 grams/day of soy protein, milk protein, or carbohydrate supplementation each for 8 weeks in a cross-over design. We analyzed the associations of serum metabolites with BP at baseline and each dietary intervention, respectively. Age, sex, race, education, smoking, drinking, and body mass index were adjusted in all analyses. ProBP findings were evaluated for replication among 1206 participants of the Bogalusa Heart Study. Results: After Bonferroni correction for 77 independent metabolite clusters, we identified 17 metabolites (1 at baseline, 8 at carbohydrate diet, 4 at milk protein diet, and 5 at soy protein diet) positively associated with BP (P&lt;6.49E-4). Furthermore, 12 of these metabolite-BP associations identified at dietary interventions were replicated in the BHS (P&lt;0.05, Table ). Of the 12 metabolites, glycerol and hexadecadienoate (16:2n6) were associated with BP in previous studies, and all other metabolite-BP associations were novel. Conclusions: Several novel metabolites may play an important role in BP regulation during dietary protein and carbohydrate intake.

Impact of evening carbohydrate intake on the resolution of persistent night sweats in patients with long COVID: a case series

Up to 25% of patients with long COVID experience persistent night sweats. However, in most cases they remain untreated until they disappear on their own. Since SARS-CoV-2 is known to disrupt glucose homeostasis, we hypothesized that impaired mitochondria would result in faster glycogen depletion at night due to reduced ATP production yield, inducing adrenaline production ultimately leading to the onset of persistent night sweats. To test our hypothesis we investigated whether incorporating carbohydrates into the diet of three non-diabetic patients with long COVID before bedtime would have any effect decreasing their night sweats. Remarkably, after one week with the dietary intervention, the patients reported that their night sweats had completely disappeared. Therefore, we propose carbohydrate supplementation as an affordable solution for night sweats in long COVID patients.

Carbohydrate Supplement Impact on Growth Performance, Bacterial Community, and Bacterial Food Quality of Whiteleg Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) under Biofloc System

Biofloc technology has a high impact on enhancing shrimp production. Suitable supplemented carbohydrates (CHO) could affect the type of microorganisms developed in the system, which reflects on shrimp production, food safety, and public health. Here, we aimed to compare the effects of sugarcane molasses and wheat flour as carbohydrate sources on biofloc technology. That was achieved through measuring the following parameters: water quality, growth performance, feed utilization, floc composition, shrimp whole body composition, microbial community, and biofloc shrimp food bacterial quality. Postlarvae of whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) with a mean weight ( 38.47 ± 5.8 mg ) were stocked at a density of 200 individuals/m2 and cultured under a biofloc system for 128 days in six tanks with a total water volume of 30 m2 each. Water quality analysis revealed a better-dissolved oxygen concentration (5.59 mg/L) in the wheat flour treatment, whereas no significant differences were found between the two treatments in ammonia, nitrite, and pH levels. Increased turbidity (64.27 NTU) and floc volume (18.40 mL/L) were recorded with molasses treatment. Growth performance including final weight, weight gain, average daily gain, weight gain per week, and specific growth rate (12.37 g, 12.34 g, 0.096 g/d, 0.68, and 4.70%, respectively) were all significantly higher in the molasses treatment. Wheat flour treatment was associated with a higher survival rate (99%), biomass (71.16 Kg), and biomass increase percentage (395.337) in shrimps. It also improved feed utilization in terms of a lower feed conversion ratio (1.37) and higher protein efficiency ratio (1.92). The chemical composition of biofloc and shrimp whole body were both nutritious higher in wheat flour treatment. In water, total heterotrophic bacterial counts with sugarcane molasses treatment and wheat flour were estimated as 3.4 × 10 5 CFU / mL and 1.2 × 10 5 CFU / mL , respectively, with no significant difference. In both treatments, beneficial bacteria such as lactic acid bacteria and Enterobacter cloacae were identified in water with the absence of pathogenic Vibrio spp. Wheat flour had a significantly lower total Vibrio-like count (TVC). Shrimps had lower TVC ( 1.9 × 10 4 CFU / g ) with flour than with molasses ( 1.32 × 10 5 CFU / g ). Cronobacter spp. were associated with shrimps in BFT supplemented with molasses, which might pose a potential risk to food safety. In conclusion, the use of wheat flour was the best for shrimp production and shrimp food bacterial quality.

Effect of supplementary sugar feeding on colony growth of Asiatic hive bee, Apis cerana indica F.

Honey bees also known as "Angels of Agriculture" are arguably the most vital insects on the planet. Bee nutrition is an important aspect of colony management. Supplementary feeding is essential for maintaining the strength and health of honey bee colonies, especially during dearth periods. Experiments were conducted to evaluate a suitable, cheaper carbohydrate supplement and its effect on the colony growth of the Asiatic hive bee Apis cerana indica. Four different sugar syrup components, viz., sugar, water, milk and glucose, were combined to form seven treatments : T1-Sugar: water (1:1), T2-Sugar: water (1:1) + Glucose (2%),T3- Sugar: water (1:1) + Desi cow’s milk (2%),T4- Sugar + water (2:1), T5- Sugar + water (2:1) + Glucose (2%) ,T6- Sugar + water (2:1) + Desi cow’s milk (2%) and T7-Control and evaluated to select honey bee colonies . Among the different sugar syrup feeding treatments, the colonies fed with T2 - Sugar: water (1:1) + Glucose (2%) had a profound effect within a month and the colonies recorded an increase in sealed brood area from 175.66 cm2 to 425.00 cm2, honey store area from 49.00 cm2 to 130.33 cm2, pollen store area from 47. 33 cm2 to 125.33 cm2, adult bee population from 4318.66 bees/colony to 4933.33 bees/colony. The work is new to A. cerana indica. Many of their bee colonies suffer from poor nutrition and absconding during the dearth period. The present study will help the beekeeping farmers maintain these Asiatic honey bee colonies during the starved period and will be useful in income generation.

A Food First Approach to Carbohydrate Supplementation in Endurance Exercise: A Systematic Review

This systematic review analyzed whether carbohydrate source (food vs. supplement) influenced performance and gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms during endurance exercise. Medline, SPORTDiscus, and citations were searched from inception to July 2021. Inclusion criteria were healthy, active males and females aged >18years, investigating endurance performance, and GI symptoms after ingestion of carbohydrate from a food or supplement, <60min before or during endurance exercise. The van Rosendale scale was used to determine risk of bias, with seven studies having low risk of bias. A total of 151 participants from 15 studies were included in the review. Three studies provided 0.6-1 g carbohydrate/kg body mass during 5-45 min precycling exercise (duration 60-70 min) while 12 studies provided 24-80g/hr carbohydrate during exercise (60-330min). Except one study that suggested a likely harmful effect (magnitude-based inferences) of a bar compared to a gel consumed during exercise on cycling performance, there were no differences in running (n = 1) or cycling (n = 13) performance/capacity between food and supplemental sources. Greater GI symptoms were reported with food compared with supplemental sources. Highly heterogenous study designs for carbohydrate dose and timing, as well as exercise protocol and duration, make it difficult to compare findings between studies. A further limitation results from only one study assessing running performance. Food choices of carbohydrate consumed immediately before and during endurance exercise result in similar exercise performance/capacity responses to supplemental carbohydrate sources, but may slightly increase GI symptoms in some athletes, particularly with exercise >2hr.

Sezaryen Doğumda Gelişmiş Cerrahi Sonrası İyileşme Programları: Literatür Taraması

Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) programs have been improved surgical outcomes in many surgical sub-specialties, since the early 2000s. This multidisciplinary standardized care program aimed to optimize preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative care of patients undergoing surgery. Recent reports showed that the ERAS protocols have been successfully implemented in cesarean deliveries. The key elements of ERAS program in cesarean delivery are antenatal education/counseling, preoperative medical optimization, preanesthetic medication, limited fasting time, carbohydrate supplementation, intraoperative anesthetic management, surgical site infection prophylaxis, maintenance of normothermia and euvolemia, appropriate surgical technique, newborn care, postoperative analgesia, prevention of nausea and vomiting, early feeding, early mobilization, thromboembolism prophylaxis, glucose management, urinary management, and discharge counseling. The implementation of these elements resulted with improved maternal/neonatal outcomes and reduced length of hospital stay. However, the current literature on this topic is not enough to develop a standardized globally implemented ERAS protocol for cesarean delivery. Further studies are required to enhance the care program and recommendations.

High Intensity Interval Training reduces hypoglycemic events compared with continuous aerobic training in individuals with type 1 diabetes: HIIT and hypoglycemia in type 1 diabetes

Aimsto investigate if a High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) protocol improves glycemic control and fitness capacity, compared to traditional moderate Intensity Continuous Training (MICT) exercise. Methods30 sedentary individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1D) and 26 healthy controls were assigned to a 3-week HIIT or MICT protocol. Blood glucose levels by continuous glucose monitoring system and fitness status were compared before and after the study period. ResultsDuring workouts, blood glucose levels remained stable in HIIT exercise (+3.2 ± 16.2 mg/dl (p = 0.43)), while decreased in MICT (-27.1 ± 17.5 mg/dl (p < 0.0001)) exercise. In addition, out of the 9 training sessions, HIIT volunteers needed to take carbohydrate supplements to avoid hypoglycemia in 0.56 ± 0.9 sessions, compared to 1.83 ± 0.5 sessions (p < 0.04) in MICT individuals. In the analysis of blood glucose levels between rest and training days (24h-period), training significantly reduced mean glycemic levels in both groups, but the MICT exercise results in an increase in the frequency of hypoglycemic episodes. The response to exercise seems to be attenuated in individuals with T1D, especially in HIIT group. ConclusionHIIT training results in a greater glycemic stability, with reduction of hypoglycemic episodes.

Competitive Golf: How Longer Courses Are Changing Athletes and Their Approach to the Game.

Nutritional guidance for competitive golfers to improve performance is limited. Recommendations and study conclusions from older research used smaller golf courses compared to today and require a reevaluation of energy expenditure. This review identifies aerobic fitness, in addition to strength, as a key determinant of success. A novel nutritional approach that incorporates carbohydrate supplementation to support aerobic fitness without sacrificing the ability to build strength is presented since longer courses require more stamina. Strategies for training, competition, and recovery are outlined based on different skill levels. American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) guidelines for carbohydrates, protein, and hydration intake are tailored specifically for competitive golf based on this approach. Putting requires precise movement and can be affected by fatigue. Nutritional studies in golf and similar sports that require focused movements are presented, exhibiting an improvement with adequate hydration and carbohydrate status and caffeine use. Competitive golf poses unique challenges to an athlete and commonly used ergogenic supplements that can improve performance in a variety of circumstances during training, competition, and while traveling are reviewed.

Effect of a carbohydrate-rich beverage on rate of cesarean delivery in primigravidae with epidural labor analgesia: a multicenter randomized trial

BackgroundLabor represents a period of significant physical activity. Inefficient energy supply may delay labor process and even lead to cesarean delivery. Herein we investigated whether ingestion of a carbohydrate-rich beverage could reduce cesarean delivery in laboring women with epidural analgesia.MethodsThis multicenter randomized trial was conducted in obstetrician-led maternity units of nine tertiary hospitals in China. Primigravidae with single term cephalic pregnancy who were preparing for vaginal birth under epidural analgesia were randomized to intake a carbohydrate-rich beverage or commercially available low-carbohydrate beverages during labor. The primary outcome was the rate of cesarean delivery. Secondary outcomes included maternal feeling of hunger, assessed with an 11-point scale where 0 indicated no hunger and 10 the most severe hunger, and maternal and neonatal blood glucose after childbirth.ResultsBetween 17 January 2018 and 20 July 2018, 2008 women were enrolled and randomized, 1953 were included in the intention-to-treat analysis. The rate of cesarean delivery did not differ between the two groups (11.3% [111/982] with carbohydrate-rich beverage vs. 10.9% [106/971] with low-carbohydrate beverages; relative risk 1.04, 95% CI 0.81 to 1.33; p = 0.79). Women in the carbohydrate-rich beverage group had lower subjective hunger score (median 3 [interquartile range 2 to 5] vs. 4 [2 to 6]; median difference − 1; 95% CI − 1 to 0; p < 0.01); their neonates had less hypoglycemia (1.0% [10/968] vs. 2.3% [22/956]; relative risk 0.45; 95% CI 0.21 to 0.94; p = 0.03) when compared with those in the low-carbohydrate beverage group. They also had higher rates of maternal hyperglycemia (6.9% [67/965] vs. 1.9% [18/953]; p < 0.01) and neonatal hyperglycemia (9.2% [89/968] vs. 5.8% [55/956]; p < 0.01), but none required special treatment.ConclusionsFor laboring primigravidae with epidural analgesia, ingestion of a carbohydrate-rich beverage compared with low-carbohydrate beverages did not reduce cesarean delivery, but relieved maternal hunger and reduced neonatal hypoglycemia at the expense of increased hyperglycemia of both mothers and neonates. Optimal rate of carbohydrate supplementation remains to be determined.Trial registrationwww.chictr.org.cn; identifier: ChiCTR-IOR-17011994; registered on 14 July 2017.

A systematic review: Role of dietary supplements on markers of exercise-associated gut damage and permeability.

Nutrition strategies and supplements may have a role to play in diminishing exercise associated gastrointestinal cell damage and permeability. The aim of this systematic review was to determine the influence of dietary supplements on markers of exercise-induced gut endothelial cell damage and/or permeability. Five databases were searched through to February 2021. Studies were selected that evaluated indirect markers of gut endothelial cell damage and permeability in response to exercise with and without a specified supplement, including with and without water. Acute and chronic supplementation protocols were included. Twenty-seven studies were included. The studies investigated a wide range of supplements including bovine colostrum, glutamine, probiotics, supplemental carbohydrate and protein, nitrate or nitrate precursors and water across a variety of endurance exercise protocols. The majority of studies using bovine colostrum and glutamine demonstrated a reduction in selected markers of gut cell damage and permeability compared to placebo conditions. Carbohydrate intake before and during exercise and maintaining euhydration may partially mitigate gut damage and permeability but coincide with other performance nutrition strategies. Single strain probiotic strains showed some positive findings, but the results are likely strain, dosage and duration specific. Bovine colostrum, glutamine, carbohydrate supplementation and maintaining euhydration may reduce exercise-associated endothelial damage and improve gut permeability. In spite of a large heterogeneity across the selected studies, appropriate inclusion of different nutrition strategies could mitigate the initial phases of gastrointestinal cell disturbances in athletes associated with exercise. However, research is needed to clarify if this will contribute to improved athlete gastrointestinal and performance outcomes.