Carbohydrate Metabolic Pathways Research Articles

Genomic and phenotypic analysis unveiling the carbohydrate metabolic characteristics of Leuconostoc citreum SH12 in plant-based fermentation

Leuconostoc citreum has been widely utilized for industrial fermentation. Previously, we found Leuc. citreum SH12 as a starter culture, exhibited superior fermentation characteristics in plant-based food, but its genomic, evolutionary and carbohydrate metabolic features remained unclear. This study aimed to reveal the metabolic characteristics of Leuc. citreum SH12 in response to various carbon sources by genomic and phenotypic analysis. By multiple sequencing technology, we assembled the 1.84 Mb complete genome of Leuc. citreum SH12 and identified 193 carbohydrate metabolism genes involved in the KEGG annotation, including 59 carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) genes. Comparative genome analysis indicated that Leuc. citreum SH12 had carbohydrate metabolism pathways similar to other Leuc. citreum, but it had 27 specific genes annotated as ABC transporters and hypothetical proteins, probably representing great resilience to the environment. The reconstruction of carbohydrate metabolic pathways and carbon utilization tests showed that Leuc. citreum SH12 could metabolize glucose, sucrose, fructose and maltose well, followed by xylose, arabinose, mannose and cellobiose, but could not utilize galactose, lactose, raffinose and stachyose. Soymilk fermentation test indicated that the strain could produce mannitol, and water-soluble and water-insoluble α-glucans. This study provided insights into a deeper understanding of the genomic and carbohydrate metabolic characteristics of Leuc. citreum SH12, and implied its potential application in plant-based fermented food.

Multi-Omics analysis reveals the important role of indole-3-acetic acid homeostasis in male fertility of cotton

Auxin (Indole-3-acetic acid, IAA) is essential for anther development and male fertility, but little is known about its homeostasis in developing anthers due to its complex and diverse synthesis pathways. Here, we employed transcriptomic, targeted metabolomic, and amino acid analyses on a wild type (WT) cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) line SD98–6 and its nearly-isogenic male sterile (MS) line SD98–6A, to delve into the relationship between IAA and anther fertility. In WT anthers, IAA homeostasis was achieved mainly through self-synthesis, conjugate hydrolysis, and polar transport, and accumulation of IAA exhibited an inverted "U" pattern with the highest content observed at the tetrad stage. In MS anthers, no IAA accumulation was observed after the meiosis stage and the IAA content remained constantly low, mainly due to reduction of the substrates (phenylalanine and tryptophan) for IAA synthesis, and significantly decreased expression of the genes involved in IAA synthesis. Meanwhile, carbohydrate metabolism pathways directly contributing to IAA synthesis and synthesis of amino acids were malfunctional in MS anthers based on the expression profile of the metabolic genes and content measurement. These results provide valuable insights into the IAA homeostasis in cotton anthers and imply that genes related to IAA homeostasis are potential targets for development of IAA-sensitive male sterile cotton lines.

Unveiling the multifaceted role of adropin in various diseases (Review).

Adropin is a secreted peptide encoded by the energy homeostasis‑associated gene, which also functions as a membrane‑bound protein facilitating intercellular communication. This peptide has been detected in various tissues and body fluids, including the brain, liver, kidney, heart, pancreas, small intestine, endothelial cells and colostrum. Notably, the amino acid sequences of adropin are identical in humans, mice and rats. Previous studies have demonstrated that adropin levels fluctuate under different physiological and pathological conditions. Adropin plays a role in regulating carbohydrate metabolism, lipid metabolism and intercellular molecular signaling pathways, implicating its involvement in the progression of numerous diseases, such as acute myocardial infarction, lung injury, non‑alcoholic fatty liver disease/non‑alcoholic steatohepatitis, kidney disease, polycystic ovary syndrome, obesity, and diabetes, atherosclerosis, systemic sclerosis and cancer. Despite its significance, the precise role and mechanism of this protein remain inadequately understood and studied. To elucidate the function of adropin and its clinical research status, a systematic review of recent studies on adropin across various diseases was conducted. Additionally, several challenges and limitations associated with adropin research in both animal and clinical contexts were identified, aiming to offer valuable insights for future investigation.

Proteomic Profiling of Cocos nucifera L. Zygotic Embryos during Maturation of Dwarf and Tall Cultivars: The Dynamics of Carbohydrate and Fatty Acid Metabolism.

There is a limited number of studies analyzing the molecular and biochemical processes regulating the metabolism of the maturation of Cocos nucifera L. zygotic embryos. Our research focused on the regulation of carbohydrate and lipid metabolic pathways occurring at three developmental stages of embryos from the Mexican Pacific tall (MPT) and the Yucatan green dwarf (YGD) cultivars. We used the TMT-synchronous precursor selection (SPS)-MS3 strategy to analyze the dynamics of proteomes from both embryos; 1044 and 540 proteins were determined for the MPT and YGD, respectively. A comparison of the differentially accumulated proteins (DAPs) revealed that the biological processes (BP) enriched in the MPT embryo included the glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism along with fatty acid degradation, while in YGD, the nitrogen metabolism and pentose phosphate pathway were the most enriched BPs. Findings suggest that the MPT embryos use fatty acids to sustain a higher glycolytic/gluconeogenic metabolism than the YGD embryos. Moreover, the YGD proteome was enriched with proteins associated with biotic or abiotic stresses, e.g., peroxidase and catalase. The goal of this study was to highlight the differences in the regulation of carbohydrate and lipid metabolic pathways during the maturation of coconut YGD and MPT zygotic embryos.

BjuB05.GS1.4 promotes nitrogen assimilation and participates in the domestication of shoot NUE in Brassica juncea

Elucidating crops' physiological and molecular mechanisms to adapt to low nitrogen environment and promoting nitrogen transfer from senescent leaves to new leaves is crucial in improving Brassica's nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). Glutamine synthetase (GS), a vital gene that helps plants to reassimilate ammonium released from protein degradation in leaves, was the focus of our research. In this study, we identified high (H141) and low NUE genotype (L65) genotypes of Brassica juncea with different responses to low-nitrogen stress. We observed that H141 has a lower nitrate content but higher ammonium and free amino acid contents as well as higher nitrate reductase and GS activities in the shoots. These physiological indicators are responsible for the high NUE of H141. Whole-genome resequencing data revealed that 5,880 genes associated with NUE are polymorphic between H141 and L65. These genes participate in amino acid, carbohydrate, and energy metabolic pathways. Haplotype analysis revealed two haplotypes for BjuB05.GS1.4. Hap1 and Hap2 have multiple single nucleotide polymorphisms or insertions/deletions in the regulatory regions of 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions and introns. Furthermore, the shoot NUE of Hap1 is significantly lower than that of Hap2. The two haplotypes of BjuB05.GS1.4 led to differences in the shoot NUEs of different genetic populations of mustard and are associated with the local soil nitrogen content, suggesting that they might help mustard to adapt to different geographies. In conclusion, the results of our study shed light on the physiological and molecular mechanisms underlying different mustard NUE genotypes and demonstrate the enormous potential of NUE breeding in B.juncea.

Gut microbiota mediates the anti-inflammatory effects of supplemental infrared irradiation in mice.

In recent years, studies have shown that low-dose supplemental infrared (IR) irradiation exhibits systemic anti-inflammatory effects. The gut microbiota is increasingly recognized as a potential mediator of these effects due to its role in regulating host metabolism and inflammatory responses. To investigate the role of gut microbiota diversity and metabolite changes in the mechanism of light-emitting diodes (LED) infrared's anti-inflammatory action, we conducted IR irradiation on mice. Serum inflammatory cytokines were measured using ELISA, and fecal samples were subjected to metagenomic, untargeted, and targeted metabolomic analyses. Our results demonstrated a significant increase in the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 in the IR group, accompanied by a declining trend in pro-inflammatory cytokines. Gut microbiome analysis revealed distinct alterations in composition and functional genes between the groups, including the enrichment of beneficial bacteria like various species of Parabacteroides and Akkermansia muciniphila in the IR group. Notably, the IR group exhibited enrichment in carbohydrate metabolism pathways and a reduction in DNA damage and repair pathways. Furthermore, targeted metabolomic analysis highlighted a notable increase in short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), including butyric acid and isobutyric acid, which positively correlated with the abundance of several beneficial bacteria. These findings suggest a potential interplay between gut microbiota-derived SCFAs and the anti-inflammatory response. In conclusion, our study provides comprehensive insights into the changes in gut microbiota species and functions associated with IR irradiation. Moreover, we emphasize the significance of altered SCFAs levels in the IR group, which may contribute to the observed anti-inflammatory effects. Our findings contribute valuable evidence supporting the role of low-dose infrared light irradiation as an anti-inflammatory therapy.

Response signatures of intestinal microbiota and gene transcription of yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco) to Aeromonas hydrophila infection

Bacterial intestinal inflammation is a common disease of yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco) in high-density aquaculture. Understanding the interactions between host and intestinal bacteria is helpful to intestinal inflammatory disease control. Here, we constructed a model of intestinal inflammation after Aeromonas hydrophila infection in yellow catfish, and characterized variations in gene expression and microbiome in the gut through high-throughput sequencing. Furthermore, host gene-microbiome interactions were identified. Histology observation showed disordered distribution of columnar epithelial cells and decrease of goblet cells in intestine. A total of 4741 genes showed differentially expression, mostly in comparisons between 12 hpi group with each other groups respectively, including control, 24 hpi and 48 hpi groups. These genes were enriched in immune-related pathways including the IL-17 signaling pathway, triggering strong inflammatory response at the invading stage within 12 h. Subsequently, the host strengthened energy consumption by activating carbohydrate and lipid metabolism pathways to repair the intestinal mucosal immune defense line. In addition, fish with A. hydrophila infection show decreased richness of gut microbial, reduced relative abundance of probiotics including Akkermansia, and elevated pathogenic bacteria such as Plesimonas. An integrative analysis identified A. hydrophila-related genes, such as il22 and stat3, for which expression level is close associated with the shift of A. hydrophila-related bacteria relative abundance, such as Akkermansia and Cetobacterium. Aside from picturing the variations of intestine gene expression and mucosal microbiome of yellow catfish coping with A. hydrophila infection, our study probed the underlying host-microbe interactions in A. hydrophila infection induced intestinal inflammatory, providing new insights for disease control in aquaculture.

Potassium persulfate enhances humification of chicken manure and straw composting: The perspective of rare and abundant microbial community structure and ecological interactions

Improper disposal of organic solid waste results in serious environmental pollution. Aerobic composting provides an environmentally friendly treatment method, but improving humification of raw materials remains a challenge. This study revealed the effect of different concentrations of potassium persulfate (PP) on humification of chicken manure and straw aerobic composting and the underlying microbial mechanisms. The results showed that when 0.6 % PP was added (PPH group), humus and the degree of polymerization were 80.77 mg/g and 2.52, respectively, which were significantly higher than those in 0.3 % PP (PPL group). As the concentration of PP was increased, the composition of rare taxa (RT) changed and improved in evenness, while abundant taxa (AT) was unaffected. Additionally, the density (0.037), edges (3278), and average degree (15.21) in the co-occurrence network decreased compared to PPL, while the average path (4.021) and modularity increased in PPH. This resulted in facilitating the turnover of matter, information, and energy among the microbes. Interestingly, cooperative behavior between microorganisms during the maturation period (24–60 d) occurred in PPH, but competitive relationships dominated in PPL. Cooperative behavior was positively correlated with humus (p < 0.05). Because the indices, such as higher degree, betweenness centrality, eigenvector centrality, and closeness centrality of the AT, were located in the microbial network center compared to RT, they were unaffected by the concentration of PP. The abundance of carbohydrate and amino acid metabolic pathways, which play an important role in humification, were higher in PPH. These findings contribute to understanding the relative importance of composition, interactions, and metabolic functionality of RT and AT on humification during chicken manure and straw aerobic composting under different concentrations of PP, as well as provide a basic reference for use of various conditioning agents to promote humification of organic solid waste.

Comparative transcriptomic profiles of Paulownia catalpifolia under different degrees of chilling stress during the seedling stage

BackgroundPaulownia, an ecologically and economically valuable plant species native to China, is notable for its excellent timber quality and strong adaptability. Among them, Paulownia catalpifolia displays the ability to survive in cold climate, a trait associated with northern China. Yet, the molecular information for its cold-tolerance has not been explored. This study was to investigate the changes in physiological indices and transcript levels of P. catalpifolia following cold exposure, which could provide evidence for revealing whether there were differences in the genetic basis of inducing physiological perturbations between moderate low temperature (MLT) and extreme low temperature (ELT).ResultsThe detection of physiological indices under diverse degrees of chilling stress showed similar patterns of alteration. Enhanced accumulation of osmoregulatory substances, such as soluble sugar and soluble protein, were more conducive under ELT compared to MLT in P. catalpifolia. Moreover, we observed leaf wilting symptoms distinctly after exposure to ELT for 48 h, while this effect was not obvious after MLT exposure for 48 h. Comparative transcriptomic analysis between MLT and ELT demonstrated 13,688 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), most of them appeared after 12 h and 48 h of treatment. GO and KEGG analyses elucidated prominent enrichment in aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase activity term and carbohydrate metabolism pathways. Therefore, it was speculated that the DEGs involved in the above processes might be related to the difference in the contents of soluble protein and soluble sugar between MLT and ELT. Time series clustering analyses further highlighted several key genes engaged in the ‘Glycosyltransferases’, ‘Galactose metabolism’ and ‘Starch and sucrose metabolism’ pathways as well as the ‘tyrosine decarboxylase activity’ term. For instance, cellulose synthase-like A (CLSA2/9), raffinose synthase (RafS2), β-amylase (BAM1) and tyrosine/DOPA decarboxylase (TYDC1/2/5) genes, diverging in their expression trends between MLT and ELT, might significantly affect the soluble sugar and soluble protein abundance within P. catalpifolia.ConclusionBetween MLT and ELT treatments, partial overlaps in response pathways of P. catalpifolia were identified, while several genes regulating the accumulation of osmotic adjustment substances had disparate expression patterns. These findings could provide a novel physiological and molecular perspective for P. catalpifolia to adapt to complex low temperature habitats.

Prolonged Sleep Deprivation Induces a Reprogramming of Circadian Rhythmicity with the Hepatic Metabolic Transcriptomic Profile.

Sleep disturbances can disrupt the overall circadian rhythm. However, the impact of sleep deprivation on the circadian rhythm of the liver and its underlying mechanisms still requires further exploration. In this study, we subjected male mice to 5 days of sleep deprivation and performed liver transcriptome sequencing analysis at various time points within a 24-h period. Subsequently, we monitored the autonomic activity and food intake in these male mice for six days post-sleep deprivation. We observed alterations in sleep-wake and feeding rhythms in the first two days following sleep deprivation. Additionally, we also observed a decrease in 24-h serum-glucose levels. Liver transcriptome sequencing has shown that sleep deprivation induces the rhythmic transcription of a large number of genes, or alters the rhythmic properties of genes, which were then significantly enriched in the carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism pathways. Our findings suggest that under conditions of prolonged sleep deprivation, the expression of metabolic-related genes in the liver was reset, leading to changes in the organism's metabolic state to ensure energy supply to sustain prolonged wakefulness.

Intestinal microbiota was closely related to feed efficiency of Larimichthys crocea fed two fishmeal-free diets

This study examined the link between feed efficiency (FE) and intestinal microbiota in Larimichthys crocea fed on fishmeal-free diets. Two types of fishmeal-free diets were formulated: a plant protein-based feed (Group P) and a mixed-protein feed (Group M). These two types of diets were utilized to rear the two groups of L. crocea for 28 days, each consisting of individuals that were 18 months old. Initial and final weights, as well as feed consumption, of the experimental fish were documented. FE was calculated for each fish based on this data. Post-experiment, samples were taken from fish with high and low FE for 16S rRNA gene sequencing. In the Group M, the high and low FE fishes were designated as MH (proximal intestine, MHp; distal intestine, MHd) and ML (proximal intestine, MLp; distal intestine, MLd). In the Group P, the high and low FE fishes were designated as PH (proximal intestine, PHp; distal intestine, PHd) and PL (proximal intestine, PLp; distal intestine, PLd). The results indicated that in Group M, there was no significant difference in microbial community structure between MH and ML, but the microbial diversity and species richness in MH were higher than that in the corresponding ML. MHp showed a significantly higher abundance of the orders Elsterales, Frankiales, and the family Hyphomicrobiaceae compared to MLp. MHd, in comparison to the MLd, had a significant higher abundance of the order Burkholderiales. There was also no significant difference in microbial community structure between PH and PL, but the microbial diversity in PH was lower than that in the corresponding PL. PHp showed a significantly higher abundance of Proteobacteria and GammaProteobacteria compared to PLp; whereas, the significant difference between PHd and PLd was only present in PLd. Microbial functional prediction analysis showed that the intestinal microbiota was mainly involved in carbohydrate metabolism, energy metabolism and vitamin metabolism pathways. These findings of this study contribute to our further understanding of the relationship between intestinal microbiota and the FE traits of the host. The microbial markers found between the high and low FE groups can offer insights and serve as a reference for subsequent research aiming to improve FE using Nutrition and Genetic Selection Techniques.

Utilization of non-concentrated banana pseudostem sap waste for converting to bioethanol: In vitro and in silico evidence

The abundantly available waste banana pseudostem fibers have attracted the paper and textile industries, however the stem-sap extracted during fiber processing remains underutilized. Although this sap comprising cellulosic sugars holds potential as a feedstock, its commercial viability in the renewable energy sector remains a challenge. Our study delves into this untapped resource by mechanically extracting sap from banana pseudostems and enhancing its reducing sugar content to approximately 35.5 g/L through acid hydrolysis and detoxification without concentrating the sap. Using separate batch fermentations with pentose and hexose fermenting strains such as Pichia stipitis NCIM 3499 and Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC 2601, we achieved bioethanol production efficiencies of 67.5 % and 70.03 %, respectively. Yield and cost analyses confirmed the feasibility of this approach for industrial application in low-economy settings. Furthermore, gene-interaction network and functional enrichment analysis identified 63 key genes involved in carbohydrate metabolism and ethanol conversion pathways within the fermenting organisms. Among these, the PGK1 gene and its direct interactors emerged as promising targets for future biotechnological enhancements aimed at boosting bioethanol production. This study not only underscores the renewable energy potential of unconcentrated banana pseudostem sap but also paves the way for innovative genetic interventions to optimize bioethanol yields.

Hepatic Transcriptomic Responsiveness of Polar Cod, Boreogadus saida, to Ocean Acidification and Warming

Background: This study was part of a larger comprehensive project (BIOACID) addressing the physiological resilience of Polar cod, Boreogadus saida, to ocean acidification and global warming and aimed to unravel underlying molecular mechanisms of the observed physiological responses. Methods: Fish were acclimated long-term to three CO2 concentrations comprising control conditions (390 ppm) and two projected climate scenarios (780 ppm and 1170 ppm). Each CO2 treatment was combined with four temperatures: 0, 3, 6, and 8 °C. Here, we focused on the hepatic transcriptomic profiles from these previously physiologically characterized fish. Results: Generally, we did not detect signs of a classical stress response. Consistent with functional observations, warming induced much stronger molecular responses compared to elevated PCO2, but an interaction between both factors existed to some extent. Gene ontology analysis revealed a strong response in lipid, amino acid, and protein metabolism. With increasing temperature, we observed a shift away from lipid metabolism, while carbohydrate metabolic pathways remained stable. Conclusions: Although we found Polar cod to be quite resilient to ocean acidification, temperature will remain a critical parameter for this valuable Arctic keystone species, and the question remains as to whether the observed acclimation strategies can be implemented in its natural habitat, especially when food supply is limited.

The Response of the Gut Physiological Function and Microbiome of a Wild Freshwater Fish (Megalobrama terminalis) to Alterations in Reproductive Behavior.

The fish gut microbiome is well known for its role in degrading nutrients to improve the host's digestion and absorption efficiency. In this study, we focused on the core physiological adaptability during the various reproductive stages of the black Amur bream (Megalobrama terminalis) to explore the interaction mechanisms among the fish host gut mucosal structure, gut enzyme activity, and gut microbial metabolism in the course of the host's reproductive cycle. Our findings showed that M. terminalis exhibited locomotion metabolic type (aids in sporting) in the reproductive stage, and a change to visceral metabolic type (aids in digestion) during non-reproductive and post-reproductive stage phases. The impact of metabolic type selection and energy demand during various reproductive stages on fish nutrition strategy and digestive function was substantial. Our resulted showed that mitochondria in intestinal epithelial cells of reproductive M. terminalis appeared autophagy phenomenon, and the digestive enzyme activities in the intestines of reproductive M. terminalis were lower than those in the non-reproductive and post-reproductive individuals. Moreover, these differences in nutrition strategy have a prominent impact on the gut microbiome of reproductive M. terminalis, compared to non-reproductive and post-reproductive samples. Our findings showed that reproductive females had lower levels of alpha diversity compared to non-reproductive and post-reproductive females. Our results also showed a greater functional variety and an increase in functional genes related to carbohydrate, lipid, amino acid, cofactors, and vitamin metabolic pathways in the NRS and PRS group. It is noteworthy that an enrichment of genes encoding putative enzymes implicated in the metabolism of taurine and hypotaurine was observed in the RS samples. Our findings illustrated that the stability and resilience of the gut bacterial community could be shaped in the wild fish host-microbiome interactions during reproductive life history.

The Role of TcCYP6K1 and TcCYP9F2 Influences Trehalose Metabolism under High-CO2 Stress in Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera).

Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYP), crucial detoxification enzymes in insects, are involved in the metabolism of endogenous substances as well as the activation and degradation of exogenous compounds. In this study, T. castaneum was utilized to investigate the roles of TcCYP6K1 and TcCYP9F2 genes influencing in the trehalose metabolism pathway under high-CO2 stress. By predicting the functional sequences of TcCYP6K1 and TcCYP9F2 genes and analyzing their spatiotemporal expression patterns, it was discovered that both genes belong to the CYP3 group and exhibit high expression levels during the larval stage, decreasing during the pupal stage, while showing high expression in the fatty body, intestine, and malpighian tubules. Furthermore, following the knockdown of TcCYP6K1 and TcCYP9F2 genes in combination with treating larvae with 75% CO2, it was observed that larval mortality increased, and glycogen content significantly decreased, while trehalose content increased significantly. Additionally, membrane-bound trehalase enzyme activity declined, TPS gene expression was significantly upregulated, GS gene expression was significantly downregulated, and ATP content showed a marked decrease. In conclusion, CYP genes are critical responsive genes of T. castaneum to high CO2 levels, potentially impacting the insect's resistance to carbon dioxide through their involvement in the synthesis or breakdown of the carbohydrate metabolism pathway. These findings could serve as a theoretical basis for the utilization of novel pesticides in low-oxygen grain storage techniques and offer new insights for environmentally friendly pest control strategies in grain storage.

Effectiveness of Nutritional Supplementation in Liver Transplant Recipients during Early Postoperative Course: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Abstract Background Nutrition is an integral part of health maintenance. The liver is the largest and most important metabolic organ, playing a pivotal role in integrating several biochemical pathways of carbohydrate, fat, protein, and vitamin metabolism. Malnutrition is a common complication of end- stage liver disease (ESLD). Progressive deterioration of nutritional status has been associated with poor outcome in cirrhotic patients. Liver transplantation (LT) revolutionized the management of liver disease. Nutritional therapy is an integral part of liver transplant care. Objective To identity the efficacy of different dietary nutritional supplements as zinc, vit D and immunonutrients (glutamine, omega 3, arginine and ribonucleic acid) for recipient at early post operative course. Material and Methods In this systematic review and meta-analysis we enrolled a total of 7 studies for assessing the clinical outcomes of ICU patients underwent liver transplantation surgery and supplied with dietary supplements during early postoperative period. The studies also assessed the laboratory assessment of patients postoperatively during ICU admission period. Results Regarding postoperative dietary supplementations with HMB, we found significant difference for appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASMI) regarding the baseline and the postoperative ASMI in the intervention group with HMB. But we did not report significant difference regarding the baseline and the postoperative Fat-free mass index (FFMI) in both intervention and control group with HMB. Also we did not find significant difference between base line and postoperative in both groups for Mid-arm muscle-circumference (MAMC), Fat mass index (FMI), 6-minute walk test (6MWT), and Handgrip (HG). Data Sources Medline databases (PubMed, Medscape, ScienceDirect. EMF-Portal) and all materials available in the Internet till 2021. Conclusion BCAA as dietary supplementation showing a significant favorable effect regarding the baseline and the postoperative BTR levels, also for BCAA levels, Tyrosine levels, prealbumin levels, retinol binding protein and PTINR levels in both intervention and control groups. For HMB, we found significant difference for appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASMI) regarding the baseline and the postoperative ASMI in the intervention group with HMB. But we did not report significant difference regarding the baseline and the postoperative Fat-free mass index (FFMI) in both intervention and control group with HMB.

Modulation of metabolic and immunoregulatory pathways in the gut transcriptome of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) after early nutritional programming during first feeding with plant-based diet.

Plant-based nutritional programming is the concept of exposing fish at very early life stages to a plant-based diet for a short duration to improve physiological responses when exposed to a similar plant-rich diet at a later developmental stage. The mechanisms of action underlying nutritional programming have not been fully deciphered, and the responses may be controlled at multiple levels. This 22-week study examines gut transcriptional changes after nutritional programming. Triplicate groups of Atlantic salmon were fed with a plant (V) vs. a marine-rich (M, control) diet for 2 weeks (stimulus phase) at the first exogenous feeding. Both stimulus fish groups (M and V fish) were then fed the M diet for 12 weeks (intermediate phase) and lastly fed the V diet (challenge phase) for 6 weeks, generating two dietary regimes (MMV and VMV) across phases. This study used a whole-transcriptome approach to analyse the effects of the V diet at the end of stimulus (short-term effects) and 22 weeks post-first feeding (long-term effects). After the stimulus, due to its developmental stage, the whole intestine was used, whereas, after the challenge, pyloric caeca and middle and distal intestines were examined. At the stimulus end, genes with increased expression in V fish enriched pathways including regulatory epigenetic responses and lipid metabolism, and genes involved in innate immune response were downregulated. In the middle intestine at the end of the challenge, expression levels of genes of lipid, carbohydrate, and energy metabolism were increased in V fish, while M fish revealed increased expression of genes associated with autoimmune and acute adaptive immune response. The distal intestine of V fish showed increased expression of genes associated with immune response and potential immune tolerance. Conversely, the distal intestine of M fish at challenge revealed upregulation of lipid and carbohydrate metabolic pathways, tissue degeneration, and apoptotic responses. The present study demonstrated nutritional programming-associated changes in the intestinal transcriptome, with altered expression of genes involved in both immune responses and different metabolic processes. While there were limited changes in growth between the groups, the results show that there were transcriptional differences, suggesting a programming response, although the mechanism of this response still requires to be fully elucidated.

Transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis of prebiotics utilization by Bifidobacterium animalis.

In this study, the utilization mechanism of oligosaccharides by Bifidobacterium was investigated through the transcriptome sequencing and non-targeted metabolomics technology of Bifidobacterium animalis cultured with fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) and galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS). The results showed that FOS affected the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate binding transporters (ABC transporters) by increasing the expression levels of msmE, msmG, and gluA. Similarly, GOS improved aminoacyl-tRNA synthases by upregulating the expression of tRNA-Ala, tRNA-Pro, and tRNA-Met. Bifidobacterium animalis cultured with FOS and GOS produced different metabolites, such as histamine, tartaric acid, and norepinephrine, with the functions of inhibiting inflammation, alleviating depression and diseases related to brain and nervous system and maintaining body health. Furthermore, the transcriptome and metabolome analysis results revealed that FOS and GOS promoted the growth and metabolism of Bifidobacterium animalis by regulating the related pathways of carbohydrate, energy, and amino acid metabolism. Overall, the experimental results provided significant insights into the prebiotic effects of FOS and GOS.

Differential expression and bioinformatics analysis of proteins in response to NaCl stress in purslane

Proteomics serves as a crucial method for elucidating plant stress resistance mechanisms under environmental pressures. Purslane (Portulaca oleracea), valued for its medicinal, edible, and halophytic properties, holds significant nutritional importance with diverse applications. Despite its importance, limited studies have explored the salt tolerance mechanisms in purslane. Differential protein expression in two purslane genotypes (‘PL’ and ‘LCL’) under NaCl stress were analyzed using tandem mass tag technology. The function of differentially expressed proteins was analyzed using bioinformatics tools. According to KEGG and COG analysis, carbohydrate metabolism and lipid metabolism were the most important metabolite pathways in purslane under salt stress. Compared with control, 48 up-regulated and 43 down-regulated proteins in ‘PL’ and 22 up-regulated and 26 down-regulated proteins in ‘LCL’ were found under 72 h of 200 mM NaCl stress. Six proteins were up-regulated and six down-regulated in both genotypes due to salt stress. Among them, four up-regulated proteins and two down-regulated proteins were related to carbohydrate metabolism. Specific protein expressions in carbohydrate metabolism pathway may be the vital reason of salt-tolerance in purslane. The differential protein expression in two purslane genotypes under salt stress unveiled significant up-regulation of seven proteins belonging to the ribosomal protein family, along with two non-specific lipid-transfer proteins and two lipid transfer-like proteins in the ‘PL’ genotype. Additionally, the down-regulation of relatively few photosynthesis-related proteins were observed in the ‘PL’ genotype. Differential expression of these proteins might be associated with the salt tolerance in the salt-tolerant variety.

Rare variant association analyses reveal the significant contribution of carbohydrate metabolic disturbance in severe adolescent idiopathic scoliosis

BackgroundAdolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS), the predominant genetic-influenced scoliosis, results in spinal deformities without vertebral malformations. However, the molecular aetiology of AIS remains unclear.MethodsUsing genome/exome sequencing, we studied 368 patients with...