Digestible Carbohydrates Research Articles

Carbohydrate-insulin model: does the conventional view of obesity reverse cause and effect?

Conventional obesity treatment, based on the First Law of Thermodynamics, assumes that excess body fat gain is driven by overeating, and that all calories are metabolically alike in this regard. Hence, to lose weight one must ultimately eat less and move more. However, this prescription rarely succeeds over the long term, in part because calorie restriction elicits predictable biological responses that oppose ongoing weight loss. The carbohydrate-insulin model posits the opposite causal direction: overeating doesn't drive body fat increase; instead, the process of storing excess fat drives overeating. A diet high in rapidly digestible carbohydrates raises the insulin-to-glucagon ratio, shifting energy partitioning towards storage in adipose, leaving fewer calories for metabolically active and fuel sensing tissues. Consequently, hunger increases, and metabolic rate slows in the body's attempt to conserve energy. A small shift in substrate partitioning though this mechanism could account for the slow but progressive weight gain characteristic of common forms of obesity. From this perspective, the conventional calorie-restricted, low-fat diet amounts to symptomatic treatment, failing to target the underlying predisposition towards excess fat deposition. A dietary strategy to lower insulin secretion may increase the effectiveness of long-term weight management and chronic disease prevention. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Causes of obesity: theories, conjectures and evidence (Part II)'.

Performance responses of lactating Rahmani ewes fed diet supplemented with Enterococcus faecium NRC-3 or Lactobacillus rhamnosus

Production of new types of probiotics for animal nutrition mainly depends on the appropriate bacterial strain and efficient substrate. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the impact of two probiotic strains containing 1.2 × 108 (CFU/g), produced on permeate media on performance responses of Rahmani ewes. Thirty early lactating ewes (about 2–3 years old and weighting on average 43.2 ± 0.3 kg) were randomly divided into three groups of 10 animals each using a completely randomized design. The 1st group was fed the basal diet (60% concentrate feed mixture (CFM) + 30% Egyptian clover + 10% bean straw). While the ewes in 2nd and 3rd groups were fed the basal diet + 2 g of Enterococcus faecium NRC-3(EF) and Lactobacillus rhamnosus (LR), respectively for 9 weeks. Ewes’ diet supplementation with EF or LR increased (p < 0.05) dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, and non-structural carbohydrates digestibility compared to ewes of the control group. Glucose, total protein, and albumin concentrations significantly increased in the blood of EF ewes than those of LR and control. Probiotics increased ewes’ milk yield as well as milk protein, fat, and lactose yields, but no differences were observed between treatments when milk components were expressed as percentage. Milk fatty acids profile not changed due to EF or LR supplementation. Probiotics (E. faecium and L. rhamnosus) produced on cheese industry waste (permeate) have proven their ability to improve the productive performance of the lactating Rahmani ewes.

Investigation of the functionality of macromolecules in the rheological and baking properties of oat milling fractions

The aim of this work was to investigate the role of oat constituents in rheological (mixing and pasting) properties and baking performance. To accomplish this, oat milling fractions with different particle size and dietary fibre contents were produced and analysed. Our results showed that with increasing flour particle size, in addition to fibre components, the level of proteins and lipids increased as well, while the digestible carbohydrate content decreased. There were changes also within the fine composition of macro components such as proteins (based on SDS-PAGE), starch (amylose to amylopectin ratio) and β-glucans (molecular weight distribution). With increasing fibre content, dough matrices were characterised by higher water absorption, longer development time, and lower softening, while flour slurries formed more viscous gels. Regarding baking properties of oat milling fractions, it was found that higher fibre content resulted in better crumb structure, supported by images of cross-sections and texture profile analysis. In addition, higher amylose to amylopectin ratio might have contributed to the formation of less resilient crumb structure. Correlation analysis between baking performance and rheological properties showed that doughs with higher water content and lower softening degree, as well as slurries with higher viscosity values resulted in better crumb structure. In conclusion, high-fibre oat milling fractions were found suitable to produce breads with acceptable quality traits. Our work might also contribute to expand our knowledge about the functionality of oat constituents and to develop new, fibre-rich oat-based products supporting the consumption of more dietary fibre.

Effect of exogenous fibrolytic enzymes supplementation on nutrient intake and digestibility in Black Bengal kids

The present study was carried out to evaluate the effect of supplementation of exogenous fibrolytic enzymes (EFE) to the Total Mixed Ration (TMR) at two different levels on intake, nutrient digestibility and nutrient availability in Black Bengal kids. A digestibility trial was conducted on 15 post-weaned Black Bengal kids divided into three groups. Control (T0) group was fed ad lib. TMR was prepared from concentrate mixture and green fodder @ 40: 60 on DM basis. T1 and T2 groups were supplemented with EFE cellulase and xylanase @ 8000 and 16000 IU/kg TMR DM and 12000 and 24000 IU/kg TMR DM, respectively. The study revealed significantly higher digestibility of nutrients, i.e. DM, OM, EE, NDF, ADF, hemicellulose, cellulose and total carbohydrates in both enzyme supplemented groups than the control group. However, the digestibility of CP, cellulose and hemicellulose was significantly higher only in T2 group than the control. There was no significant difference between two enzyme supplemented groups in terms of digestibility of different nutrients except for CP which was significantly higher in T2 than T1. The difference in voluntary intake of DM and OM were non-significant but the intake of CP, DCP and TDN were higher in enzyme supplemented groups. Similarly, TDN, DE and ME content of the diet were also higher in two enzyme supplemented groups than control. However, there was no significant difference between T1 and T2 in terms of nutrient availability and intake. Based on the present study, supplementation of EFE @ cellulase 8000 and xylanase 16000 IU/ kg DMwas found to be optimum for improving the nutrient digestibility and availability in Black Bengal kids, which may further improve the productive and reproductive performance of the animals.

The Effect of High-Intensity Interval Exercise on Short-Term Glycaemic Control, Serum Level of Key Mediator in Hypoxia and Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes-An Exploratory Case Study.

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is associated with hyperglycaemia-induced hypoxia and inflammation. This study assessed the effects of a single bout of high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) on glycaemia (BG) and serum level of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and an essential mediator of adaptive response to hypoxia in T1D patients. The macronutrient intake was also evaluated. Nine patients suffering from T1D for about 12 years and nine healthy individuals (CG) were enrolled and completed one session of HIIE at the intensity of 120% lactate threshold with a duration of 4 × 5 min intermittent with 5 min rests after each bout of exercise. Capillary and venous blood were withdrawn at rest, immediately after and at 24 h post-HIIE for analysis of BG, hypoxia-inducible factor alpha (HIF-1α), tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and vascular-endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Pre-exercise BG was significantly higher in the T1D patients compared to the CG (p = 0.043). HIIE led to a significant decline in T1D patients' BG (p = 0.027) and a tendency for a lower BG at 24 h post-HIIE vs. pre-HIIE. HIF-1α was significantly elevated in the T1D patients compared to CG and there was a trend for HIF-1α to decline, and for VEGF and TNF-α to increase in response to HIIE in the T1D group. Both groups consumed more and less than the recommended amounts of protein and fat, respectively. In the T1D group, a tendency for a higher digestible carbohydrate intake and more frequent hyperglycaemic episodes on the day after HIIE were observed. HIIE was effective in reducing T1D patients' glycaemia and improving short-term glycaemic control. HIIE has the potential to improve adaptive response to hypoxia by elevating the serum level of VEGF. Patients' diet and level of physical activity should be screened on a regular basis, and they should be educated on the glycaemic effects of digestible carbohydrates.

Effect of cactus species in the diets of dairy goats on feed efficiency, milk yield, and milk and cheese composition

This study evaluated the effect of cactus species in dairy goats’ diets on feed efficiency, milk yield, and milk and cheese composition. Ten Saanen dairy goats averaging 50.0 ± 10.1 kg of body weight and 3.5 kg/day of milk were randomly assigned to treatments in a replicated 5 × 5 Latin square design, with 14 days for diet adaptation and five days for sample collection. The experimental diets included: control (500 g/kg of Tifton-85 hay + 500 g/kg concentrate); NC (150 g/kg of hay + 350 g/kg of Nopalea cochenillifera + 500 g/kg concentrate); NC:OS (150 g/kg of hay + 235 g/kg Nopalea cochenillifera + 115 g/kg Opuntia stricta + 500 g/kg concentrate); OS:NC (150 g/kg hay + 235 g/kg Opuntia stricta + 115 g/kg Nopalea cochenillifera + 500 g/kg concentrate); and OS (150 g/kg hay + 350 g/kg Opuntia stricta + 500 g/kg concentrate). All the treatments contained 500 g/kg of concentrate. Including cactus cladodes increased (P < 0.05) the intake and digestibility of non-fibrous carbohydrates and reduced (P < 0.05) the intake and digestibility of neutral detergent fiber. Furthermore, it increased (P < 0.05) milk yield despite the absence of a difference in dry matter intake. The lowest (P < 0.05) protein and total solids concentrations were observed in the OS treatment milk. The levels of C18:1t10 and CLA in milk were similar (P > 0.05) in the control and NC diets but lower (P < 0.05) for the OS diet. Cactus cladodes increased (P < 0.05) the contents of medium-chain fatty acids (FA) and reduced (P < 0.05) the long-chain and monounsaturated fatty acids in milk. Diets with cactus cladodes increased (P < 0.05) the protein content and pH of the cheese. The cactus cladodes inclusion in the diets of lactating goats, in the proportions studied, increases milk yield and improves the composition and sensory attributes of "coalho" cheese

First successful head-start program of leatherback sea turtles (Dermochelys coriacea) in Thailand and proposed dietary strategy.

Leatherback sea turtle (Dermochelys coriacea) hatchlings have previously been kept alive for over a year in captive conditions but these were the few survivors of initially larger groups. In this report, newly hatched leatherback sea turtles were randomly harvested from two nests in Thailand and successfully reared before release back to the wild. In captivity, the survival of the turtles decreased sharply during the first 4 or 5 months, and then steadied until the end of the 12-month trial. The survival of yearlings from one nest was 13.3% and from the other nest 46.7%. Their growth was exponential, reaching 1.36-3.35 kg (n = 9) at the end of program. The causes of death of the reared turtles were accidents (25.0-38.5%) and infections from water and live food (61.5-75.0%). The dietary requirements of the turtles were investigated by determining the digestibility of protein and carbohydrate in vitro, using enzymes from the digestive tracts of hatchlings that had died in an accident (70.1-92.9 g body weight). The results indicated that the most suitable source of protein was wheat gluten, followed by soybean meal, nonruminant meat and bone meal, fish meal, nonruminant meat meal, pork meal, and skimmed milk, while suitable carbohydrate sources were mashed cassava, corn, wheat flour, and alpha starch, followed by cereal meal and rice flour. Findings from the current report provide a practical protocol for head-starting leatherback sea turtles, and indicate the possible basis of an effective artificial diet for this species.

Modulation of digestibility of canine food using enzyme supplement: an in vitro simulated semi-dynamic digestion study.

Digestibility and nutrient availability are important parameters when estimating the nutritional quality of pet food. We have developed a simulated semi-dynamic in vitro canine digestion model to evaluate the digestibility of dry extruded canine food. Canine food was assessed for digestible energy, dry matter digestibility, protein digestibility, non-fibrous carbohydrate (NFC) digestibility, and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in the absence and presence of an enzyme blend (DigeSEB Super Pet). Enzyme blend supplementation in canine food was found to increase the dry matter digestibility (18.7%, p < 0.05), digestible energy (18.1%, p < 0.05), and protein digestibility (11%, p < 0.1) and reducing sugar release (106.3%, p < 0.005). The release of low molecular weight peptides (48.7%) and essential amino acids (15.6%) increased within 0.5 h of gastrointestinal digestion due to enzyme blend supplementation. Furthermore, the TAC of the digesta was also increased (8.1%, p < 0.005) in the canine food supplemented with enzyme blend. Overall, supplementation of enzyme blend in canine food is an effective strategy to enhance the food digestibility and nutrient availability for absorption.

Does flaxseed and chia use affect postprandial glucose, insulin and subjective saturation response in healthy individuals?

Background/Aim: In recent years, there has been an increase in the prevalence of obesity and its complications, along with a growing awareness of healthy nutrition. As a result, consumers are seeking to incorporate more functional foods into their diets. Chia and flax seeds have gained popularity due to their soluble fiber and antioxidant capacity. This study aims to compare the effects of consuming cakes made with the addition of chia and flax seeds on blood glucose and insulin levels, as well as evaluate their impact on post-consumption satiety response in individuals. Methods: This randomized, double-blind, self-controlled experimental study involved 12 volunteers (19–64 years old) who were free from acute or chronic diseases. The participants had a body mass index (BMI) value between 18.5 and 24.9 kg/m2 and a Beck Depression Inventory score of 8 or below. The study investigated the effects of standard and test cakes containing 50 g of digestible carbohydrates, including chia-added cake, flaxseed-added cake, and chia+flaxseed-added cake. Postprandial blood sugar, insulin, and subjective satiety responses were assessed. A standard nutrition program (diet: 60% carbohydrates, 20% protein, 30% fat) was implemented at least one week before the study, and participants were asked to maintain 24-h food consumption records the day before the test days. Throughout the study period, individuals were instructed to avoid caffeine, medication, nutritional supplements, and heavy physical activity. Cake consumption sessions were conducted at the research center, with participants visiting four times in total, with at least 1-week intervals. Fasting for 10–12 h prior to each visit, saturation responses were measured using a visual analog scale at 0, 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, and 180 min. Blood samples were also collected to assess blood glucose and insulin levels. Results: The study revealed that cakes containing chia and flaxseeds, compared to the standard cake, as well as flaxseed-added cake compared to chia-added cake, resulted in higher plasma glucose under-curve values and saturation responses and lower hunger responses (P=0.038, P=0.016, P=0.004, respectively). Conclusion: The findings indicate that both chia and flax seeds impact glycemic control and the sensation of satiety, with flaxseed exhibiting greater effectiveness than chia.

Including 8 hours of access to alfalfa in 1 or 2 grazing sessions in dairy cows fed a partial mixed ration: Effects on intake, behavior, digestion, and milk production and composition

The aim of this study was to evaluate the inclusion of alfalfa grazing during 8 h continuous or partitioned in 2 separated sessions of 4 h after each milking, on nutrient intake, digestibility, ruminal fermentation, feeding behavior, milk production, milk composition, and milk fatty acid profile, in late-lactation cows fed a partial mixed ration (PMR). Twelve dairy cows (193 ± 83 d in milk, 584 ± 71 kg of body weight) were housed in individual outdoor pens and assigned to treatments according to a 3 × 3 Latin square design replicated 4 times. The treatments were as follows: (1) control (T0), cows were fed a total mixed ration (TMR) provided ad libitum 20.0% crude protein (CP), 32.2% neutral detergent fiber (NDF); (2) fed a diet combining a PMR which had the same ingredient composition as the TMR (60% of ad libitum intake) + 1 session of 8 h of pasture (T8), continuous grazing alfalfa (Medicago sativa; 20.6% CP, 35.8% NDF) after the p.m. milking; and (3) PMR (60% of ad libitum intake) + 2 daily sessions of 4 h of access to pasture after each milking (T4+4). The experiment lasted 57 d and was divided into 3 periods of 19 d each. The first 12 d of each period was used for diet adaptation, and the last 7 d was used for data collection. No differences among treatments were observed for any of the productive variables, feeding efficiency, or purine derivatives excretion. Cows in T0 had greater intake and apparent digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, and nonfibrous carbohydrates compared with T4+4 and T8. Compared with T0, alfalfa grazing increased the concentration of C18:1 trans-11 and decreased those of C16:0 and C17:0 in milk fat. Cows in T4+4 consumed 1.1 more kg DM/d of alfalfa and N provided by alfalfa in the diet was 3 percentage points higher compared with T8 cows (266 vs. 229 g/d, respectively). In addition, T4+4 cows had a greater daily range of ruminal pH than T8 (0.73 vs. 0.93), and the highest concentrations of NH3-N were recorded during the a.m. grazing session while in T8 cows it occurred during the night. In conclusion, including 8 h of alfalfa grazing in T8 and T4+4 treatments allowed the substitution between 35.8 and 38.7% of the total dry matter intake (DMI) of a PMR (with a similar CP concentration to alfalfa) for pasture, maintaining milk solids production and increasing the C18:1 trans-11 of milk fat compared with a TMR in mid late-lactation cows. In an herbage plus PMR diet, splitting the 1 continuous grazing session of 8 h into 2 sessions of 4 h increased the proportion of energy and N provided by alfalfa pasture and reduced PMR intake, without modifying the total nutrient intake or productive performance of cows.

Brush border enzyme hydrolysis and glycaemic effects of isomaltulose compared to other saccharides in dogs.

Digestible carbohydrates differ in glycaemic response, therewith having the potential to influence metabolic conditions such as insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus. Isomaltulose has been proven to lower the glycaemic response in humans, which to date has not been studied in dogs. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to characterise the digestibility, as well as the physiological effects of isomaltulose in dogs, in comparison to other saccharides. To this end, three studies were performed. Study 1 was an in vitro study, evaluating the small intestinal hydrolysis of isomaltulose compared to other relevant carbohydrate sources. Three of these saccharides, having close and low-moderate degrees of hydrolysis by brush border enzymes, were also evaluated in vivo for their glycaemic effects by measuring plasma levels of glucose, insulin and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) 0-180 min after administration of a single dosage after an overnight fast (i.e., isomaltulose, sucrose and maltodextrin in a 3 × 3 Latin-square design, in 9 dogs, Study 2). To understand if digestive enzymes, underlying glycaemic responses for isomaltulose and sucrose can be upregulated, we exposed dogs to these saccharides for 2 weeks and repeated the measurements after an overnight fast in 18 dogs (Study 3). Isomaltulose was hydrolysed by intestinal enzyme preparation from all three dogs, but the degrading activity was low (e.g., 3.95 ± 1.03 times lower vs. sucrose), indicating a slower rate of hydrolysis. Isomaltulose had a low glycaemic response, in line with in vitro data. In vitro hydrolysis of sucrose was comparable or even higher than maltodextrin in contrast to the more pronounced glycaemic response to maltodextrin observed in vivo. The numerically higher blood glucose response to sucrose after continuous consumption, might indicate an adaptive response. In conclusion, the current work provides valuable insights into the digestion physiology of various saccharides in dogs. Further investigations on related benefits are thus warranted.

Effects of digestible carbohydrate levels on growth performance, feed utilization, body composition, and biochemical indices of juvenile spotted knifejaw, Oplegnathus punctatus

The effects of digestible carbohydrate levels (0–25 %) on growth, body composition, feed efficiency, and biochemical parameters of juvenile Oplegnathus punctatus (IBW, 12.51 ± 0.02 g) were studied. By adjusting the ratio of corn starch to cellulose, six iso-nitrogenous and iso-lipid diets were formulated. Each diet was divided into three groups (18 fish per replication) for 8 weeks. The results showed that specific growth rate (SGR) and weight gain (WG) were significantly improved (P < 0.05) as digestible carbohydrate levels increased from 0 % to 20 %, but this trend was reversed when the level exceeded 20 %. Correspondingly, feed conversion rate (FCR), protein efficiency ratio (PER), and nitrogen retention (NR) values tended to improved. As digestible carbohydrate levels increased from 0 % to 25 %, daily energy intake (DEI) increased while energy retention (ER) decreased (P < 0.05). Additionally, whole-body crude protein and crude lipid content tended to increase with rising digestible carbohydrate levels. The glycogen content in the liver and muscle increased as digestible carbohydrate levels rose from 0 % to 15 %, while plasma triacylglycerol (TG) concentration decreased as digestible carbohydrate levels increased from 0 % to 20 % (P < 0.05). Compared with other groups, fish fed the C25 diet displayed lower (P < 0.05) amylase activity. Based on the quadratic regression analysis of SGR and WG, dietary digestible carbohydrate levels of 18.31–19.00 % can provide maximum growth for juvenile O. punctatus.

Effect of temperature on the energy utilization efficiencies of digested protein, fat, and carbohydrates in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

Most effective feed formulations for fish have historically relied mainly on digestible energy (DE) but recently also on net energy (NE) approaches, which indicate how energy or macronutrients are utilized for growth or energy retention (RE). This study aimed to determine the effect of temperature on 1) DE-based feed formulations that explored the relationship between DE intake and RE, and 2) NE-based feed formulations that examined the energy utilization efficiency of macronutrients, specifically digested protein (dCP), fat (dFat), and carbohydrate (dCarb) for growth in Nile tilapia. The study involved two separate experiments, one at 24 °C and one at 32 °C for Nile tilapia (initial weight ∼ 38 g). Four diets having contrasting levels of protein, fat, and carbohydrates were used; and two feeding levels (FL; 10 vs. 18 g.kg−0.8.d−1) were applied. Digestibility of protein differed more between FLs at 32 °C. In contrast, fat and carbohydrate digestibility differed more between FLs at 24 °C. The slope of the relationship of RE to DE intake differed between 24 and 32 °C at one of the four diets (P < 0.05), which implies that the DE value of diets/ingredient is dependent on temperature. RE was related to dCP, dFat, and dCarb intake at 24 °C as RE = −27.6 (SE 2.86) + 13.3 (SE 0.53) dCP + 32.0 (SE 0.81) dFat +10.9 (SE 0.43) dCarb, R2 = 0.99 and at 32 °C as RE = −54.4 (SE 5.43) + 14.7 (SE 0.96) dCP + 32.7 (SE 1.46) dFat +10.6 (SE 0.77) dCarb, R2 = 0.98. Fasting heat production increased with temperature (27.6 vs. 54.4 kJ.kg−0.8.d−1; P < 0.05). The energy utilization efficiencies of dCP, dFat, and dCarb were similar at 24 and 32 °C (P > 0.05); being 56, 81, and 63% at 24 °C and 62, 83, and 62% at 32 °C. The practical implication of this is that the NE approach of feed evaluation for Nile tilapia is independent of water temperature.

Lauric Acid from the Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) and Its Potential Applications

Black soldier fly (BSF) (Hermetia illucens) larvae are currently being developed as bioconversion agents for organic waste treatment. The resulting larvae or prepupae have a high protein and lipid content, primarily used as feed for fish, poultry, and other animals. The lipid content of BSF larvae/prepupae is influenced by the feed for growth and can reach up to 57.8%. BSF lipids mainly consist of medium-chain saturated fatty acids, with lauric acid (LA) being the dominant component. The LA content in BSF larvae/prepupae can be enhanced by incorporating or utilizing substrates containing highly digestible carbohydrates for larval growth. The LA content can reach 76.13% in larvae reared on fruit waste. LA has been reported to exhibit antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, and anticancer properties. Moreover, it has applications in various fields such as pharmaceuticals, food and beverages, cosmetics, body care, soaps and detergents, plastics, and textiles. This review aims to investigate the LA content in BSF larvae and explore its potential applications, thereby establishing BSF larvae/prepupae as a novel source of LA for diverse fields.

Discovery of novel flavonoid derivatives as potential dual inhibitors against α-glucosidase and α-amylase: virtual screening, synthesis, and biological evaluation.

Diabetes mellitus is one of the top ten causes of death worldwide, accounting for 6.7 million deaths in 2021, and is one of the most rapidly growing global health emergencies of this century. Although several classes of therapeutic drugs have been invented and applied in clinical practice, diabetes continues to pose a serious and growing threat to public health and places a tremendous burden on those affected and their families. The strategy of reducing carbohydrate digestibility by inhibiting the activities of α-glucosidase and α-amylase is regarded as a promising preventative treatment for type 2 diabetes. In this study, we investigated the dual inhibitory effect against two polysaccharide hydrolytic enzymes of flavonoid derivatives from an in-house chemical database. By combining molecular docking and structure-activity relationship analysis, twelve compounds with docking energies less than or equal to - 8.0kcalmol-1 and containing required structural features for dual inhibition of the two enzymes were identified and subjected to chemical synthesis and in vitro evaluation. The obtained results showed that five compounds exhibited dual inhibitory effects on the target enzymes with better IC50 values than the approved positive control acarbose. Molecular dynamics simulations were performed to elucidate the binding of these flavonoids to the enzymes. The predicted pharmacokinetic and toxicological properties suggest that these compounds are viable for further development as type 2 diabetes drugs.

The effectiveness of on-line monitoring of oral cavity changes in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

Objective — to assess the effectiveness of using an on‑line format for dental monitoring of patients with non‑alcoholic fatty liver disease&#x0D; Materials and methods. A two‑time dental questionnaire survey was conducted on 41 patients with a combined course of chronic generalized periodontitis (CP) and non‑alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and their physically healthy spouses. All patients selected for the study underwent treatment of periodontal tissues, individual training in hygienic care of the oral cavity with the selection of tooth brushing techniques, hygiene objects and products. Control survey to assess knowledge and skills of oral care was conducted after 12 months with the use of on‑line questionnaires.&#x0D; Results. It has been proven that most married couples were sufficiently motivated to implement the provided recommendations. Thus, if at the beginning of the study there were almost 71% of married couples where both spouses preferred the use of easily digestible carbohydrates, then after the individual classes, their number decreased almost in 5 times. Similarly, the frequency of positive answers to questions about the consumption of sweet fizzy drinks decreased. A significant number of family couples denied smoking at the endpoint of the study, and the number of positive responses to questions related to full‑fledged oral hygiene (brushing teeth twice, using additional items for individual oral hygiene) increased in more than 1.5 times compared to the initial visit. For most patients, non‑observance of a healthy diet, tobacco smoking, failure to perform full‑fledged oral hygiene was established to be a habitual lifestyle, affecting the course of both CP and NAFLD as a result of entering of the genetic material of pathogenic microorganisms, endotoxins, pro‑inflammatory cytokines etc., in the systemic circulation.&#x0D; Conclusions. The use of questionnaires in the on‑line format makes it possible to find out the usual way of life and conduct a comparative analysis of the presence or absence of negative habits’ correction in the process of therapy of comorbid pathology, which is very relevant in the conditions of martial law. Questionnaire surveys of both spouses proved to be important, it promotes the motivation to correct negative habits and increase the effectiveness of treatment and preventive measures.&#x0D;

Complex Supplement Development for the Gastroenterological Diseases Prevention

The thesis concerns the primary gastroenterological incidence analysis in certain districts of the Kursk region and the identification of areas with a steady level decrease in primary morbidity. A man ranked the subjects of the Russian Federation on the incidence of acute intestinal infections of unknown etiology. According to the Aleksandr A. Spasov classification, the authors identified nine groups of biologically active additives supporting the digestive organs function; studied ingredients reducing the risk of gastrointestinal inflammatory and ulcerative processes; scrutinized the general chemical composition of plant ingredients of gastroenterological action. Roots of ginseng and calamus contain a significant amount of digestible carbohydrates (39.8 and 34.1 %, respectively). Spirulina and calamus root have an increased content of minerals, including antioxidants such as zinc, magnesium, selenium, copper (7.1 and 5.9 %, respectively). The paper presents the study results of the vitamin composition and the macro- and microelements content in plant ingredients, as well as ginseng root ginsenosides aged four, five and six years. A man developed three specialized food additive compositions based on the chemical medicinal plant composition analysis and justification of active substances for gastroenterological purposes, that included from 5 to 10 % ginseng root, from 60 to 65 % flax seeds, from 3 to 5 % calamus root, from 22 to 27 % spirulina. Against nutritiology, the food products enrichment with the developed additive will contribute to the gastroenterological disease prevention.

Ensiling Sorghum with Urea, Aerobic Exposure and Effects on Intake, Digestibility, Ingestive Behaviour and Blood Parameters of Feedlot Lambs.

This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of ensiling sorghum silage with urea and amending the aerobic exposure nutrients intake and apparent digestibility, ingestive behaviour and blood serum metabolites of feedlot lambs. Forty uncastrated crossbred Dorper × Santa Inês lambs, aged 150 ± 15 days and with an initial body weight of 21.73 ± 2.40 kg, were used. Animals were assigned in a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement. Thus, six silage diets were produced with various urea addition levels (UA: 0 and 5 g/kg on a natural matter basis) and periods of aerobic exposure of silages (PAE: 0, 24 and 48 h). An effect was observed for nutrient intakes of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fibre corrected for ash and protein (NDFap) and total digestive nutrients TDN (g/day) and for the total apparent digestibility of DM, OM and CP. There was an interaction effect between urea levels and aerobic exposure for ether extract (EE) and NDFap intakes (g/kg) and nonfibrous carbohydrate (NFC) digestibility (g/kg) (p = 0.012). The addition of 5 g/kg of urea to sorghum ensilage improved the digestibility parameters without changing dry matter intake and ingestive behaviour. The addition or not of urea does not change the blood parameters of the animals.

Effect of Particle Size of Wheat and Barley Grain on the Digestibility and Fermentation of Carbohydrates in the Small and Large Intestines of Growing Pigs

The objective of this investigation was to study the effects of different cereal types, barley and wheat, with different particle sizes (PS) on the recovery of ileal digesta and fecal excretion, digestion of nutrients and fiber components, mean transit time (MTT), and short-chain fatty acid content and composition in growing pigs studied in two experiments. Five barrows with ileal cannulas (initial BW 35.9 ± 1.5 kg) in Experiment 1 and thirty-two castrated pigs (30.8 ± 1.3 kg) in Experiment 2 were fed four different diets: barley fine, barley coarse, wheat fine and wheat coarse diets. The cereal type and PS did not influence the relative weight of the small and large intestines and pH of digesta, whereas MTT in the large intestine of pigs fed the coarse barley diet was lower compared to pigs fed other diets (p &lt; 0.05). Pigs fed the coarse barley diet had lower apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients and fiber (p &lt; 0.05), whereas pigs fed the fine barley diet had similar AID and ATTD to pigs fed wheat fine and coarse diets (p &lt; 0.05). In conclusion, the barley diet was more influenced by PS in comparison to wheat, thereby inducing lower AID and ATTD of nutrient.

Pengaruh Substitusi Silase Rumput Kume dengan Fodder Jagung Hidroponik Terhadap Konsumsi dan Kecernaan Karbohidrat, Konsentrasi Vollatile Fatty Acid dan Kadar Glukosa Darah Kambing Kacang Jantan

This aim of this research is to determine the effect of substitution of sorghum plumosum silage with hydroponic corn fodder on carbohydrate intake and digestibility, VFA concentration and blood glucose levels of male kacang goats. This study used 3 male goats under one year of age and body weight between 13,5-17,1 kg. The research method used latin square design with 3 periods and 3 treatments, consisting of FCG0: 70% kume grass silage + 30% concentrate, FCG1: 35% kume grass silage + 35% corn fodder + 30% concentrate, FCG2: 20% kume grass silage + 50% corn fodder + 30% concentrate. The parameters analyzed were carbohydrate intake, carbohydrate digestibility, VFA concentration and blood glucose levels. The result as follows that: then means carbohydrates consumption (g/h/d) FCG0: 245,99069±161,85, FCG1: 185,55441±61,14, FCG2: 260,90534±70,35. Carbohydrates digestibility (%) FCG0: 60,17990±16,93, FCG1: 66,39760±4,04, FCG2: 82,29166±5,45. VFA concentration (mM) FCG0: 101,386±34,25, FCG1: 124,043±17,85, FCG2: 98,778±14,80. Blood glucose levels (mg/dl) FCG0: 59,66333±4,46, FCG1: 59,80667±13,59, FCG2: 62,86667±3,16. The analysis results showed that the treatments had no significant effect (P&gt;0,05) on carbohydrate intake and digestibility, VFA concentration and blood glucose levels. The conclusion of this study is that feed 20% of sorghum plumosum silage with 50% of hydroponic corn fodder give the same response with 70% of sorghum plumosum silage of male kacang goats.