Digestible Carbohydrates Research Articles

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) as a Source of Essential Fatty Acids - A Biofortification Approach.

Chickpea is a highly nutritious pulse crop with low digestible carbohydrates (40–60%), protein (15–22%), essential fats (4–8%), and a range of minerals and vitamins. The fatty acid composition of the seed adds value because fats govern the texture, shelf-life, flavor, aroma, and nutritional composition of chickpea-based food products. Therefore, the biofortification of essential fatty acids has become a nutritional breeding target for chickpea crop improvement programs worldwide. This paper examines global chickpea production, focusing on plant lipids, their functions, and their benefits to human health. In addition, this paper also reviews the chemical analysis of essential fatty acids and possible breeding targets to enrich essential fatty acids in chickpea (Cicer arietinum) biofortification. Biofortification of chickpea for essential fatty acids within safe levels will improve human health and support food processing to retain the quality and flavor of chickpea-based food products. Essential fatty acid biofortification is possible by phenotyping diverse chickpea germplasm over suitable locations and years and identifying the candidate genes responsible for quantitative trait loci mapping using genome-wide association mapping.

Lipid microspheres containing urea for slow release of non-protein N in ruminant diets

Context Urea is widely used in ruminant diets as a source of non-protein nitrogen (NPN), partially substituting for true protein in feed, but high levels of urea in the diet may cause toxicity. Aims This study investigated the microencapsulation of urea in carnauba wax for slow release in the rumen to improve the N efficiency and growth of sheep. Methods Two microencapsulated systems were developed with urea:carnauba wax ratios (w/w) of 1:2 (U12) and 1:4 (U14). Based on the initial characterisation, only U12 was examined in an in vivo experiment with Santa Ines crossbred male sheep (n = 40) initially weighing 28 ± 0.6 kg at 270 days of age. The experimental arrangement was a completely randomised design, and the animals were distributed into four treatments; i.e. four levels of inclusion (0, control; 15; 30; and 45 g/kg DM) of microencapsulated urea in the diet. Key results The dietary inclusion of microencapsulated urea was associated with linear increases (P ≤ 0.05) in the intake of DM and metabolisable energy, the digestibility of crude protein, non-fibrous carbohydrates and fibre fractions, and N balance. Additionally, liveweight gain and feed efficiency increased quadratically (P < 0.001). There were also linear reductions (P < 0.001) in blood urea and urinary urea concentrations. Conclusions The study demonstrated that the inclusion of up to 30 g/kg U12 microencapsulated urea can be recommended as a source of slow-release urea in sheep diets since it improved the performance and feed efficiency and promoted lower concentrations of blood urea and urinary urea. Implications The use of urea microencapsulated in carnauba wax can reduce the risk of urea toxicity and provide a safer way to supply NPN to ruminants and improve N utilisation.

Partial Replacement of Concentrate with Olive Cake in Different forms in the Diet of Lactating Barki Ewes Affects the Lactational Performance and Feed Utilization

Abstract The present experiment aimed to evaluate the inclusion of dried olive cake treated or untreated with fibrolytic enzyme, partially replacing concentrates in the diet of ewes. Forty lactating Barki ewes, weighing 37.1 ± 4.0 kg, were assigned into four treatments (n=10) in a complete randomized design for 9 weeks. Ewes were stratified according to parity (2 ± 1 parity) and previous milk production (615 ± 11 g/d). The control diet consisted of concentrates and corn fodder at 60:40, respectively. For the experimental diets, 30% of the concentrates was replaced with dried olive cake (DOC treatment), olive cake silage (SOC treatment) or olive cake silage treated with fibrolytic enzymes (ESOC treatment). Without affecting intake, DOC, SOC and ESOC diets enhanced (P<0.05) dry matter, organic matter and non-structural carbohydrate digestibility; however, ESOC diets increased (P<0.05) neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber digestibility. Additionally, DOC, SOC and ESOC diets increased (P<0.05) ruminal total volatile fatty acids, acetate and propionate without affecting ruminal pH and ammonia-N concentration. The ESOC diet increased serum glucose concentration (P=0.019). Both of SOC and ESOC diets increased (P<0.05) daily milk production and energy corrected milk as well as milk fat concentration (P=0.028). All of DOC, SOC and ESOC increased (P<0.05) feed (milk) efficiency compared with the control diet. It is concluded that 30% of concentrates can be replaced with olive cake without negative effects on performance but with better performance when olive cake was ensiled with or without fibrolytic enzymes.

Physicochemical properties and glucose tolerance of low‐calorie cookies containing palatinose

This study was conducted to investigate the physicochemical properties and glucose tolerance of cookies made with palatinose as an alternative sweetener to sucrose. The analysis of texture properties showed that the hardness (8.63 kg-force) of the control (sucrose) was significantly different (p < .05) from that of the cookies containing palatinose (5.34–8.51 kg-force). The pH of the cookies showed an increasing trend with an increase in the palatinose replacement ratio. Cookies containing palatinose had significantly lower L values and higher values than that of cookies made with 100% sucrose. The overall acceptance of the cookies was highest (4.07) for the samples containing 80% sucrose/20% palatinose. Moreover, the oral glucose tolerance test and area under the curve of cookies containing palatinose showed relatively lower values compared to those of the control. The discrimination of sweetness sensory in the same mixing ratios of sucrose and palatinose did not significantly differ (Table 3). Practical applications Palatinose, a commercial isomaltulose, is made from by enzymatic rearrangement (isomerization) of sucrose beet sugar. Its physical properties closely resemble those of sucrose, making it easy to use in exiting recipes and processes. Isomaltulose is hydrogenated to produce isomalt, a minimally digestible carbohydrate that is used as a sugar replacer, for example in sugar-free candies and confectioneries. Like sucrose, isomaltulose can be digested to glucose and fructose. However, while in sucrose the glucose is linked to the anomeric carbon of the fructose (an α-1,2 linkage), in isomaltulose the linkage is to the 6 carbon (α-1,6), making isomaltulose a reducing sugar, unlike sucrose. The fructose in isomaltulose exists in a ring structure that readily opens to exhibit a carbonyl group as in ketones and aldehydes, which explains why isomaltulose is a reducing sugar. In comparison with sucrose and most other carbohydrates, Palatinose is believed to be more applicable as a functional alternative sugar than that of as a sugar for calorie.

QUALITY OF HELIANTHUS ANNUUS HONEY OBTAINED IN THE CONDITIONS OF RADIOACTIVE CONTAMINATION

Natural honey is a source of vital amino acids, easily digestible carbohydrates, macro, microelements, biologically active substances that determine nutritional, antibacterial and antioxidant properties. In the conditions of man-caused pollution of Polissya of Ukraine due to the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, systematic control of the quality and safety of beekeeping products is important. To conduct such research, we created a group of twelve bee families - analogs of the Ukrainian breed, medium strength. Families were kept in unified multifunctional hives. At the beginning of the honey harvest, the bee families were transported to the sunflower fields, where they stayed during the blossoming of the plants. The density of radioactive contamination of 137Cs soils where sunflower was grown was 47.0 kBq / m2. We used organoleptic, physicochemical, microscopic, microbiological, and radiological methods in the study. According to standard methods, we studied the species composition of pollen grains, physicochemical parameters of centrifugal, honeycomb, and «zabrus» sunflower honey.(zabrus honey was obtained from wax caps, which we cut with an apiary knife from honeycombs filled with nectar and sealed by bees). The content of lead (Pb) in honey from sunflower obtained in the conditions of Polissya is 1.8 - 2.1 times higher than the State sanitary norms. The largest amount of it is in the centrifugal honey. In acceptable amounts, the heavy metals cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), and 137Cs were present in honey. Pesticides, dichlorodiphenyltrichloromethylmethane, and hexachlorane were not detected in the samples. We investigated the bactericidal action against bacterial growth of typical cultures of Proteus vulgaris, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Salmonella Typhimurium, and Staphylococcus aureus. Zubrus sunflower honey showed the highest antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. We found that the value of antioxidant activity (AOA) of sunflower honey depends on the method of its production, duration of storage, and solutions of extracts (alcohol, aqueous) used in research. Laboratory control of transgenic organisms in flowers and sunflower pollen did not reveal the target sequences of the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter and the NOS terminator (nopaline synthase) of the plasmid Agrobacterium tumefaciens.

Type 2 Diabetes and Dietary Carbohydrate Intake of Adolescents and Young Adults: What Is the Impact of Different Choices?

Type 2 diabetes mellitus has a high prevalence worldwide, with a rapidly increasing incidence even in youth. Nutrition, dietary macronutrient composition, and in particular dietary carbohydrates play a major role in the development of type 2 diabetes. The aim of this narrative review is to discuss the current evidence on the role of dietary carbohydrates in the prevention and management of type 2 diabetes. The digestibility or availability of carbohydrates and their glycemic index (and glycemic load) markedly influence the glycemic response. High consumption of dietary fiber is beneficial for management of type 2 diabetes, whereas high consumption of both glycemic starch and sugars may have a harmful effect on glucose metabolism, thereby increasing the risk of developing type 2 diabetes in the presence of genetic predisposition or making its glycemic control more difficult to achieve in people with established T2D. Therefore, the same dietary macronutrient may have harmful or beneficial effects on type 2 diabetes mainly depending on the subtypes consumed. Some other factors are involved in glucose metabolism, such as meal composition, gut microbiota and genetics. For this reason, the glycemic response after carbohydrate consumption is not easy to predict in the single individual. Nutrition suggested to subjects with known type 2 diabetes should be always person-centered, considering the individual features of each subject.

Palm kernel cake in high-concentrate diets for feedlot goat kids: nutrient intake, digestibility, feeding behavior, nitrogen balance, blood metabolites, and performance.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of including palm kernel cake (PKC) in high-concentrate diets for feedlot goat kids on nutrient intake, digestibility, feeding behavior, nitrogen balance, blood metabolites, and performance. Thirty-two castrated crossbred Boer × mixed breed goat kids with an average age of 4months and an initial body weight of 19.65 ± 3.00kg were distributed in a completely randomized design. The diets included one of four levels (0, 12, 24, and 36%) of PKC on a total dry matter basis. The PKC inclusion in the diets promoted quadratic effects in the nutrient intakes (P ≤ 0.05). The digestibility of ether extract increased (P = 0.010), whereas the digestibility of non-fibrous carbohydrates decreased (P = 0.017) with the inclusion of PKC. Palm kernel cake inclusion promoted a quadratic effect on the time spent per episode feeding and decreased the times spent idling and ruminated bolus per day (P ≤ 0.05). The ingested and retained nitrogen decreased with the inclusion of PKC (P ≤ 0.05). The inclusion of PKC in the diets had quadratic effects in the cholesterol concentrations, albumin (A), globulin (G), A:G ratio, and gamma-glutamyltransferase enzyme activity (P ≤ 0.05). The PKC inclusion promoted a quadratic increase in total weight gain (P = 0.026), with the highest value achieved at the inclusion level of 11.68%. The inclusion of up to 12% PKC in high-concentrate diets increases the intake and growth performance without compromising the digestibility of nutrients and feed efficiency.

TECHNOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF DEVELOPMENT CONFECTIONERY&#x0D; PRODUCTS’ WITH POLYOLS

The article substantiates the relevance of the development of confectionery products with a reduced content of easily digestible carbohydrates and content of calories’, including those suitable for diabetic nutrition. A comparative analysis of the technological and physiological properties of sweeteners (polyols) was carried out and showed the prospects of using sorbitol, xylitol, maltitol and maltitol syrup for the manufacture of musli-bars without added sugar, including those suitable for diabetic nutrition. The processes of heat treatment of syrups with sweeteners are studied, regression equations are selected that allow determining the dry matter content in the syrup at a certain temperature or setting the temperature to which it is necessary to boil the syrup to achieve the required dry matter content. The influence of sweeteners on the dynamic viscosity of syrups and the strength of bars is studied. The determination of the mass fraction of total sugar (in terms as sucrose) was carried out, according to the results of which the developed products were classified as specialized products of diabetic nutrition. The complex analysis allowed to determine the optimal sweetener and, based on the results obtained, developed recipes for musli-bars without added sugar: «Cereals with raspberries», «Cereals with hazelnuts», «Cereals with blueberries».

Humic substances in the diet of lactating cows enhanced feed utilization, altered ruminal fermentation, and improved milk yield and fatty acid profile

Fifteen multiparous early lactating Friesian cows weighing 466 ± 16.6 kg were randomly assigned, in a quintuplicated 3 × 3 Latin square design experiment, to study the effect of humic acid supplementation on feed utilization and milk production for 90 days. The basal diet composed of concentrates, berseem clover, and rice straw at 5:3:2, respectively, on dry matter (DM) basis. There were three treatments including the basal diet without additive (control diet), the basal diet supplemented with 20 g humic acid/cow/d (LH treatment), and the basal diet supplemented with 40 g humic acid/cow/d (HH treatment). Humic acid supplementation linearly increased (P < 0.05) milk production, total solids, solids not fat, fat, and energy contents. Additionally, humic supplementation linearly increased (P < 0.05) milk efficiency. Both LH and HH treatments showed greater proportions of unsaturated fatty acids and total conjugated linoleic acid, however, HH treatment decreased C16:0 and increased C18:3n3 and C18:3n6 proportions. Without affecting feed intake, treatments improved (P < 0.05) the digestibilities of DM, organic matter, non-structural carbohydrates, and neutral detergent fiber. Humic supplementation increased ruminal acetic acid concentration, and decreased ruminal protozoal population, pH, ammonia-N and butyric acid contents. The HH increased total ruminal volatile fatty acids (P = 0.029). Additionally, humic supplementation decreased the concentrations of serum urea-N, cholesterol, and triglycerides, while it increased the concentration of serum glucose compared to the control. It is concluded that humic acid supplementation enhanced feed utilization, lactational performance, and milk nutritive value, without negatively affecting the blood chemistry of lactating cows. However, the high dose of humic acid is recommended for practical administration in lactating cow diet.

Crude coriander oil in the diet of lactating goats enhanced lactational performance, ruminal fermentation, apparent nutrient digestibility, and blood chemistry

The use of safe feed additives in diets of lactating animals has gained increasing interest. The effects of feeding lactating goats on diet supplemented with crude coriander oil at different levels were evaluated. Thirty multiparous lactating Damascus × Baladi goats (27.2 ± 1.0 kg BW) were used in 3 × 3 Latin square design (3 treatments, 3 periods, and 10 does per treatment). Each experimental period lasted 30 d (comprising 20 d of treatments adaptation and 10 d of sampling). The treatments consisted of the control basal diet with no crude coriander oil, the control basal diet supplemented daily with 0.95 g crude coriander oil/kg DM feed, or the control basal diet supplemented with 1.9 g crude coriander oil/kg DM feed. Crude coriander oil supplementation linearly increased (P < 0.05) daily milk production, yields of total solids, fat and lactose, and concentration of milk fat (P = 0.022) as well as feed conversion ratio (P = 0.021). Crude coriander oil supplementation linearly enhanced (P < 0.05) the apparent digestibilities of dry matter, organic matter, non-structural carbohydrates, and fibers, while the high crude coriander oil supplementation level increased apparent crude protein digestibility. Crude coriander oil supplementation linearly decreased ruminal pH and ciliate protozoal counts, and increased the concentrations (P < 0.05) of total volatile fatty acids, acetate, propionate and valerate. Crude coriander oil supplementation linearly increased (P < 0.05) the concentration of blood glucose and linearly decreased (P < 0.05) the serum levels of alanine transaminase and aspartate aminotransferase, while the high coriander oil treatment decreased the concentrations of total lipids (P = 0.038) and cholesterol (P = 0.021). In conclusion, crude coriander oil supplementation at 0.95 or 1.9 g crude coriander oil/kg DM feed improved nutrient utilization, milk production, and milk nutritive value. The high level of supplementation is recommended.

Effect of enzymatic complex in the diet of pirarucu, Arapaima gigas juveniles

ABSTRACT The pirarucu, Arapaima gigas is a native, carnivorous fish species from the Amazon basin. As carnivorous fish have low amylase activity, exogenous enzymes can improve the digestibility of carbohydrates in aquaculture feeds. We evaluated the digestibility of increasing levels of an enzymatic complex in diets of pirarucu juveniles (65.2 ± 0.4 g). The experimental design was randomized with four treatments [diets containing 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, and 1 g kg-1 on-top inclusion of an enzyme complex (Allzyme® SSF®, USA), and a control, with three replications at a density of 5 fish per unit, and a 30-day duration. We quantified apparent digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, and crude energy through nutrient and chromium oxide content in diets and feces. Enzymatic activity, hepatic glycogen and total protein were determined in liver and anterior intestine samples. The diet with 1 g kg-1 of enzyme-complex resulted in an increase in apparent digestibility of crude protein, gross energy, and dry matter, hepatic glycogen, total proteins in liver and in intestine, showing the efficiency of the enzyme complex in pirarucu feeding. A higher accumulation of dry matter, crude energy, and ethereal extract in the carcass indicated weight increase in the fish treated with enzymatic complex. A decrease in the endogenous enzymatic activity (protease, lipase and amylase) suggested an improved efficacy of the digestive process. Our results indicate that the inclusion of 1 g kg-1 enzyme complex in the diet of juvenile pirarucu can be recommended to achieve greater digestibility of nutrients and improvement in productive performance.

The Effect of Xylanase on the Buckwheat Starch Hydrolysis

With the growing demand for alternative dairy products, there is growing interest in plant-based fermented foods. The plant base should be a favorable environment for lactic acid bacteria, that is, contain easily digestible carbohydrates. Therefore, a necessary stage in the production of a fermented product from plant materials is the preliminary hydrolysis of starch. When obtaining a base from buckwheat flour, an increased viscosity of the mixture of flour and water is observed. Non-starchy polysaccharides (hemicellulose and cellulose) increase the viscosity of the product. Xylanase enzymes can be used to hydrolyze non-starch carbohydrates. In the experiment, the xylanase enzyme in various doses was added to a mixture of buckwheat flour and water at 40 °C. The amylolytic enzyme was simultaneously added. The sample without xylanase was the control. Studies have shown that the introduction of xylanase into a mixture of buckwheat flour and water leads to a decrease in the viscosity of the mixture compared to the control by 38.21% and 25.69%, depending on the amount of xylanase. The xylanase enzyme can be used to lower the initial viscosity of the mixture and to maximize the efficiency of the buckwheat starch hydrolysis process.

Preparation and Analysis of α-1,6 Glucan as a Slowly Digestible Carbohydrate.

Carbohydrate materials that produce lower postprandial blood glucose increase are required for diabetic patients. To develop slowly digestible carbohydrates, the effect of degree of polymerization (DP) of α-1,6 glucan on its digestibility was investigated in vitro and in vivo. We prepared four fractions of α-1,6 glucan composed primarily of DP 3–9, DP 10–30, DP 31–150, and DP 151+ by fractionating a dextran hydrolysate. An in vitro experiment using digestive enzymes showed that the glucose productions of DP 3–9, DP 10–30, DP 31–150, and DP 151+ were 70.3, 53.4, 28.2, and 19.2 % in 2 h, and 92.1, 83.9, 39.6, and 33.3 % in 24 h relative to dextrin, respectively. An in vivo glycemic response showed that the incremental area under the curve (iAUC) of blood glucose levels of α-1,6 glucan with DP 3–9, DP 10–30, DP 31–150, and DP 151+ were 99.5, 84.3, 65.4, and 40.1 % relative to dextrin, respectively. These results indicated that α-1,6 glucan with higher DP had stronger resistance to digestion and produced a smaller blood glucose response. DP 10–30 showed significantly lower maximum blood glucose levels than dextrin; however, no significant difference was observed in iAUC, indicating that DP 10–30 was slowly digestible. In addition, α-1,6 glucan was also produced using an enzymatic reaction with dextrin dextranase (DDase). This produced similar results to DP 10–30. The DDase product can be synthesized from dextrin at low cost. This glucan is expected to be useful as a slowly digestible carbohydrate source.

Partial replacement of soybean meal with red gram and lentil as vegetable proteins in limited ingredients homemade diets for pet dogs

AbstractAs part of the efforts to look for new feed resources, an experiment was conducted to ascertain the effects of replacing part of the soybean meal protein with red gram and lentil on the nutritional profile of dogs as influenced by the frequency of feeding. Fifteen adult Spitz dogs were divided into three equal groups and fed three diets containing soybean meal (SBM) alone or in combination with red gram (RGM) and lentil (LTL) as the protein sources. The entire study duration of 10 weeks was divided into two equal periods wherein the dogs were fed either twice or once daily. Results indicated that the food intake was similar (P &gt; 0.05) among the three groups, irrespective of the frequency of feeding. The digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, and carbohydrates were higher (P &lt; 0.05) in the LTL group when the dogs were fed twice daily. However, the digestibility of nutrients remained similar (P &gt; 0.05) when the dogs were fed once daily except for crude fiber digestibility, which was found higher (P &lt; 0.05) in the LTL group. The fecal quality data indicated a lower (P &lt; 0.05) pH accompanying higher water content in dogs under the RGM group. The blood metabolites measured at three different periods during the study did not vary (P &gt; 0.05) among the dietary groups. It is concluded that both red gram and lentil could effectively replace a part (50%) of the soybean meal protein without any adverse effects on the nutrient utilization and metabolic profile of dogs. Moreover, based on the results, lentil appears to have the edge over red gram as a potential vegetable protein source when used in the diet of dogs.

Safety of frozen and dried formulations from whole yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor larva) as a novel food pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283.

Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA) was asked to deliver an opinion on frozen and dried formulations from whole yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor larva) as a novel food (NF) pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283. The term yellow mealworm refers to the larval form of the insect species Tenebrio molitor. The NF comprises the frozen and freeze‐dried formulations of the yellow mealworm, whole or in the form of powder. The frozen formulation consists mainly of water, crude protein and fat whereas the freeze‐dried formulations of crude protein, fat, digestible carbohydrates and fibre (chitin). The Panel notes that the levels of contaminants in the NF depend on the occurrence levels of these substances in the insect feed. The Panel notes furthermore that there are no safety concerns regarding the stability of the NF if the NF complies with the proposed specification limits during its entire shelf‐life. The dried formulations of the NF have a high protein content, although the true protein levels in the NF are overestimated when using the nitrogen‐to‐protein conversion factor of 6.25, due to the presence of non‐protein nitrogen from chitin. The applicant proposed to use the NF as whole frozen or whole dried insect, or in the form of powder, added as an ingredient to various food products such as cereal bars, pasta, meat imitates and bakery products. The target population is the general population. The Panel notes that, considering that the NF will not be the sole source of dietary protein, and the composition of the NF and the proposed conditions of use, the consumption of the NF is not nutritionally disadvantageous. The submitted toxicity studies from the literature did not raise safety concerns. The Panel considers that the consumption of the NF may induce primary sensitisation and allergic reactions to yellow mealworm proteins and may cause allergic reactions in subjects with allergy to crustaceans and dust mites. Additionally, allergens from the feed may end up in the NF. The Panel concludes that the NF is safe under the proposed uses and use levels.

Positioning on the Use of Polyols as Table Sweeteners

AbstractPolyols are poorly digestible carbohydrates present in small amounts in some fruits and vegetables. Xylitol and erythritol are used as table sweeteners. These compounds are widely used in the food industry due to their low-calorie content. Erythritol is the only noncaloric polyol. Xylitol is the sweetest of the polyols, being the only one with sweetness equivalent to sucrose, but with one third of its calories. Clinical studies have shown reductions in the number of plaques, in counts of Streptococcus mutans, and in the number of dental cavities in individuals receiving erythritol and xylitol. Xylitol is also capable of reducing the growth and adherence to the oropharynx of bacteria that cause acute otitis media, such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, and several studies have shown that it reduces the risk of this bacterial infection in children. In addition to these effects, polyols can also have beneficial effects on metabolism. Both erythritol and xylitol have been approved by the European Union for use as sweeteners for several years, and replacing sugar with polyols decreases caloric intake, which can reduce body weight and blood glucose in individuals with obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. The safety of polyols is recognized by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), who classifies them as compounds generally recognized as safe (GRAS). Thus, based on available scientific data, the daily consumption of both substances is associated with several benefits and does not represent any risk to human health.

Effects of dietary arachidonic acid and docosahexanoic acid at different carbohydrates levels on gilthead sea bream growth performance and intermediary metabolism

A growth trial was performed to assess the interactive effects of high dietary levels of arachidonic acid (ARA) or docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and carbohydrates on growth performance, feed utilization, proximate composition, plasma metabolites, and intermediary metabolism. Four isoproteic (47% crude protein) and isolipidic (18% crude lipids) diets were formulated for gilthead sea bream juveniles (47.5 g of initial mean body weight) to include low or high gelatinized starch (5 and 20% starch; LS and HS diets, respectively) and different dietary ARA/DHA content (2.3/0.3 and 0/2.6; ARA and DHA diets, respectively). Dietary ARA/DHA content did not affect growth performance or feed utilization. However, dietary starch inclusion increased feed efficiency, protein efficiency ratio, and energy retention (% intake). Dietary ARA/DHA profile did not affect the whole-body composition, but dietary starch increased whole-body dry matter, lipid, and gross energy content and decreased protein content. Low dietary ARA/DHA ratio increased plasma total protein and total lipids, triglycerides, and very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL) and decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), independently of the dietary starch level. On the other hand, in LS diets, total cholesterol levels were lower in fish fed the diet rich in DHA than those fed with ARA. HS diets increased glucose, total protein and lipids, triglycerides, and VLDL plasmatic values, and decreased HDL. HS diets increased the carbohydrates intermediary metabolism and lipogenic enzymes. ARA and HS increased fatty acid desaturase 2 (FADS2) and decreased elongation of very long-chain fatty acid 5 protein (ELOVL5) in the liver, and only HS decreased ELOVL5 in the intestine. The muscle fatty acid content followed the dietary fatty acid profile, but ARA, EPA, and DHA content were increased in LS diets. In conclusion, few interactions between ARA or DHA and dietary digestible carbohydrates were found. The results indicate that at least in the presence of high ARA levels the n-3 LC-PUFA requirements were fulfilled with 0.5% EPA + DHA and gilthead sea bream tolerates well dietary inclusion of 20% starch.

Effects of a low-carbohydrate diet in adults with type 1 diabetes: an interventional study protocol

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background:&lt;/strong&gt; Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune condition characterised by pancreatic beta cell destruction and absolute insulin deficiency. The varying impact of dietary factors on blood glucose levels is well-known, yet there remains a lack of consensus surrounding the optimal dietary approaches to achieve glycaemic control in T1D. The aim of this research is to assess the efficacy of a low-carbohydrate (LC) diet in adults with T1D. We will set out to determine whether significant differences in T1D management outcomes exist between a LC diet and habitual diets higher in carbohydrate. Our primary hypothesis is that a LC diet will result in improved T1D management compared to habitual diets higher in carbohydrates. &lt;strong&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods:&lt;/strong&gt; This is a 28-week single arm within-participant intervention study involving a 4-week control period, a 12-week intervention period and a 12-week follow-up. We plan to recruit 20 adults (18-60 years) with T1D (duration ≥6 months) who have suboptimal glycaemic control (HbA1c&amp;gt;7.0%). The primary outcome is haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and secondary outcomes include glycaemic variability, frequency of hypoglycaemia, total daily insulin, and quality of life. This LC diet will start at 50 g of digestible carbohydrate per day and then there will be opportunity to increase or decrease within a broader range of 25-75 g/day according to individual blood glucose levels and personal preference. Participants will meet individually with the study dietitian for a total of six fortnightly sessions to receive dietary instruction, strategies, and education. Participants will continue to work with a member of their usual diabetes care team for specific advice regarding insulin management.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusions:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;em&gt; &lt;/em&gt;Current dietary management strategies for T1D appear to be lacking in effect and additional dietary therapies, including LC diets, require urgent consideration. Therefore, an interventional study investigating a patient-led LC dietary approach will be of important clinical relevance for healthcare practitioners and may help to better inform clinical practice guidelines for T1D management.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Trial Registration&lt;em&gt;: &lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;https://www.anzctr.org.au/ACTRN12621000764831.aspx &lt;em&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

Effect of preoperative feeding with germinated brown rice supplement on clinical outcome of orthopaedic and gastrointestinal surgery patients

Background: Malnutrition prior to surgery can lead to inflammation, increased length of hospital stay, bed sores, muscle weakness, poor quality of life and mortality post-surgery in patients. Therefore, preoperative drinks that have been enriched with vitamins, easily digestible carbohydrates and amino acids have been necessitated by ESPEN. Health benefits of brown rice, which is a good source of phytonutrients like GABA, Ferulic acid Oryzanol and B- complex, BCAA and maltodextrin, have been well researched.Methods: In the present study, a nutritious product was developed using germinated brown rice, salt and micronutrient mix (GBR Mix), analysed quantitatively (Proximate composition) and qualitatively (Phytochemicals). Major orthopaedic and gastrointestinal surgical patients in the age group of 40-65 years (n=124) were supplemented with GBR Mix in bouts of 3 meals (20gms x 3meals) namely lunch, mid-evening and bedtime time snack, 8 hrs prior to surgery unlike other patients who fasted for 12-16 hours prior to surgery. They were assessed for nutritional status, Serum Albumin, inflammatory markers (CRP and WBC), post-surgery complications and length of hospital stay.Results: Supplementation was found to improve blood sugar (p&lt;0.05) in gastroenterology patients, reduce inflammatory markers like CRP(p=0.053) and WBC (p&lt;0.001), reduced nausea and vomiting, improved food and fluid intake post-surgery in the patients. Additionally, length of hospital stay was also reduced (p=0.001).Conclusion: Thus, germinated brown rice could be recommended as an economical nutritious and anti-inflammatory pre surgery feed.Keywords: GBR, LOS, MUST, SGA, CRP, Micronutrient Mix

Nutritional Profiling and Preliminary Bioactivity Screening of Five Micro-Algae Strains Cultivated in Northwest Europe.

This study aimed to map the nutritional profile and bioactivities of five microalgae that can be grown in Northwest Europe or areas with similar cultivation conditions. Next to the biochemical composition, the in vitro digestibility of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids was studied for Chlamydomonas nivalis, Porphyridium purpureum, Chlorella vulgaris, Nannochloropsis gaditana, and Scenedesmus species biomass. These microalgae were also assessed for their ability to inhibit the angiotensin-1-converting enzyme (ACE-1, EC 3.4.15.1), which is known to play a role in the control of blood pressure in mammals. Large differences in organic matter solubility after digestion suggested that a cell disruption step is needed to unlock the majority of the nutrients from N. gaditana and Scenedesmus species biomass. Significant amounts of free glucose (16.4–25.5 g glucose/100 g dry algae) were detected after the digestion of C. nivalis, P. purpureum, and disrupted Scenedesmus. The fatty acid profiles showed major variations, with particularly high Ω-3 fatty acid levels found in N. gaditana (5.5 ± 0.5 g/100 g dry algae), while lipid digestibility ranged from 33.3 ± 6.5% (disrupted N. gaditana) to 67.1 ± 11.2% (P. purpureum). C. vulgaris and disrupted N. gaditana had the highest protein content (45–46% of dry matter), a nitrogen solubility after digestion of 65–71%, and the degree of protein hydrolysis was determined as 31% and 26%, respectively. Microalgae inhibited ACE-1 by 73.4–87.1% at physiologically relevant concentrations compared to a commercial control. These data can assist algae growers and processors in selecting the most suitable algae species for food or feed applications.