Carbohydrate-electrolyte Drink Research Articles

Chemical compositions and sensory characteristics of sports drinks formulated from Salacca sumatrana (Becc.) fruit

Prolonged exercise causes excessive fluid loss through sweat which could cause fatigue and reduced performance. Athletes need to restore this fluid loss orally, either from water or carbohydrate-electrolyte drinks. Carbohydrate-electrolyte drinks could be formulated from fruits, such as salak, also known as snake fruit, for instance. This study aimed to develop a sports drink formulated from Sidimpuan salak (Salacca sumatrana (Becc.)) fruit. The formulation of Sidimpuan salak Sports Drink (SSSD) included salak fruit, water, salt and glucose syrup. Salak was blended with a slow juicer to obtain the extract, and mixed with water, salt, and glucose syrup. The SSSD formulation consisted of three formulas, SSSD1, SSSD2, and SSSD3 which differ in the amount of extract added, 250, 200, and 150 mL, respectively. Sensory analysis showed that the panellists enjoyed the sports drink formulation by giving an average rating of 3.4 for colour, 3.4 for aroma, 5.4 for taste and 5.4 for texture. The SSSD1 formulation which was most preferred by the panelists was found to have ash content of 0.33 g/100 mL, total fat of 0.31 g/100 mL, protein of 0.52 g/100 mL, carbohydrate of 13.88 g/100 mL, and total energy of 60.42 g/100 mL. The carbohydrate content and total calories of SDSS1 were significantly different from the other two formulations. From the results obtained, the SSSDs have potential to be developed as a more affordable sports drink, especially among locals.

Oral rehydration beverages for treating exercise-associated dehydration: a systematic review.Part I: carbohydrate-electrolyte solutions.

Exercise-associated dehydration is a common problem, especially at sporting events. Although there are recommendations to drink a certain volume per kg body mass lost after exercise, there is no clear guidance about the type of rehydration beverage. The aim of this systematic review is to assess the effectiveness of carbohydrate-electrolyte solutions as a rehydration solution for exercise-associated dehydration. Medline (via the PubMed interface), Embase and the Cochrane Library were searched for relevant studies. The search is up to date until June 2022. Controlled trials involving adults and children were included if dehydration was the result of physical exercise and if drinking carbohydrate-electrolyte solutions, of any percentage carbohydrate, was compared with drinking water. All languages were included as long as an English abstract was available. Data on study design, study population, interventions, outcome measures and study limitations were extracted from each included article. Certainty was assessed using GRADE. Out of 3485 screened articles, 19 studies were included that assessed carbohydrate-electrolyte solutions (0% - 9% carbohydrate) compared with water. Although there is variability amongst the identified studies, drinking 0-3.9% and, especially, 4-9% carbohydrate-electrolyte (CE) solution may be effective for rehydration. A potential beneficial effect of drinking CE drinks compared with water was seen for many of the reviewed outcomes. Commercial CE drinks (ideally 4-9% CE drinks or alternatively 0-3.9% CE drinks) could be suggested for rehydration in persons with exercise associated dehydration when whole foods are not available.

A systematic review on oral rehydration beverages for treating exerciseassociated dehydrationPart II. The effectiveness of alternatives to carbohydrate-electrolyte drinks.

Dehydration associated with exertion is a commonly encountered condition in the first aid setting, particularly at outdoor sporting events. Part I of this back-to-back review demonstrated that commercial sports drinks can be suggested for effective restoration of fluid balance in dehydrated persons. This systematic review was undertaken to compare alternative liquids, such as milk, beer, and coconut water, with water for effective oral rehydration after prolonged exercise. Cochrane Library, PubMed, and Embase were searched for relevant literature in June 2022. Controlled experimental and observational studies involving adults and children were included when dehydration was induced by physical exercise and oral rehydration fluids were administered and compared with regular water. No additional food intake accompanied the rehydration drinks or water. Articles in all languages were included if an English abstract was available. The study design, study population, intervention, outcome measures, and study limitations were extracted from each included article. Out of 3485 records, 11 studies were included comparing skim or low-fat milk, coconut water, and beer (0-5% alcohol) with water. Four studies showed that drinking skim or low-fat milk, without additional food intake, led to a statistically significant improved volume/hydration status when compared with drinking water. In three trials, no significant differences were shown at multiple timepoints for outcomes related to volume and hydration status following rehydration with fresh coconut water compared with water. Lastly, there is insufficient evidence to recommend beer for rehydration (0-5% alcohol). Consuming skim or low-fat cow's milk without additional food as compared with water appears to improve volume/hydration status in persons with exercise-induced dehydration. However, evidence is of very low certainty and should be interpreted with caution.

Isolate Whey Protein Promotes Fluid Balance and Endurance Capacity Better Than Isolate Casein and Carbohydrate-Electrolyte Solution in a Warm, Humid Environment.

Protein ingestion is known to enhance post-exercise hydration. Whether the type of protein (i.e., whey, casein) can alter this response is unknown. Accordingly, this study aimed to compare the effects of the addition of milk-derived whey isolate or casein protein to carbohydrate-electrolyte (CE) drinks on post-exercise rehydration and endurance capacity. Thirty male soldiers (age: 24 ± 2.1 y; VO2max: 49.3 ± 4.7 mL/kg/min) were recruited. Upon losing ~2.2% of body mass by running in warm and humid conditions (32.3 °C, 76% relative humidity [RH]), participants ingested either a CE solution (66 g/L carbohydrate [CHO]), or CE plus isolate whey protein (CEW, 44 g/L CHO, 22 g/L isolate whey), or CE plus isolate casein protein (CEC, 44 g/L CHO, 22 g/L isolate casein) beverage in a volume equal to 150% of body mass loss. At the end of the 3 h rehydration period, a positive fluid balance was higher with CEW (0.22 L) compared to CEC (0.19 L) and CE (0.12 L). Overall mean fluid retention was higher in CEW (80.35%) compared with the CE (76.67%) and CEC trials (78.65%). The time of the endurance capacity test [Cooper 2.4 km (1.5 miles) run test] was significantly higher in CEC (14.25 ± 1.58 min) and CE [(12.90 ± 1.01 min; (p = 0.035)] than in CEW [(11.40 ± 1.41 min); (p = 0.001)]. The findings of this study indicate that the inclusion of isolate whey protein in a CE solution yields superior outcomes in terms of rehydration and enhanced endurance capacity, as compared to consuming the CE solution alone or in conjunction with isolate casein protein.

Carbohydrate or Electrolyte Rehydration Recovers Plasma Volume but Not Post-immersion Performance Compared to Water After Immersion Diuresis.

We tested the hypothesis that a carbohydrate (CHO: 6.5%) or carbohydrate-electrolyte (CHO + E: 6.5% + 50 mmol/L NaCl) drink would better recover plasma volume (PV) and exercise performance compared to water (H2O) after immersion diuresis. Twelve men (24 ± 2 years; 82.4 ± 15.5 kg; and V̇O2max: 49.8 ± 5.1 mL · kg-1 · min-1) completed four experimental visits: a no-immersion control (CON) and three 4-h cold-water (18.0 °C) immersion trials (H2O, CHO, and CHO + E) followed by exercise in a warm environment (30 °C, 50% relative humidity). The exercise was a 60-minute loaded march (20.4 kg; 55% VO2max) followed by a 10-minute intermittent running protocol. After immersion, subjects were rehydrated with 100% of body mass loss from immersion diuresis during the ruck march. PV is reported as a percent change after immersion, after the ruck march, and after the intermittent running protocol. The intermittent running protocol distance provided an index of exercise performance. Data are reported as mean ± SD. After immersion, body mass loss was 2.3 ± 0.7%, 2.3 ± 0.5%, and 2.3 ± 0.6% for H2O, CHO, and CHO + E. PV loss after immersion was 19.8 ± 8.5% in H2O, 18.2 ± 7.0% in CHO, and 13.9 ± 9.3% in CHO + E, which was reduced after the ruck march to 14.7 ± 4.7% (P = .13) in H2O, 8.8 ± 8.3% (P < .01) in CHO, and 4.4 ± 10.9% (P = .02) in CHO + E. The intermittent running protocol distance was 1.4 ± 0.1 km in CON, 1.4 ± 0.2 km in H2O, 1.4 ± 0.1 km in CHO, and 1.4 ± 0.2 km in CHO + E (P = .28). Although CHO and CHO + E better restored PV after immersion, post-immersion exercise performance was not augmented compared to H2O, highlighting that fluid replacement following immersion diuresis should focus on restoring volume lost rather than fluid constituents.

당원지수 차이에 따른 탄수화물의 섭취가 축구선수들의 대사 및 운동수행능력에 미치는 영향

This study aims to identify the effects of carbohydrate intake due to differences in Glycemic Index on soccer players’ metabolism and performance and to provide information on improving athletes’ performance. In this study, eight male soccer players studying were tested using an exercise protocol that reflects the characteristics of soccer. The subjects conducted four experiments designed by a single-blind method. The group consuming carbohydrate-electrolyte drinks was categorized as LGI (Low Glycemic Index) and HGI (High Glycemic Index), and MGI (Mixed Glycemic Index) according to the GI. In this study, respiratory gas collection and measurement were performed using a respiratory gas analyzer. RER (Respirational exertion), FO (Fat oxidation), CHOO (Carbohydrate oxidation), HR, Running time, Distance, RPE, Digestive symptoms were analyzed in the SPSS statistical program One-way ANOVA. As a result of this study showed a significant difference between Cycle 5, 6 of the LGI group RER and Cycle 5 of the FO, and a considerable difference between the running time and distance of the RTF in the MGI group (p＜.05). In addition, both LGI and MGI groups showed significant differences in Cycle 5 of RPE, and MGI groups showed substantial differences in Cycle 6 of RPE (p＜.05). The results of this study suggest important implications for sports that perform intermittent high-intensity exercise with limited recoveries, such as soccer.

Effects of Preoperative Oral Carbohydrate Electrolyte Drinks on Preoperative Hypokalemia Incidence in Patients Scheduled for Laparoscopic Colorectal Resection: A Three-Arm Randomized Clinical Trial

In our previous study, hypokalemia incidence was high in patients scheduled for laparoscopic colorectal resection. This trial was conducted to verify the effects of preoperative carbohydrate drinks containing potassium in these patients. A three-arm randomized controlled design was used. Patients were randomly assigned to control, placebo, and treatment groups. In the control group, patients fasted from midnight. In the placebo group, patients fasted from midnight and received carbohydrate drinks 2 to 3 hours before surgery. In the treatment group, patients fasted from midnight and received carbohydrate drinks containing potassium supplementation 2 to 3 hours before surgery. The primary outcome was the incidence and severity of preoperative hypokalemia. Other outcomes included postoperative gastrointestinal function, including the time to postoperative first flatus (FFL) and first feces (FFE), and other complications. The final analysis included 122 participants. The incidence of preoperative hypokalemia in the treatment group was significantly lower than that in the control and placebo groups (50% vs 88.1% vs 77.5%, P < .001). The severity of hypokalemia in the control and placebo groups was greater than that in the treatment group. No regurgitation or aspiration occurred in the three groups. No significant differences were observed among the three groups regarding time to FFL and FFE. Preoperative carbohydrate drinks containing potassium significantly reduced the incidence of preoperative hypokalemia and improved preoperative thirst and hunger, but did not reduce the postoperative time to FFL and FFE or length of hospital stay. However, as part of the enhanced recovery after surgery protocol, preoperative carbohydrate drinks containing potassium should be considered, as early as first admittance to hospital.

Biometric Analysis Of Emotional Responses And Cognitive Effort To Stimuli In Euhydrated Versus Hypohydrated States

Improper body water regulation contributes to physiological changes, affects mood states, and impacts regulation of behavioral responses. With the emergence of biometric analysis (facial emotions) and eye tracking technology (fixation, frequency, and duration), the ability to measure emotional responses and their focal points is now possible. PURPOSE: To examine the effects that hydration status, (euhydrated vs. hypohydrated), has on emotional responses and the intensity of these responses to two separate stimuli of a carbohydrate-electrolyte drink. METHODS: Six college aged males underwent a singular trial of active dehydration in an environmental chamber at 35 °C until 2% body water loss was achieved. Participants viewed two stimuli, pre and post dehydration in a randomized order, consisting of a video commercial (3 areas of interest (AOI)) and three still images of a carbohydrate-electrolyte drink. Biometric software and eye tracking were used to obtain mental effort (ME) scores while viewing a video commercial and still image stimuli. The order of the stimulus viewing was constant pre and post exercise but randomized amongst participants. Prior to trials, participants underwent familiarization of both stimuli. RESULTS: ME measurements, using fixations within the AOI over time (sec), increased across the video commercial (AOI 1: 10.15 ± 7.51 to 19.54 ± 16.75), (AOI 2: 6.60 ± 6.46 to 12.18 ± 12.20), and (AOI 3: 6.73 ± 4.58 to 14.68 ± 10.99) from euhydrated to hypohydrated. The three beverage still images revealed increases in ME (fixation time (sec)) from 9.04 ± 4.89 to 14.88 ± 14.76 (p = 0.002), 9.51 ± 6.90 to 13.47 ± 9.85, and 9.06 ± 4.58 to 15.31 ± 10.18 (p = 0.017), respectively. Engagement scores, measured through biometrical analysis failed to detect changes between trials across all stimuli. CONCLUSION: Increases in ME in hypohydrated states were seen across all stimuli. Data also revealed much variability among subjects. It is plausible that changes in ME within hypohydrated states impact behavioral choices. Future research should investigate the effects of greater ME and fluid consumption tendencies in regards to self-regulation of body water. Additionally, greater ME in regards to hydration stimuli could impact given task or skills performance when hypohdrated.

TEMPORARY REMOVAL: Dietary Supplement Intake and Factors Associated with Increased Use in Preadolescent Endurance Runners

The prevalence of dietary supplement intake among preadolescent endurance runners is currently unknown. Our aim was to describe use of dietary supplements, higher-risk supplements, and sport foods among preadolescent endurance athletes and identify associated characteristics of dietary supplement users in this population. This was a retrospective, cross-sectional study. Participants were 2,113 preadolescent endurance runners (male: n= 1,255, female: n= 858; mean age ± standard deviation= 13.2 ± 0.9 years). Use of dietary supplements, higher-risk dietary supplements, and sport foods on 2 or more days per week during the past year. Mann-Whitney U tests, χ2 tests, univariate and multivariate analyses. Twenty-six percent (n= 551) of preadolescent runners used dietary supplements on 2 or more days per week during the past year; 1.3% (n= 27) reported taking higher-risk supplements. Compared with male runners, female runners reported higher use of 1 or more supplements (32.5% vs 21.7%; P < .001) and 4 or more supplements (4.0% vs 1.9%; P= 0.005), multivitamin/minerals (24.2% vs 14.4%; P < .001), vitamin D (12.4% vs 5.6%; P < .001), calcium (8.9% vs 4.8%; P < .001), iron (3.1 vs 1.1%; P < .001), probiotic supplements (8.2% vs 1.3%; P < .001), and diet pills (0.5% vs 0.0%; P= .02). Male runners reported higher use of creatine (1.3% vs 0.0%; P < .001) and sport foods, including protein bars and drinks (19.5% vs 8.4%; P < .001), energy bars (23.5% vs 9.7%; P < .001), and carbohydrate-electrolyte drinks (27.9% vs 13.3%; P < .001) than female runners. Factors independently associated with a higher likelihood for dietary supplement use included weight loss in the past year, female (vs male) gender, following a vegetarian diet, skipping meals, attempting to gain weight, and history of a running-related bone stress injury. More than one-quarter of preadolescent runners regularly consumed dietary supplements. Behaviors consistent with dietary restriction and history of bone stress injury were associated with higher likelihood for supplement use. Further work to understand supplement use patterns and potential value for nutrition education is advised to optimize health of preadolescent runners.

Pengaruh Pemberian Minuman Kombinasi Sari Kurma (Phoenix dactylifera) dan Garam NaCl terhadap Tekanan Darah dan Lama Periode Pemulihan Denyut Nadi pada Atlet Sepak Bola

The athlete's achievement is related to the athlete's performance in a match. The performance can be seen in blood pressure and pulse. The administration of carbohydrateelectrolyte drinks influenced blood pressure and pulse. Drinks combination of sari dates and NaCl contain carbohydrates and electrolytes which helps to improve the performanceof athletes by delaying fatigue. This research to determine the effect of combination palm juice extracts and NaCl on blood pressure and the period of recovery of the pulse of a soccer athlete. The quasi-experimental cross over study was completed. This research was carried out in the Wates square. Subjects in this study were Hizbul Wathan Wates Football School(SSB) athletes. The subjects received one experimental used 300 ml combination drink of palm juice and NaCl or control drink, namely sugar water after a washout period of six days. Blood pressure measurements were carried out fifteen minutes before exercise and fifteen minutes after exercise, while pulse measurements were carried out fifteen minutesbefore exercise and five minutes, ten minutes, fifteen minutes after exercise. The statistical test used was Shapiro Wilk, Paired t-test and Independent T-test. The results of statistical analysis showed that there was no significant effect on the combination of dates, and NaCl combined with systole and diastolic blood pressure (p&gt; 0.05), and there was a significant effect on the combination of dates palm juice and NaCl on pulse recovery five minutes, ten minutes and fifteen minutes after exercise (p &lt;0.05). There was no significant effect on the combination of date palm juice and NaCl on blood pressure, and there was a significant effect on the combination of dates and NaCl combination drinks on the recovery of pulsefive minutes, ten minutes and fifteen minutes after exercise. Keywords: Dates, NaCl, Soccer, Blood Pressure, Pulse

Effect of ad libitum intake of lactose-free milk on subsequent performance of collegiate badminton athletes

The influence of dehydration on strength after a competitive match of badminton players has been previously studied; however, no research has been done on the effect of milk on performance in badminton. This study therefore aimed to investigate the effects of ad libitum intake of low-fat lactose-free milk (LFM) on subsequent performance of badminton athletes. Eleven collegiate badminton athletes (Mean ± standard deviation for Age = 19.3 ± 1.2 years; Height= 165.4 ± 9.1 cm) participated in this study. A randomized crossover study design was used (with ≥7-day washout between trials) where subjects were assigned to one of the test beverages: lactose-free skim milk (LFM), carbohydrate-electrolyte sports drink (CE) or water (CON). Performance tests were measured before and after subsequent games. Other variables measured included hydration status, perceived recovery and selected subjective perceptions. Palatability and amount ingested was highest for CE and lowest for CON (Mean ± standard deviation for CE 2215.24 ± 690.19 ml >LFM 1530.8 ± 849.9 ml >CON 1341.2 ± 424.2 ml, p = .013) but all beverages affected hydration status and selected performance variables after subsequent games in badminton. Perceived exertion and recovery were similar for the beverages as well. Thirst and gastrointestinal discomfort were however significantly greater for LFM.

Effects of Commercial Isotonic Sports Drinks during Intermittent Exertion

Background: Carbohydrate-electrolyte drinks support performance and recovery during athletic activities. The impact of these isotonic drinks is usually verified by means of placebos without energy. Objective: We checked the extent to which commercial sports drinks may be superior to a syrup–water mixture, similar in calorific value, during an intermittent exertion. Method: In a cross-sectional study, three homogeneously parallelized groups, including a total of 35 test subjects, performed full-strain endurance and speed tests (5,000 m, 3,000 m, 1,500 m, 800 m, 400 m, and 200 m). During the rest intervals, isocaloric drinks with the same CHO (6,66–7,0 g), but different sugar (ISO1: 2,46 g; ISO2: 5,6 g; syrup: 6,7 g) and electrolyte content were given in a randomized way. The parameters of running performance, body weight, rating of perceived exertion, heart rate, and blood lactate concentration were analyzed. Results: Over the distances (p≥0.10), the results did not show any ergogenic effect of the isotonic drinks in comparison with the syrup–water mixture. There were also no significant differences in terms of rates of perceived exertion (p≥0.26) and the physiological parameters of heart rate (p≥0.30) and blood lactate (p≥0.18) among the groups. Conclusion: During intermittent and repetitive exertion below 30 minutes, homemade energy drinks exhibited the same effects as commercial sports drinks.

Acute physiological responses and performance following subsequent CrossFit ‘CINDY’ workout with Zea Mays juice

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the physiological responses and performance following subsequent repeated high intensity exercise with consumption of Zea may juice ( ZM ) Materials: Total of seventeen participants involved in the study. They were physically active who had cardio and strength training at least 3 times per week. The age of participants was 21.8±1.7 years old, body weight 65.4±11.2 kg and height 169.7±7.2 cm. Crossfit ‘CINDY’ exercise were repeated between two hours of rest. Treatment beverage of ( ZM ) juice vs Carbohydrate-electrolyte (CE) drinks were consumed immediately after exercise in double blind cross over manner. Number of complete set of exercise, heart rate, blood lactate and rate of perceived exhaustion (RPE) were recorded at the end of each exercise session. Results: Total number of complete ‘CINDY’ exercise significantly increased in ZM juice group during second bout of exercise compared to CE drink group. There were no significant difference in heart rate, blood lactate and RPE in both groups Conclusions: ZM juice has potentials an alternative recovery beverage to promote subsequent repeated exercise within short rest time.

IL-6 and IL-1β responses to a carbohydrate-electrolyte drink in orienteering athletes

IL-6 and IL-1β responses to a carbohydrate-electrolyte drink in orienteering athletes

Effects of whey protein in carbohydrate-electrolyte drinks on post-exercise rehydration

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of different amounts of whey protein in carbohydrate–electrolyte (CE) drinks on post-exercise rehydration. Ten males completed 5 trials in a randomised cross-over design. A 4-h recovery was applied after a 60-min run at 65% VO2peak in each trial. During recovery, the participants ingested a high-carbohydrate CE drink (CE-H), a low-carbohydrate CE drink (CE-L), a high-whey-protein (33 g·L−1) CE drink (CW-H), a medium-whey-protein (22 g·L−1) CE drink (CW-M) or a low-whey-protein (15 g·L−1) CE drink (CW-L) in a volume equivalent to 150% of their body mass (BM) loss. The drinks were provided in six equal boluses and consumed by the participants within 150 min in each trial. After exercise, a BM loss of 2.15% ± 0.05% was achieved. Urine production was less in the CW-M and CW-H trials during recovery, which induced a greater fluid retention in the CW-M (51.0% ± 5.7%) and CW-H (55.4% ± 3.8%) trials than in any other trial (p < .05). The plasma albumin content was higher in the CW-H trial than in the CE-H and CE-L trials at 2 h (p < .05) and 3 h (p < .01) during recovery. The aldosterone concentration was lower in the CE-H trial than in the CW-M and CW-H trials after recovery (p < .05). It is concluded that the rehydration was improved when whey protein was co-ingested with CE drinks during a 4-h recovery after a 60-min run. However, this additive effect was only observed when whey protein concentration was at least 22 g·L−1 in the current study.

A comparison of the effectiveness of commercial and natural carbohydrate–electrolyte drinks

Summary Objectives The aim of this study was to compare a natural carbohydrate–electrolyte drink (ND), containing salt, banana, water, pineapple juice, lemon juice, and honey, with a commercially available sports drink (CD) in terms of their effectiveness at hydrating and their effects on the maintenance of blood glucose levels and changes in the level of biochemical parameters of the blood. Equipment and methods The study involved 11 rowers with an average age of 18.0 ± 2.0 and an average of 3.8 ± 1.4 years training. Their basic anthropometric and fitness parameters were measured. Then, in two sessions two weeks apart, the subjects performed 80 min of exercise on a rowing ergometer, during which they were administered one of the two tested drinks. Their body weight and blood biochemical parameters (glucose, lactate, HTC, urea, CK, WBC, LYM, MON, GRA, and FRAP) were measured both before and after the exercise. Results During the exercise with CD, a significant decrease in body weight was reported, while body weight increased during the test with ND. Increases were seen in lactate, CK, WBC, LYM, MON, and GRA after consumption of both drinks. Hydration levels and the level of parameters associated with the maintenance of high physical fitness were comparable for both CD and ND. Despite this, it is necessary to further improve the ND formula.

Impact of Carbohydrate-Electrolyte Beverage Ingestion on Heart Rate Response While Climbing Mountain Fuji at ~3000 m.

We sought to investigate whether carbohydrate-electrolyte beverage ingestion reduced heart rate (HR) in twenty-three healthy young adults while climbing Mount Fuji at a given exercise intensity. Twenty-three healthy adults were randomly divided into two groups: the tap water (11 males [M] and 1 female [F]) and the carbohydrate-electrolyte group (10 M and 1 F). HR and activity energy expenditure (AEE) were recorded every min. The HRs for the first 30 minutes of climbing were not significantly different between the groups [121 ± 2 beats per min (bpm) in the tap water and 116 ± 3 bpm in the carbohydrate-electrolyte]; however, HR significantly increased with climbing in the tap water group (129 ± 2 bpm) but showed no significant increase in the carbohydrate-electrolyte group (121 ± 3 bpm). In addition, body weight changes throughout two days ascending and descending on Mount Fuji were inversely related to changes in resting HR. Further, individual variation of body weight changes was suppressed by carbohydrate-electrolyte drink. Collectively, carbohydrate-electrolyte beverage intake may attenuate an increase in HR at a given AEE while mountaineering at ~3000 m compared with tap water intake.

The effects of carbohydrate-electrolyte drinks on physical and mental performance

The effects of carbohydrate-electrolyte drinks on physical and mental performance

Carbohydrate-electrolyte drinks exhibit risks for human enamel surface loss.

ObjectivesThe aim of this investigation was to give insights into the impact of carbohydrate-electrolyte drinks on the likely capacity of enamel surface dissolution and the influence of human saliva exposure as a biological protective factor.Materials and MethodsThe pH, titratable acidity (TA) to pH 7.0, and buffer capacity (β) of common beverages ingested by patients under physical activity were analyzed. Then, we randomly distributed 50 specimens of human enamel into 5 groups. Processed and natural coconut water served as controls for testing three carbohydrate-electrolyte drinks. In all specimens, we measured surface microhardness (Knoop hardness numbers) and enamel loss (profilometry, µm) for baseline and after simulated intake cycling exposure model. We also prepared areas of specimens to be exposed to human saliva overnight prior to the simulated intake cycling exposure. The cycles were performed by alternated immersions in beverages and artificial saliva. ANOVA two-way and Tukey HDS tests were used.ResultsThe range of pH, TA, and β were 2.85 - 4.81, 8.33 - 46.66 mM/L and 3.48 - 10.25 mM/L × pH, respectively. The highest capacity of enamel surface dissolution was found for commercially available sports drinks for all variables. Single time human saliva exposure failed to significantly promote protective effect for the acidic attack of beverages.ConclusionsIn this study, carbohydrate-electrolyte drinks usually consumed during endurance training may have a greater capacity of dissolution of enamel surface depending on their physicochemical proprieties associated with pH and titratable acidity.

Addition of Whey Peptides to a Carbohydrate-electrolyte Drink Enhances its Effect on the Early Treatment of Dehydration in Rats

Addition of Whey Peptides to a Carbohydrate-electrolyte Drink Enhances its Effect on the Early Treatment of Dehydration in Rats