Carbohydrate Antigen CA Research Articles

Analysis of serum tumor marker levels in 629 patients with pneumoconiosis

Objective: To investigate the relationship between serum tumor markers and the severity of silicosis. Methods: In April 2024, A cluster sampling was conducted on the pulmonary rehabilitation centers in Jiangsu Province. A retrospective analysis was carried out on 629 patients who received follow-up physical examinations for pneumoconiosis from April to November 2023 at the selected rehabilitation centers. 281 healthy volunteers who underwent occupational health examinations at our institution were selected as the blank control group, and 384 dust exposed workers from a coal mining enterprise were selected as the dust exposed control group. Detect the levels of peripheral bloodtumor markers carcinoembryonic antigen CEA, carbohydrate antigen CA199, and neuron-specific enolase NSE in specimens. Measure the patient's forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV(1)), and lactate acid dehydrogenase (LDH) levels in the blood. The Jonckheere-Terpstra test, a non-parametric test for ordered independent samples, was used to compare the expression levels of tumor markers among multiple groups. Spearman's rank correlation analysis was adopted to explore the correlations between serum tumor markers and the staging of pneumoconiosis as well as lung function parameters. Results: Among the 629 patients with pneumoconiosis, 454 were in stage Ⅰ, 150 were in stage Ⅱ, 25 were in stage Ⅲ. There were significant differences in serum CEA, CA199 and NSE levels among patients with different periods of pneumoconiosis, blank control group and dust-exposed control group (P<0.001). Serum CEA, CA199 and NSE levels were positively correlated with pneumoconiosis stage (P<0.05). There is a negative correlation between serum CA199 levels and FEV(1)% in patients with pneumoconiosis (r=-0.082, P<0.05). The serum CA199 level was positively correlated with LDH in patients with pneumoconiosis (r=0.108, P<0.05) .The serum NSE level of pneumoconiosis patients was negatively correlated with FVC% (r=-0.079, P<0.05) .There is a positive correlation between serum NSE levels and LDH in patients with pneumoconiosis (r=0.435, P<0.05) . Conclusion: The serum CA199 and NSE of pneumoconiosis patients are directly related to the severity and stage of the disease, which have practical significance in judging the treatment effect of pneumoconiosis patients and monitoring the development of the disease.

EVA1A, a novel and promising prognostic biomarker in colorectal cancer.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential of EVA1A as a prognostic biomarker for Colorectal cancer (CRC). The study utilized public databases to analyze the difference in Evala mRNA expression between CRC tumor tissues and adjacent normal tissues. Additionallymunohistochemical staining was performed on 90 paired tissue samples to detect EVA1A expression. The relationship between EVA1A and clinicopathological features was examined, and a Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was conducted. Univariate and multivariate Cox analyses were employed to identify prognostic factors affecting the overall survival (OS) of CRC patients. The analysis revealed a significant increase in Evala mRNA expression in CRC tumor cells compared to normal controls from public databases (P< 0.05). Immunohistochemical staining further confirmed a significant upregulation of EVA1A expression in CRC tissues (P< 0.05). High EVA1A expression was associated with age, pathological M stage, total tumor stage, and Carbohydrate antigen CA19-9 (CA19-9). Kaplan-Meier analysis demonstrated a significant association between high EVA1A expression and poor OS. Univariate and multivariate analysis identified EVA1A as an independent risk factor for CRC prognosis. The study suggests that EVA1A is increased in CRC tumor tissues and may serve as a potential biomarker for poor prognosis in CRC.

Moving Towards Dawn: KRas Signaling and Treatment in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma.

"Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC)" is robust, nearly clueless, and all-around deadly among all tumors. Below 10 %, the general 5-year endurance period has remained adamantly unaltered in the last 30 years, regardless of enormous clinical and therapeutic endeavors. The yearly number of deaths is more than the number of recently analyzed cases. Not a classic one, but "Carbohydrate Antigen CA19- 9" remains the prevailing tool for diagnosis. MicroRNAs and non-invasive techniques are now incorporated for the effective prognosis of PDAC than just CA19-9. Mutated "Rat sarcoma virus Ras" conformation "V-Ki-ras2 Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog KRas" is 95 % accountable for PDAC, and its active (GTP-bound) formation activates signaling cascade comprising "Rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma Raf"/"Mitogen-activated protein kinase MEK"/ "Extracellular signal-regulated kinase ERK" with "Phosphoinositide 3-kinase PI3K"/ "protein kinase B Akt"/ "mammalian target of rapamycin mTOR" pathways. KRas has acquired the label of 'undruggable' since the crosstalk in the nexus of pathways compensates for Raf and PI3K signaling cascade blocking. It is arduous to totally regulate KRascoordinated PDAC with traditional medicaments like "gemcitabine GEM" plus nabpaclitaxel/ FOLFIRINOX. For long-haul accomplishments aiming at KRas, future endeavors should be directed to combinatorial methodologies to adequately block KRas pathways at different standpoints. Currently they are contributing to healing PDAC. In this review article, we outline the function of KRas in carcinogenesis in PDAC, its signaling cascade, former techniques utilized in hindering Kras, current and future possibilities for targeting Kras.

Validation of a genotype-based algorithm that identifies individuals with low, intermediate, and high serum CA19-9 levels in cancer-free individuals and in patients with colorectal cancer

BackgroundSerum levels of Carbohydrate antigen CA19-9 are determined by the genotype of fucosyltransferases 2 and 3. To validate, possibly modify, and improve a grouping algorithm based on these genotypes.MethodsCA19-9 levels genotypes and of fucosyltransferase 2 and 3 were analyzed in cancer-free and colorectal cancer patients. Patients were assigned to groups with low (group A), intermediate (B), or high (C) CA19-9 biosynthetic activity based on a previously developed grouping algorithm based on genotype of fucosyltransferases 2 and 3.ResultsThree hundred thirty-eight patients were included (n=177 cancer-free). Of cancer-free patients 7.9%, 75.7%, and 16.4% were assigned to groups A, B, and C, respectively. In colorectal cancer patients it 7.5%, 77.0%, and 15.5%, respectively. There were significant differences between median CA19-9 levels in the three groups (P<0.001) in both cohorts. The T59G single-nucleotid polymorphism in fucosyltransferase 3 had a significant influence on CA19-9 levels in cancer-free group B patients, which led to establishment of subgroups B1 and B2. However, no difference in CA19-9 levels between these subgroups was found in colorectal cancer patients. A receiver-operating characteristic showed similar areas under the curve for original group B as well as for subgroups B1 and B2.ConclusionsThe grouping algorithm based on genotype of fucosyltransferases 2 and 3, which defines groups with distinct CA19-9 serum levels, was validated in cancer-free patients and in colorectal cancer patients. No clinically relevant improvement to the grouping algorithm was identified.

Pancreatic cancer survival prediction via inflammatory serum markers

BackgroundFor prognostic evaluation of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), the only well-established serum marker is carbohydrate antigen CA19-9. To improve the accuracy of survival prediction, we tested the efficacy of inflammatory serum markers.MethodsA preoperative serum panel comprising 48 cytokines plus high-sensitivity CRP (hs-CRP) was analyzed in 173 stage I–III PDAC patients. Analysis of the effect of serum markers on survival utilized the Cox regression model, with the most promising cytokines chosen with the aid of the lasso method. We formed a reference model comprising age, gender, tumor stage, adjuvant chemotherapy status, and CA19-9 level. Our prognostic study model incorporated these data plus hs-CRP and the cytokines. We constructed time-dependent ROC curves and calculated an integrated time-averaged area under the curve (iAUC) for both models from 1 to 10 years after surgery.ResultsHs-CRP and the cytokines CTACK, MIF, IL-1β, IL-3, GRO-α, M-CSF, and SCF, were our choices for the prognostic study model, in which the iAUC was 0.837 (95% CI 0.796–0.902), compared to the reference model’s 0.759 (95% CI 0.691–0.836, NS). These models divided the patients into two groups based on the maximum value of Youden’s index at 7.5 years. In our study model, 60th percentile survival times were 4.5 (95% CI 3.7–NA) years (predicted high-survival group, n = 34) and 1.3 (95% CI 1.0–1.7) years (predicted low-survival group, n = 128), log rank p < 0.001. By the reference model, the 60th percentile survival times were 2.8 (95% CI 2.1–4.4) years (predicted high-survival group, n = 44) and 1.3 (95% CI 1.0–1.7) years (predicted low-survival group, n = 118), log rank p < 0.001.ConclusionHs-CRP and the seven cytokines added to the reference model including CA19-9 are potential prognostic factors for improved survival prediction for PDAC patients.

Biomolecular Recognition of the Glycan Neoantigen CA19-9 by Distinct Antibodies

Glycans decorate the cell surface, secreted glycoproteins and glycolipids, and altered glycans are often found in cancers. Despite their high diagnostic and therapeutic potential, however, glycans are polar and flexible molecules that are quite challenging for the development and design of high-affinity binding antibodies. To understand the mechanisms by which glycan neoantigens are specifically recognized by antibodies, we analyze the biomolecular recognition of the tumor-associated carbohydrate antigen CA19-9 by two distinct antibodies using X-ray crystallography. Despite the potential plasticity of glycans and the very different antigen-binding surfaces presented by the antibodies, both structures reveal an essentially identical extended CA19-9 conformer, suggesting that this conformer’s stability selects the antibodies. Starting from the bound structure of one of the antibodies, we use the AbLIFT computational algorithm to design a variant with seven core mutations in the variable domain’s light-heavy chain interface that exhibits tenfold improved affinity for CA19-9. The results reveal strategies used by antibodies to specifically recognize glycan antigens and show how automated antibody-optimization methods may be used to enhance the clinical potential of existing antibodies.

Trousseau Syndrome Related Cerebral Infarction: Clinical Manifestations, Laboratory Findings and Radiological Features

We summarized the clinical manifestations, laboratory data, and brain MRI of patients with Trousseau syndrome related cerebral infarction and compared them to patients with other types of cerebral infarction. Through our present research, we hope to aid the neurologists in recognizing and diagnosing this syndrome. A total of 31 patients at our institution were identified with cerebral infarction resulting from Trousseau syndrome. We have also selected the 180 patients who have suffered from cerebral infarction as control groups and these patients were distributed to large-artery atherosclerosis group; cardio-embolism group; small-artery occlusion group, according to Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment (TOAST) criteria. The clinical data and neuroimage of these patients were collected. All our 31 cancer patients were confirmed by pathological biopsy to be adenocarcinomas and the most common cancers are gastric and lung cancers. Patients with Trousseau syndrome exhibited high serum carbohydrate antigen CEA, CA 125 and CA 199 levels. Compared to patients with other types of cerebral infarction, patients with Trousseau syndrome had an increased severity and worse prognosis. Besides, patients had the highest mean level of plasma D-dimer. We also found multiple lesions in multiple vascular territories was the most frequent type of DWI patterns in patients of Trousseau syndrome. Trousseau syndrome can progress rapidly and become life-threatening. For patients who developed unexplained cerebral infarction involving multiple arterial territories, with elevated plasma D-dimer and cancer antigens, Trousseau syndrome should always be considered.

Retrospective analysis of clinical characteristics and prognostic factors of neuroendocrine carcinoma of the gynecologic tract: A preliminary report of ten years follow-up.

e18001 Background: To investigate the clinical characteristics and prognostic factors of neuroendocrine carcinoma of the gynecologic tract (NECGT). Methods: Patients with NECGT diagnosed during 2010 to 2019 were enrolled in this retrospective study. Clinical parameters were calculated, including age, childbearing history, initial symptoms, blood indexs, International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stages, treatment modalities and survival data. The cut-off values of parameters were screened by receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves and their significance was assessed by multivariate logistic regression. Results: We indentified forty five NECGT patients available with the median follow-up time of 5.5 months (9.7±1.98 months). 42 cases (93.3%) originated from cervix uteri, 2 cases (4.4%) from vagina and 1 case (2.2%) from fallopian tube. Irregular vaginal bleeding was the most frequent symptom at the first visit accounting for 75.6%. FIGO stages I to IV distributions were 16 (35.6%), 15 (33.3%), 6 (13.3%), and 8 patients (17.8%). Squamous carcinoma (16.7%) and adenocarcinoma (11.9%) were the common mixed pathological types. 66.7% patients underwent radical surgery, almost all of which received 4-6 cycles adjuvant chemotherapy and half followed by radiation therapy. While data analysis showed that adjuvant radiotherapy could not bring additional survival benefits (p = 0.523). The median PFS of enrolled patients was 14 months (1-78months). Pelvic recurrence (66.7%) and lymphatic metastasis (52.6%) were the main failure patterns. In multivariate analysis, leukocyte count (HR = 0.068, 95%CI: 0.007-0.673, p = 0.021), neutrophil-to-leukocyte ratio (HR = 0.151, 95%CI: 0.024-0.95, p = 0.044), lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) (HR = 6.632, 95%CI: 1.31-33.569, p = 0.022) and carbohydrate antigen-ca 125 (CA-125) (HR = 7.173, 95%CI: 1.25-41.06, p = 0.027) were the independent prognostic factors of PFS. In addition, age at natural menopause (ANM) later than 51.5years (p = 0.009) and an optimal maximum diameter &gt; 62.1mm (p = 0.002) were closely related with poor survival. Conclusions: NECGT is a rare malignant tumor of female genital system. Surgery combined with chemotherapy is the essential treatment, addition of adjuvant radiotherapy did not improve survival. More high-quality clinical trials are needed to provide powerful evidence.

Intraoperative electrochemotherapy in locally advanced pancreatic cancer: indications, techniques and results-a single-center experience.

Locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC) is usually treated with chemoradiotherapy with poor results. The aim of the study was to assess whether intraoperative electrochemotherapy could be proposed as additional therapy in treating LAPC. Observational study of patients affected by LAPC who underwent intraoperative electrochemotherapy (ECT) after chemoradiotherapy. Data at diagnosis, at restaging and short and long-term outcomes, including assessment of quality of life, were collected for each patient. Five patients underwent ECT: in four cases, the tumours were located in the head and, in one, in the body of the pancreas. Preoperative chemotherapy consisted mainly of six cycles of modified Folfirinox. At restaging, the serum value of carbohydrate antigen (Ca 19-9) and tumour size were reduced; however, the vascular involvement did not change. No downstaging was recorded. The ECT procedure was performed using at least four needles with a mean duration time of 27min (range 15-40). No postoperative mortality or major complications were reported. The mean length of stay (LOS) was 8days (range 5-14). Four patients were alive and well at the end of the study, while one patient died from disease progression. The mean follow-up was 20.8months (range 9-34) from diagnosis and 9.4months (range 2-19) from ECT. The quality of life was good and there was improvement in pain/discomfort. Electrochemotherapy could be proposed as a simple, feasible and safe palliative additional treatment in LAPC without progression after chemoradiotherapy. It seems to allow a good quality of life and pain improvement.

Mediation Analysis Reveals Potential Biological Mechanism of Ascites Influencing Recurrence in Patients with Epithelial Ovarian Cancer.

ObjectiveAscites, an accumulation of peritoneal fluid, is associated with poor prognosis of certain cancers. The potential mechanism that ascites worsens prognosis has not been well understood. Lipids have been reported to correlate with the prognosis of patients with epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). Therefore, we aimed here to investigate whether lipids mediate the effect of ascites on the recurrence of EOC.MethodsWe collected the demographic and pathological data of 437 previously untreated patients with EOC to investigate the influence of ascites on recurrence. To identify the mechanism that mediates the potential influence of ascites on recurrence, we used ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) to determine the plasma lipid profiles of 53 patients with EOC. We used mediation analysis to evaluate if lipids mediated the effects of ascites on the recurrence of EOC.ResultsPatients with ascites had a poorer prognosis, which was associated with higher levels of carbohydrate antigen-CA125 (CA125) and FIGO stage. We identified six different lipid metabolites that were associated with ascites and recurrence. Mediation analysis revealed that the lipids LysoPC(P-15:0), PC(P-34:4), and PC(38:6) may mediate the effects of ascites on recurrence.ConclusionOur findings suggest that LysoPC(P-15:0), PC(P-34:4), and PC(38:6) mediate the effect of ascites on the prognosis of patients with EOC. We believe therefore that it is reasonable to consider metabolic interventions targeting the metabolism of LysoPC(P-15:0), PC(P-34:4), and PC(38:6) as a palliative treatment for patients with EOC with ascites. Further studies of more patients will be required to validate our findings.

Circulating natural antibodies against 3'-sialyllactose complement the diagnostic performance of CA19-9 for the early detection of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is a devastating malignancy with an extremely poor prognosis. Although the most widely used biomarker for pancreatic cancer is carbohydrate antigen CA19-9, it is elevated mainly in the late stage of pancreatic cancer. Some serum natural antibodies against carbohydrates have been shown to be possible diagnostic markers for cancer. This study was conducted to determine whether the level of natural antibodies against carbohydrates fluctuates in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Serum from pancreatic cancer subjects (n= 55) and 43 subjects free of malignant disease were studied. The contents of natural antibodies against sialyl glycans and CA19-9 in serum were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The level of serum anti-3'-sialyllactose antibodies in pancreatic cancer subjects was significantly lower than that in healthy controls. In contrast, the amounts of serum antibodies against other sialyl glycans were comparable between the two groups. Concentration of serum anti-3'-sialyllactose IgG provided excellent AUC of 0.86, with sensitivity 82%, specificity 81%, and accuracy 82%. The combination of serum anti-3'-sialyllactose IgG with CA19-9 improved the sensitivity of pancreatic cancer detection at an early stage. Natural antibodies against 3'-sialyllactose constitute a promising biomarker for pancreatic cancer detection. The measurement of serum anti-3'-sialyllactose antibodies could play a supportive role in diagnostics and complement the performance of CA19-9 for the early detection of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.

Assessment of miR-212 and Other Biomarkers in the Diagnosis and Treatment of HBV-infection-related Liver Diseases.

Our study aims to detect the sensitivity of the new biomarker miR-212 existing in serum exosomes along with other hepatocellular carcinoma biomarkers such as AFP (alpha-fetoprotein), CA125 (carbohydrate antigen-ca125), and Hbx protein in the diagnosis of HBV-related liver diseases. We also aim to study the roles of these biomarkers in the progression of chronic hepatitis B and provide scientific data to show the clinical value of these biomarkers. We selected 200 patients with HBV-infection (58 cases of chronic hepatitis B, 47 cases of hepatocellular carcinoma, 30 cases of compensatory phase cirrhosis, and 65 cases of decompensatory phase cirrhosis), 31 patients with primary liver cancer without HBV infection, and 70 healthy individuals as the control group. The expression level of serum AFP and CA125 was detected with electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. The expression level of the Hbx protein was detected with ELISA. Meanwhile, the expression level of miR-212 in serum was analyzed with RT-qPCR. We collected patients' clinical information following the Child-Pugh classification and MELD score criterion, and statistical analysis was made between the expression level of miR-212 and the collected clinical indexes. Lastly, we predicted the target genes of the miR-212 and its functions using bioinformatics methods such as cluster analysis and survival prediction. Compared to the control group, the expression level of miR-212 in HBV infected patients was remarkably increased (P<0.05), especially between the HBV-infection Hepatocellular carcinoma group and the non-HBVinfection liver cancer group (P<0.05). The expression of miR-212 was increased in patients' Child-Pugh classification, MELD score, and TNM staging. Moreover, the sensitivity and specificity of miR-212 were superior to AFP, CA125, and HBx protein. There is a linear relationship between disease progression and expression level of miR-212 in the serum of HBV infected patients. This demonstrates that miR-212 plays a significant role in liver diseases. miR-212 is expected to be a new biomarker used for the diagnosis and assessment of patients with HBV-infection-related liver diseases.

Expression and clinical significance of sHLA-G in plasma exosome in patients with colorectal cancer

Objective To detect sHLA-G expression in plasma exosomes in patients with colorectal cancer and evaluate its clinical significance. Methods Retrospective study.Plasma was collected from 52 primary CRC patients,20 colorectal polyps patients, 20 inflammatory bowel disease patients and 25 healthy donors in the Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province from May 2017 to August 2018. The exosomes were extracted by exoEasyMaxikit and identified by nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) and Western blot. Exosomal sHLA-G was detected by flow cytometry (FCM) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The diagnostic values of exosomal sHLA-G detected by FCM and ELISA were assessed,and their diagnostic performances were compared with carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and carbohydrate antigen CA19-9 by ROC curve and Youden index. Results The peak size of exosomes extracted from plasma in CRC patients was 101.1 nm and Western blot showed these exosomes expressed marker CD63, CD81, and TSG101.Exosomal sHLA-G of CRC patients [28.0(21.5-35.1)U/ml] was significantly higher than that in healthy controls[19.6(16.8-21.3) U/ml, U=143.0, P<0.001],colorectal polyps patients[19.7(16.2-22.5)U/ml, U=180.0, P<0.001] as well as inflammatory bowel disease patients[19.9(16.7-25.2)U/ml, U=197, P<0.001].The postoperative sHLA-G level[19.6(17.8-26.3)U/ml, U=325.5, P=0.015] was significantly lower than that in pre-operation. Exosomal sHLA-G was significantly different in different tumor status(U=64.0, P=0.006), lymph node metastasis (U=81.0, P=0.003) and TNM stage (U=105.0, P=0.015) in patients with CRC. ROC curve showed the area under the curve (AUC) of exosomal sHLA-G detected by FCM and ELISA, CEA and CA19-9 was 0.962±0.019,0.899±0.038,0.786±0.058, 0.680±0.068, respectively. The difference of AUC was operated by Z test, and it showed that the exosomal sHLA-G detected by FCM was superior to CEA(Z=2.884, P=0.004)and CA19-9(Z=3.994, P<0.001), and the exosomal sHLA-G detected by ELISA was superior to CA19-9(Z=2.811, P=0.005). Conclusion Plasma exosomal sHLA-G was associated with the progression of CRC and its diagnostic value was superior to the traditional tumor markers CEA and CA19-9. Key words: Colorectal neoplasms; Exosomes; HLA-G antigens; Biomarkers, tumor

CRITERIA FOR THE SELECTION OF TECHNOLOGIES FOR THE SURGICAL TREATMENT OF CHILDREN WITH NONPARASITIC SPLEEN CYSTS

In the period from 2000 to 2017, 52 children aged from 2 to 17 years, were operated for non-parasitic spleen cysts. Along with general clinical examination, the preoperative observation included enzyme immunoassay with Echinococcus diagnostics, determination of the serum level of carbohydrate antigen CA19-9, ultrasound, CT scan or MRI, spleen angiography. Evaluation of treatment results, along with clinical examination, was based on echographic monitoring using spleen mass ratio calculation technology and laboratory tests, including the study of serum immunoglobulins A, E, M, G. Depending on the location and pool of vascularization, 4 clinical and morphological variants of spleen cysts were selected - the upper, middle and lower parts of the organ, the region of the spleen's collar. Quantitative estimates of the pathological formation included small (up to 50 ml), medium (50-150 ml), large (150-300 ml) and giant (more than 300 ml) volumes of the cyst cavity. Three main minimally invasive surgical technologies are being introduced:- navigational interventions in which access to the pathological focus and therapeutic effects on the internal structures of the cyst were carried out under the control of an ultrasound image;- combined interventions with access to the pathological focus and therapeutic effect on the internal structures of the cyst under the control of an ultrasound image in combination with endovascular occlusion of the vessels of the spleen parenchyma with X-Ray control;- laparoscopic operations, including access to pathological foci and therapeutic effects on the internal structures of the cyst, provided by the endotelevision visualization. Recovery was achieved in 47 (90.4%) patients as a result of single interventions. Repeated surgeries completed with the recovery were required in 5 (9.6%) clinical observations. Subsequent follow-up with a duration of up to 3 years of disease recurrence did not show relapses. The choice of tactics of surgical treatment of children with NCC was shown to have to be based on the results of multifactorial planning, taking into account the anatomical and topographical features of the localization and growth rate of spleen cysts. The high reparative potential of the spleen in childhood determines the postoperative recovery of the organ’s morphofunctional characteristics, regardless of the volume of the cyst present. The use of quantitative parameters to estimate the mass of the spleen makes it possible to objectify the course of the postoperative period, the effectiveness of the intervention and the adequacy of the reparative regeneration processes.

The glycosylation landscape of pancreatic cancer.

Pancreatic adenocarcinoma is a lethal disease with a 5-year survival rate of <5%, the lowest of all types of cancer. The diagnosis of pancreatic cancer relies on imaging and tissue biopsy, and the only curative therapy is complete surgical resection. Pancreatic cancer has the propensity to metastasise at an early stage and the majority of patients are diagnosed when surgery is no longer an option. Hence, there is an urgent need to identify biomarkers to enable early diagnosis, and to develop new therapeutic strategies. One approach for this involves targeting cancer-associated glycans. The most widely used serological marker in pancreatic cancer is the carbohydrate antigen CA 19-9 which contains a glycan known as sialyl Lewis A (sLeA). The CA 19-9 assay is used routinely to monitor response to treatment, but concerns have been raised about its sensitivity and specificity as a diagnostic biomarker. In addition to sLeA, a wide range of alterations to other important glycans have been observed in pancreatic cancer. These include increases in the sialyl Lewis X antigen (sLex), an increase in truncated O-glycans (Tn and sTn), increased branched and fucosylated N-glycans, upregulation of specific proteoglycans and galectins, and increased O-GlcNAcylation. Growing evidence supports crucial roles for glycans in all stages of cancer progression, and it is well established that glycans regulate tumour proliferation, invasion and metastasis. The present review describes the biological significance of glycans in pancreatic cancer, and discusses the clinical value of exploiting aberrant glycosylation to improve the diagnosis and treatment of this deadly disease.

Diagnostic value of serum tumor markers in bone metastasis of non-small cell lung cancer

Objective To analyze the diagnostic value of serum tumor markers in bone metastasis of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods The clinical data and follow-up data of 160 patients with NSCLC from March 2013 to September 2015 in Tangshan People′s Hospital were retrospectively analyzed. According to the status of bone metastasis, the patients were divided into the observation group with bone metastasis (n=114) and the control group without bone metastasis (n=46). The positive rates and concentrations of 4 tumor markers including carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), carbohydrate antigen CA125, CA19-9 and Ferritin were analyzed and compared. And their sensitivities and specificities to the diagnosis of NSCLC bone metastasis were analyzed. The Youden index was calculated to capture the performance of the diagnostic test. Results The concentrations of CEA, CA125, CA19-9 and Ferritin in the observation group were (19.74±6.71) μg/L, (45.62±19.53) kU/L, (35.89±15.66) kU/L and (334.02±79.43) μg/L respectively, which were higher than those in the control group [(2.36±0.92) μg/L, (14.37±5.43) kU/L, (15.31±7.22) kU/L, (122.58±69.46) μg/L], and the differences were statistically significant (t=7.200, P<0.001; t=7.180, P<0.001; t=6.032, P<0.001; t=11.152, P<0.001). The positive rates of CEA, CA125, CA19-9 and Ferritin in the observation group were 78.95%, 68.42%, 52.63% and 73.68% respectively, which were higher than those in the control group (8.70%, 4.35%, 4.35% and 13.04%), and the differences were statistically significant (χ2=66.746, P<0.001; χ2=53.822, P<0.001; χ2=32.193, P<0.001; χ2=48.975, P<0.001). The sensitivities of CEA, CA125, CA19-9 and Ferritin were 78.94%, 68.42%, 52.63% and 73.68% respectively, and the specificities of them were 91.30%, 95.65%, 95.65% and 86.96% respectively. The Youden indexes were 70.24%, 64.07%, 48.28% and 60.64% respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of multi-factorial combination were 99.17% and 72.63%, and the Youden index was 71.80%. Conclusion Four tumor markers including CEA, CA125, CA19-9 and Ferritin were correlated with NSCLC, and combined detection has better performance of dignosis than single factor. Key words: Carnicoma, non-small-cell lung; Tumor markers, biological; Neoplasm metastasis; Diagnosis

Drug resistance related to aberrant glycosylation in colorectal cancer.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the world. Drug resistance of tumour cells remains the main challenge toward curative treatments efficiency. Several epidemiologic studies link emergence and recurrence of this cancer to metabolic disorders. Glycosylation that modifies more than 80% of human proteins is one of the most widepread nutrient-sensitive post-translational modifications. Aberrant glycosylation participates in the development and progression of cancer. Thus, some of these glycan changes like carbohydrate antigen CA 19-9 (sialyl Lewis a, sLea) or those found on carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) are already used as clinical biomarkers to detect and monitor CRC. The current review highlights emerging evidences accumulated mainly during the last decade that establish the role played by altered glycosylations in CRC drug resistance mechanisms that induce resistance to apoptosis and activation of signaling pathways, alter drug absorption and metabolism, and led to stemness acquisition. Knowledge in this field of investigation could aid to the development of better therapeutic approaches with new predictive biomarkers and targets tied in with adapted diet.

Detection of Carbohydrate Antigen CA19-9 Levels in Sera and Tissues' Homogenate of Breast and Thyroid Benign Cases

The aims of the present study are to evaluate the levels of CA19-9 in sera and tissues' homogenate of breast and thyroid benign patients in order to assess its use as an early diagnostic parameter in differentiation between malignant and benign cases. The study was conducted on 8 patients with breast benign tumor and 8 patients with thyroid benign tumor, by the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique. The results of CA19-9 levels in sera were (15 ±1.58 and 10.67 ±2.08)U/ml respectively compared with serum CA19-9 levels of control group which was 7.74 ±4.92 U/ml, the results were found to be highly significantly in breast tumor patients and non significantly in thyroid tumor patients than control group. The results of CA19-9 levels in tissues' homogenate were (356.2 ±173.75 and 20 ±14.4)U/ml respectively. The results were found to be highly significant in tissues' homogenate of breast tumor patients and non significant in thyroid tumor patients of higher compare with the it's serum levels of the same patients groups. &#x0D; Key words: Carbohydrate antigen CA19-9, Benign Cases and CA19-9, Breast tumor and CA19-9, Thyroid tumor and CA19-9.

Clinical significances of the CD14brightCD16bright cell subset in peripheral blood of patients with gastric cancer

Objective To study the clinical significances of CD14brightCD16bright cell subset in peripheral blood of patients with gastric cancer (GC). Methods The CD14brightCD16bright cells in peripheral blood samples collected from 124 patients with gastric cancer (GC), 130 patients with chronic gastritis (CG) and 80 normal healthy controls (HC) were measured by using flow cytometry. Differences in the CD14brightCD16bright cells between different groups were analyzed with the Mann-Whitney U test. The feasibility of using CD14brightCD16bright cells as a potential biomarker for differentiating GC patients from CG was assessed by using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Correlations between the CD14brightCD16bright cells and clinicopathologic parameters of GC were analyzed with multivariate correlation analysis. Results The percentages of CD14brightCD16bright cells in peripheral blood samples and in CD14bright monomuclear cells collected from the patients with GC [median: 0.38% (0.23%-0.52%) and 6.61% (4.23%-9.56%)] were significantly higher than those of the CG and HC groups [median: 0.11% (0.07%-0.15%) and 5.08% (3.35%-6.42%); median: 0.05% (0.03%-0.07%) and 5.09% (4.20%-7.40%)] (P<0.01). The area under the ROC curve for CD14brightCD16bright cells in the peripheral blood was 0.934 (95%CI: 0.900-0.968) indicating that the value of CD14brightCD16bright cells in the diagnosis of GC was much higher than that of alpha fetoprotein (AFP), cacino-embryonic antigen (CEA) and carbohydrate antigen CA199. The area under the ROC curve for combined multi-markers by using logistic model (CD14brightCD16bright cell subset and serum tumor markers) was 0.947 (95%CI: 0.920-0.973). The CD14brightCD16bright cells were closely associated with lymphocyte cells (P<0.01). Conclusion The CD14brightCD16bright cells were dramatically increased in the peripheral blood of patients with gastric cancer, which could be used as a biomarker in the diagnosis of gastric cancer. Key words: Mononuclear cell; Gastric cancer; CD14brightCD16bright cell subset

Diagnostic Value of Preoperative Serum Carcinoembryonic Antigen and Carbohydrate Antigen 19-9 in Colorectal Cancer

Since the first introduction of tumour markers, their usefulness for diagnosis has been a challenging question. The aim of the present prospective study was to investigate, in colorectal cancer patients, the relationship between preoperative tumour marker concentrations and various clinical variables. The study prospectively enrolled 131 consecutive patients with a confirmed diagnosis of colorectal carcinoma and 131 age- and sex-matched control subjects with no malignancy. The relationships of the tumour markers carcinoembryonic antigen (cea) and carbohydrate antigen (ca) 19-9 with disease stage, tumour differentiation (grade), mucus production, liver function tests, T stage, N stage, M stage were investigated. Serum concentrations of cea were significantly higher in the patient group than in the control group (p = 0.001); they were also significantly higher in stage iii (p = 0.018) and iv disease (p = 0.001) than in stage i. Serum concentrations of cea were significantly elevated in the presence of spread to lymph nodes (p = 0.005) in the patient group. Levels of both tumour markers were significantly elevated in the presence of distant metastasis in the patient group (p = 0.005 for cea; p = 0.004 for ca 19-9). Preoperative levels of cea and ca 19-9 might provide an estimate of lymph node invasion and distant metastasis in colorectal cancer patients.