Carbohydrase Enzymes Research Articles

Effect of phytase and carbohydrases supplementation on digestibility, palatability, fecal characteristics and fecal fermentation products in dogs fed plant-protein diet

The use of exogenous enzymes in canine nutrition has been studied as a way to improve the nutritional value of plant by-products. This study conducted 2 experiments to evaluate the effects of exogenous phytase and a complex of carbohydrases supplementation on plant protein based diets for dogs. Dietary treatments consisted of an animal protein-based diet (AD; poultry offal meal and meat-and-bone meal) without enzyme inclusion; a plant protein-based (PD; soybean meal) without enzymes, considered the control diet; PD + 5000 phytase units (FTU)/g (PD + P5); PD + 10,000 FTU/g (PD + P10); PD + 15,000 FTU/g (PD + P15); PD + 50,000 units of a carbohydrase enzyme complex (U)/g (PD + C); PD + a combination of 5000 phytase units FTU/g and 50,000 units of a carbohydrase complex U/g (PD + PC). In experiment 1, 14 dogs were fed the experimental diets and distributed in a randomized block design to assess digestibility, fecal characteristics, and fecal fermentation products. In experiment 2, a palatability test was evaluated in pairs by the means of two comparisons: PD vs. PD + PC and PD + P5 vs. PD + PC, with 16 dogs. The inclusion of PD + PC did not alter the digestibility of the diet (P > 0.05). The inclusion of phytase linearly increased fecal pH, concentrations of acetic and propionic acids, and total production of short-chain fatty acids (P < 0.05) in the feces of the dogs. Dogs fed the diet with enzyme complex (PD + PC) had a greater intake ratio when compared to the PD diet (P < 0.05). There was no difference (P > 0.05) in the first choice of the dogs for a specific diet for any of the comparisons made. Enzyme supplementation did not influence nutrient digestibility, but it increased the ME content of the PD. In addition, supplementation with the carbohydrase complex increased the production of total short-chain fatty acids and reduced fecal dry matter without compromising the acceptance of the diets.

Effect of fiber source and carbohydrase enzyme on chukar partridge growth performance, blood characteristics, digestive enzyme activity, cecal microbial population and ileal morphology

Effects of fiber source with various particle size and carbohydrase enzyme on growth criteria, carcass and blood characteristics, digestive enzyme activity, cecal microbial population and ileal morphology of chukar partridge were evaluated for a total period of 90 days. 300 day-old partridge were randomly allotted to a 5 × 2 factorial arrangement with 4 different fiber inclusion with different mean particle size (MPS) (none; rice hulls (RH) (711 ± 1.8 μm); wheat straw (WS) Coarse (3211 ± 1.2 μm); wheat straw Fine (755 ± 1.9 μm); and wheat bran (WB) (767 ± 1.8 μm)) along with a low-fiber control diets and two levels of carbohydrase enzyme (0 or 50 mg/kg). There were 10 treatments and 5 pens with 6 partridge chicks per each treatment. The results indicated that fiber inclusion regardless of fiber source significantly increased body weight (BW) of birds during the whole experimental period (P < 0.01). Among the fiber sources, the highest BW attained when fine WS and WB was incorporated into the low fiber diet (P < 0.01). The effect of enzyme on body weight was significant on days 60 and 90. Moreover, there were interactive effects (P< 0.01) between fiber sources and enzyme on BW during the trial. Feed intake significantly (P< 0.001) increased at starter (30 days) phase of trial by inclusion of fiber to control diet, but no significant differences were noted after on days 60 and 90. Enzyme addition had no effect on feed intake and also no interactive effect was observed between fiber source and enzyme for feed intake. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) was reduced by inclusion of fiber into control low fiber diet especially at late stage of rearing period (P< 0.05). Plasma uric acid concentration was reduced by inclusion of fiber on day 28 (P< 0.05). Inclusion of fine WS increased plasma triglyceride and very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C) concentration on day 90 (P< 0.05). There were interactive effects (P< 0.05) between fiber sources and enzyme on total cholesterol and very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) cholesterol on day 90. Jejunum and ileum relative weight were reduced by inclusion of fiber to control diet and the effect was more pronounced for coarse wheat straw (P< 0.05). Duodenum and ileum weight were increased by addition of enzyme to diets (P< 0.05). Fiber inclusion regardless of fiber source and particle size significantly (P< 0.01) reduced duodenum, jejunum and ileum relative length. Addition of coarse WS and RH into the low fiber diet significantly increased alkaline protease, trypsin and α-amylase activity (P< 0.01). There were interactive effects (P< 0.05) between fiber sources and enzyme on digestive enzyme activity (P< 0.01). Enzyme addition reduced trypsin activity (P< 0.05). Ceca E. coli population was increased when fiber sources were incorporated into the low fiber diet (P< 0.05). Villi length, crypt depth and villi to crypt ratio were reduced (P< 0.01) considerably regardless of fiber source compared to the low fiber diet. Inclusion of coarse WS increased and RH reduced (P< 0.01) submucosa, lamina propria and epithelial cells layer thickness compared to the low fiber diet. The results confirmed that partridge growth performance was improved by inclusion of fiber. Results obtained from current trial suggest that the fiber is a very important part of partridge diets which could improve the performance with advancing age especially in long-lived partridge.

Preliminary Screening of Carbohydrase-Producing Bacteria from Chaetomorpha sp. in Sepanjang Beach, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Enzyme is a biocatalyst that has been known for its function in various industrial applications. One of the potential natural producers of enzymes is seaweed associated bacteria. Seaweed associated bacteria has been studied as a natural source of carbohydrase such as carrageenase, alginate lyase, and agarase. The purpose of this study was to determine the potential of seaweed associated bacteria from Gunung Kidul, Yogyakarta, Indonesia as a source of carbohydrase enzymes. A total of 13 bacterial isolates were successfully isolated from Chaetomorpha sp. in Sepanjang Beach. Enzymatic activity was measured through cultivation of each bacterium on semi-solid media with addition of substrate of each enzyme. The results showed that 3 isolates (GK.6.10; GK.6.11; GK.6.12) had clear zones around the growing colonies in medium containing 0,2% starch and 2% κ-carrageenan. Meanwhile, 4 isolates (GK.6.3; GK.6.10; GK.6.11; and GK.6.12) showed clear zones in medium containing 0,5% alginate and 2% agar indicating the production of alginate lyase and agarase enzyme. Bacteria GK.6.10; GK.6.11; and GK.6.12 were identified as Salinicola zeshunii, Bacillus piscis, and Bacillus licheniformis with BLAST homology 95.23%, 99.46%, and 99.26%.

Microplastics alter digestive enzyme activities in the marine bivalve, Mytilus galloprovincialis.

Microplastics are eaten by many invertebrates, particularly filter-feeding organisms like mussels. Since microplastics can be retained in the digestive system for extended periods, there is ample opportunity for them to interact with the functions of digestive enzymes. This study determined how the polymer type, size and concentration of ingested spherical microplastics affects the activities of seven key digestive enzymes in the digestive gland of Mytilus galloprovincialis, a common marine mussel. Polymer type significantly affected the activities of carbohydrase enzymes: polystyrene reduced amylase and xylanase activities, and increased cellulase activity. High concentrations of microplastics (5×104 microplastics L-1) caused a 2.5-fold increase in total protease activity. The activities of laminarinase, lipases and lipolytic esterases were unaffected by the polymer type, size or concentration of microplastics. Microplastics-induced changes to digestive enzyme activities can affect mussels' ability to acquire energy from food and reduce their energy reserves.

Presence and activity of endo-β-1,4-mannase, an important digestive carbohydrase within the digestive fluid of terrestrial crustaceans.

Within the midgut gland of the Christmas Island red crab, Gecarcoidea natalis, a single transcript for a GH5_10 endo-β-1,4-mannase had the highest expression out of all of the carbohydrase enzymes (Gan et al. in Mar Biotechnol 20:654-665, 2018). The activity, and potential digestive importance of this hemicellulase, compared with other carbohydrases, has yet to be established. The digestive fluid of G. natalis contained substantial endo-β-1,4-mannase activities (630 ± 55 (6) nmol reducing sugars. min-1. mg-1 protein). It was present as a single isozyme of 66.3 ± 0.7kDa (n = 6). Endo-β-1,4-mannase activities were higher than that for lichenase and endo-β-1,4-glucanase but lower than that for β-1,3-glucanase and amylase. The digestive fluid was able to hydrolyse, galactomannan, into its component monosaccharides. Hence, this confirms expression data that this enzyme is one of the most important digestive cellulases/ hemicellulases. Expression of GH5_10 endo-β-1,4-mannase mRNA was consistent with that of a digestive enzyme, as it was expressed in the digestive midgut gland but not in muscle and gill. Endo-β-1,4-mannase activities were also present within the digestive fluid of the terrestrial hermit crabs, Coenobita perlatus and Coenobita brevimanus. Endo-β-1,4-mannase activities (1351 ± 136 (n=3) nmol reducing sugars. min-1mg-1 protein for C. perlatus. 665 ± 32 n=(5) nmol reducing sugars. min-1mg-1 protein for C. brevimanus) were higher than that for endo-β-1,4-glucanase and amylase but were lower than β-1,3-glucanase activities. Animals within the terrestrial hermit crab family, Coenobitidae consume legume and palm seeds which contain substantial amounts of mannan. Hence, high endo-β-1,4-mannase activities suggest that digestion of mannan within these species may represent an important source of carbohydrate.

El empleo de licor y harina de germen de maíz en dietas para pollos de engorda

The objective of the study was to evaluate in broiler diets, the feeding value of corn germ meal (CGM) mixture at 50% and the addition of 50% corn liquor (CL) without and with carbohydrase enzymes (CH) and fermentation for 24 hours. A trial with CL + enzymes for non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) and CL with fermentation for 24 h was carried out. A total of 240 male Ross 708 broilers were used, from 6 to 50 days of age fed corn + soybean paste based diets (starter, grower and finisher), with 5, 10 and 20 % CGM, with the inclusion of different presentations of CL (0 % CL, natural CL and fermented CL) in percentages equal to those of CGM without and with carbohydrase enzymes (103 000 U/g of xylanases, 128 000 U/g of cellulases and 33 000 U/g of beta-glucanases) at 25 ppm. Weight gain of 6- to 50-day-old chicks improved 5 % (P<0.05) with the addition of natural CL to CGM. The combination of CGM + natural CL increased feed value in broiler diets. The addition of enzymes in diets with CGM + natural CL did not affect broiler performance.

Carbohydrase and Phytase Can Compensate Net Energy, Digestible Amino Acids and Available Phosphorus for High-performing Pigs

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of carbohydrases and phytase to compensate three key nutrients (NE, DAA and avP) for growing-finishing pigs. In Exp. 1, 112 pigs with average live weight 20.7 kg were randomly allocated to 4 dietary treatments, fed on commercial multi-grain diets containing total NSPs 12-15% with added phytase (500 FTU/kg), to examine the effect of two types of carbohydrase enzymes (single xylanase or multi-carbohydrase complex) to compensate NE and DAA: T1, Positive Control (PC); T2, negative control (NC1, PC minus 2% NE and 3% DAA); T3, NC1+ Multi-carbohydrases; and T4, NC1 + Single xylanase. In Exp. 2, 72 pigs averaged 20.7 kg live weight were randomly allocated to 3 dietary treatments: T5, Positive Control (PC, with added phytase); T6, NC2 negative control (PC minus 2.5% NE, 3.2% DAA, and 0.17 pcu avP, without added phytase); T7, NC2 + Multi-enzyme complex (carbohydrases + phytase). The pigs of both studies were reared for 3 phases: Grower 1 20-50 kg, Grower 2 50-75 kg, and Finisher (76-100 kg). The key performance parameters were measured and compared. The results of Epx. 1 showed, the pigs (PC) grew from 20 kg to 100 kg at average daily gain (ADG) close to 1 kg and FCR 2.30, and the reduction of nutrients (NC1) impaired growth rate mostly during the finishing phase (feed intake P=0.07, FCR P=0.09), and supplementation with both NSPase preparations tended to improve FCR over the NC1 with no differences observed between the two types of NSPase. In Exp. 2, the reduction of the three key nutrients clearly suppressed performance, namely lower weight gain (P<0.05) and higher FCR (P<0.05). The supplementation of multi-enzyme preparation partially restored performance with no significant differences from PC and NC2. In conclusion, for high performing pigs, carbohydrases can play a positive role in diets that already contain added phytase, and the contribution of the NSPase and phytase complex appear to be age related, and can be extrapolated as NE 40, 50 and 60 kcal/kg, respectively for Post-weaning, Grower and Finisher phases, and digestible amino acids 2-3% and avP 0.17% are for all phases. The enzyme supplementation showed no impact on feed intake.

Supplemental carbohydrase enzyme and methionine in broilers fed flaxseed: effects on growth performance, nutrient retention, muscle lipids, and jejunal morphology

The present study investigated the effect of carbohydrase enzyme, methionine ( Met ) (100% above Cobb 500 requirement level), or their combination on growth performance, carcass yield, total tract retention ( TTR ) of DM, CP, fatty acid ( FA ), muscle FA composition, lipid peroxidation products, and jejunum histomorphology in broiler chickens fed 10% flaxseed-containing diets. One hundred and twenty (n = 120) day-old Cobb chicks were fed corn-soybean meal–based diet containing 0% flaxseed (control), 10% whole flaxseed (diet 1), diet 1 + 0.05% carbohydrase enzyme (diet 2), diet 1 + 100% more Cobb 500 Met requirement (diet 3), and diet 1 + 0.05% carbohydrase enzyme + 100% more Cobb 500 Met requirement (diet 4) for 42 d. The data were analyzed by ANOVA with 5 treatments with 4 replications in a completely randomized design. At day 42, BW gain was the highest in control when compared to flaxseed-containing diets ( P < 0.05). Dry matter TTR was higher in diet 3 and diet 4 than that in diet 1 and diet 2 ( P < 0.05), and CP TTR was highest in diet 3 compared with that in diet 1 and diet 2 ( P < 0.05). Supplementing Met increased linoleic and α-linolenic acid TTR in birds fed flaxseed ( P < 0.05). Total and long-chain (≥20C) n-3 FA was higher in the thigh muscle of broilers fed diet 3 and diet 4 than in those fed diet 1, diet 2, and control ( P < 0.05). Lipid oxidation products in the thigh muscle was the highest in birds fed diet 4 ( P < 0.05). Jejunal villous height, villous perimeter, and villous surface area were highest in birds fed diet 1 ( P < 0.05). In conclusion, supplementing Met, or its combination with carbohydrase enzyme, increased DM, CP, and essential FA TTR and thigh muscle n-3 FA in broilers fed flaxseed. However, supplementing Met or its combination reduced BW gain and negatively affected jejunal morphology in broilers fed flaxseed.

Phytase and carbohydrase inclusion strategies to explore synergy within low-energy diets to optimize 56-day male broiler performance and processing

Research is needed to maximize the use of common feed enzymes, phytase and carbohydrase in combination. The objective was to determine effects of 2 phytase doses (PD; 250 [single dose] or 1,500 [super dose] FTU/kg) and 3 carbohydrase enzymes (xylanase [XAN]; mannanase [MAN]; or their combination [XM]) on 0- to 55-d broiler performance and processing (day 45 and 56). Enzymes were applied to a negative control (NC) diet formulated to 95% of breeder recommendations; Ca and available P reduced by 0.145%, and AME by 100 kcal/kg. A positive control diet only differing in AME was also tested, as well as NC alone; results were used for preplanned contrast comparisons. For the factorial, a 0- to 14-d interaction demonstrated optimal feed conversion ratio (FCR) for 1,500 FTU/kg + XM but worst for 250 FTU/kg + XM; feeding XAN regardless of PD brought FCR comparable to 1,500 FTU/kg + XM. Inclusion of MAN resulted in similar 0- to 14-d FCR to 250 FTU/kg + XM. Significant carbohydrase enzyme effects demonstrated maximized 0- to 44-d and 55-d BW and BW gain (BWG) for XAN. Tender yields (day 45) improved with 1,500 FTU/kg PD, but no day-56 PD significance. Foot pad dermatitis scoring was only significant for PD, with increased scores of 1 for 1,500 FTU/kg. Contrasts demonstrated improved day-0 to day-44 BWG and day-45 breast and drumstick weight for XAN + 1,500 FTU/kg vs. NC. Furthermore, feeding 1,500 FTU/kg + XAN increased day-45 scores of 0 and decreased day-56 woody breast scores of 2 when individually compared to NC and positive control. Overall data demonstrate performance/processing benefits for XAN and 1,500 FTU/kg alone and combined.

Single and Combined Enzymatic Saccharification and Biohydrogen Production from Chlorella sp. Biomass

The saccharification of Chlorella sp. biomass by single and combined commercial carbohydrase enzymes, Termamyl SC, Dextrozyme GA, and Cellic CTec2, was investigated. A substrate concentration of 100-g volatile solids (VS)/L was optimal for all the enzymes used. The optimal enzyme dosages for Termamyl SC, Dextrozyme GA, and Cellic CTec2 were 160-units/g VS, 320-units/g VS, and 40–filter paper units/g VS, respectively. The maximum reducing sugar yield, 130-mg/g VS, was obtained with a Dextrozyme GA treatment, which is equivalent to 38.37% hydrolysis efficiency based on carbohydrate content. A combined-enzyme treatment with Cellic CTec2, Termamyl SC, and Dextrozyme GA raised the reducing sugar yield and hydrolysis efficiency to 186.69-mg/g VS and 54.85%, respectively. Scanning and transmission electron microscopic images indicated morphological alterations in Chlorella sp. cells as an effect of enzyme treatment. Enzyme treatment improved the hydrogen production, hydrogen production rate, and hydrogen yield from Chlorella sp. biomass. The maximum hydrogen yield, 42.24-mL/g VSadded, was obtained from a Dextrozyme GA–hydrolyzed microalgae biomass. This was 82.46% higher than that obtained from untreated biomass (23.15-mL H2/g VSadded). Fourier-transform infrared analysis revealed that the functional groups of Chlorella sp. biomass, especially carbohydrates, were modified by both enzymatic treatment and the hydrogen fermentation process. This work demonstrated the efficient saccharification of Chlorella sp. biomass using combined cell wall– and starch-degrading enzymes. The results also elucidate that the pretreatment of Chlorella sp. biomass by commercial glucoamylase is a promising approach to solubilize internal starch granules and promote biohydrogen production without the addition of any cell wall–degrading enzyme.

Production Performance, Quality and Lipid Composition of Eggs from Laying Hens Fed Heated Flaxseed with Carbohydrase Enzymes

The current study investigated the effect of heat processing or carbohydrase enzyme addition on egg production, egg quality, egg fatty acid composition, tocopherol content, and lipid oxidation products in eggs from layer hens fed flaxseed. A total of ninety-six 23-wk-old white leghorn laying hens were kept in individual cages and were randomly allocated to 4 treatment groups, with 6 replicates containing 4 hens per each replicate. The hens were fed corn soybean meal-based diet containing 15 g/100 g raw flaxseed (Flax), 15 g/100 g heated (60°C for 8 h) flaxseed (HFlax), Flax+0.1% enzyme (Flax+E), and HFlax+0.1% enzyme (HFlax+E). The experimental diets were fed for a period of 120 d. Hen-day egg production and egg mass (g/hen/d) were highest for HFlax and HFlax+E and lowest for Flax+E ( P < 0.05). No difference was noted in egg, yolk or shell weight, or Haugh unit ( P > 0.05). Albumen weight as percentage of egg weight was lower in Flax when compared to HFlax, Flax+E, or HFlax+E ( P < 0.05). The yolk:albumen ratio was higher in Flax that in HFlax, Flax+E, and HFlax+E ( P < 0.05). Yolk color score was highest for HFlax+E and lowest for Flax+E ( P < 0.05). No effect of diet on egg total lipid, palmitic, stearic, α-linolenic, eicosapentaenoic, docosahexaenoic, and arachidonic acid content as mg/egg or as percentage of fatty acid methyl esters was observed ( P > 0.05). Hens fed HFlax had lower concentration of linoleic acid (mg/egg) than Flax+E and HFlax+E ( P < 0.05). The concentrations of oleic acid and total monounsaturated fatty acids (mg/egg) were higher in Flax than those in other treatments ( P < 0.05). Eggs from hens fed HFlax+E had lower thiobarbituric acid reactive substances than Flax+E ( P < 0.05) and was not different from Flax or HFlax ( P > 0.05). No difference was observed in the α-tocopherol content of the eggs ( P > 0.05). Enzyme supplementation and heating of flaxseed increased γ-tocopherol content in Flax+E and HFlax+E eggs ( P < 0.05). It is concluded that heating flaxseed prior to consumption increases egg production while reducing oleic acid and linoleic acid (mg/egg). Heating flaxseed or enzyme supplementation had no effect on egg weight, α-linolenic acid, total n-3 fatty acids, total lipid, or total tocopherol content of eggs.

The similarity of the effect of carbohydrase or prebiotic supplementation in broilers aged 21 days, fed mixed cereal diets and challenged with coccidiosis infection.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect on growth performance and nutrient utilisation when supplementing diets deficient in energy and protein with carbohydrase enzymes or xylo-oligosaccharide in broilers challenged with coccidia. 960 Ross 308 broilers were used in this 21-day study. The treatments were arranged into a 2×4 factorial with 2 challenge states (challenged and non-challenged) and 4 different additive types (control, xylanase alone, xylanase and β-glucanase mixture and xylo-oligosaccharide). On day 14, the challenged group received 12× the recommended dose of coccidiosis vaccine while the non-challenged group received a sham treatment of water only. The birds and feed were weighed on days 0, 14 and 21. On day 21, two birds per pen were euthanized, the caeca were removed and the contents collected for short chain fatty acid analysis. Six more birds per pen were euthanized and ileal digesta were collected and pooled per pen for nutrient digestibility analysis. Feed intake was greater (P < 0.05) on days 14 and 21 when xylo-oligosaccharide was included in the diet compared to the xylanase and β-glucanase mixture in birds challenged with coccidiosis. Including xylo-oligosaccharide in the diet improved (P < 0.05) the digestibility of nitrogen and supplementing diets with the xylanase and β-glucanase mixture improved (P < 0.05) the digestibility of several amino acids. The concentration of arabinose and xylose was (P < 0.001) greater when broiler diets were supplemented with carbohydrase enzymes or xylo-oligosaccharide compared to the control. Although there was an increase in short chain fatty acid production due to the addition of carbohydrase enzymes or xylo-oligosaccharide, there was no additive effect on the %G+C profile of caecal bacteria however there was a negative effect of coccidiosis. In conclusion, the similarity in the response to carbohydrase enzymes or xylo-oligosaccharide supplementation illustrates that the hydrolysis products from carbohydrase activity may have prebiotic like effects.

Effect of cereal soaking and carbohydrase supplementation on growth, nutrient digestibility and intestinal microbiota in liquid-fed grow-finishing pigs

Soaking the cereal fraction of a liquid diet prior to feeding (Csoak), and/or carbohydrase enzyme supplementation (ENZ) are likely to modulate both feed and intestinal microbial populations and improve feed efficiency (FE) in pigs. To test this hypothesis, a total of 392 grow-finisher pigs (~33.4 kg, 7 pigs/pen) were randomly allocated to 4 treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement for 70 days as follows: (1) fresh liquid feed (Fresh); (2) Cereal soaked liquid feed (Soak); (3) Fresh + ENZ and (4) Soak + ENZ. An interaction between ENZ and Csoak was found for average daily gain (ADG) during the growing phase (day 0 to 21; P < 0.05) where pigs fed the Soak + ENZ diet had higher ADG than pigs fed the Fresh + ENZ diet. No treatment effect was found for ADG thereafter. Enzyme supplementation increased total tract nutrient digestibility (P < 0.05) and reduced caecal VFA concentrations (P < 0.05) but did not improve pig growth or FE. Both Csoak and ENZ modulated intestinal microbiota composition; increasing abundance of bacterial taxa that were negatively correlated with pig growth and reducing abundance of taxa positively correlated with pig growth and caecal butyrate concentration. In conclusion, both strategies (Csoak and ENZ) improved nutrient digestibility in pigs and modulated intestinal microbiota composition.

Enzymes from carbohydrase group destroy biofilm matrix of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria

The effect of enzymes carbohydrases exopolysaccharide matrix of biofilms formed by gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria on abiotic surfaces was studied. The ability of a mixture of carbohydrase enzymes (hydrolases and lyases) to completely destroy the matrix of biofilms formed by gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria causing health-associated infections has been confirmed. An optimal mixture of carbohydrases possesed high anti-biofilm activity even when employed in relatively small concentrations and at a brief exposure time.

Dry Residue of Cassava Associated With Carbohydrases in Diets for Broiler Chickens

SUMMARY The objective of this study was to evaluate the inclusion of dry residue of cassava (DRC) with or without carbohydrases on broilers from 22 to 42 d of age. The treatments consisted of a combination of diets containing 5 levels of inclusion of DRC (0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, and 10.0%), with or without carbohydrase enzymes combination supplementation. There was an interaction (P

Flaxseed extrusion and expansion coupled with enzyme and pelleting changed protein and lipid molecular structure of flaxseed and improved digestive enzymes activity, intestinal morphology, breast muscle fatty acids and performance of broiler chickens

An experiment was performed as a completely randomized design in a 4 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with 4 replicates of 15 chicks in each pen to investigate the effects of flaxseed extrusion and expansion accompanying with enzyme addition in mash or pelleted diets on protein and lipid molecular structure spectral and performance characteristics of broiler chickens. Factors included were four types of flaxseed: control (corn-soybean meal based diet with no flaxseed), raw flaxseed (RF, 200 g/kg), extruded flaxseed (ETF, 200 g/kg) and expanded flaxseed (EPF, 200 g/kg); two levels of carbohydrase enzyme (0 or 25 mg/kg) and two forms of diet (pellet or mash). Performance criteria, protein and lipid molecular structures, blood biochemical characteristics, digestive enzymes activity and nutrient digestibility, cecal microbial population and breast muscle fatty acids profile were evaluated during the trial. EPF increased BW and reduced FCR compared to the RF and ETF throughout the experimental period (0–28 d., P ≤ 0.001). Pelleting the diets increased BW, improved feed consumption and reduced FCR in comparison to the mash diets fed chicks (P ≤ 0.001). Enzyme addition had no impact on BW, FCR and feed intake of chickens. Both EPF and ETF reduced α-helix and increased ß-sheet height and increased CH3 asymmetric stretching compared to raw flaxseed (P < 0.05). Distinct spectral differences were detected between RF and processed flaxseed and also diets containing the processed flaxseed. Digestive lipase and alkaline phosphatase activity were increased when chicks were fed with diets containing EPF and ETF (P ≤ 0.003). Total alkaline protease (APA) was reduced by inclusion of RF. Plasma total protein concentration was significantly increased and triglyceride and HDL cholesterol levels were reduced in chicks fed with flaxseed included diets (P ≤ 0.05). Except for villus to crypt ratio which was increased (P ≤ 0.05) by RF addition, no significant differences were observed in intestinal morphological characteristics by flaxseed processing, pelleting the diets and enzyme supplementation. Apparent total tract lipid and calcium digestibility were increased (P ≤ 0.001) and phosphorus digestibility was reduced as RF incorporated to the diets. Salmonella and E. coli population were considerably reduced by ETF and EPF (P ≤ 0.001). The total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) were increased and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) were reduced in breast muscle by feeding the flaxseed containing diets regardless of flaxseed processing (P ≤ 0.01). Long chain n-3 fatty acids (18:3 n-3; 20:5 n-3; 22:5 n-3 and 22:6 n-3) were increased and n-6 to n-3 ratio was reduced with inclusion of flaxseed regardless of processing conditions (P≤0.01). Myristic, palmitic and stearic acid content of breast muscle were reduced (P ≤ 0.01) in EPF included diets. In conclusion the findings suggest that expansion of flaxseed is beneficial for inclusion of high levels of flaxseed in broiler rations and for meat enrichment with n-3 fatty acids.

130 Young Scholar Presentation: Can exogenous carbohydrase supplementation to higher-fiber diets improve gut function, microbiota, and growth performance of weaned pigs?

Abstract There is increasing interest in feeding higher-fiber coproducts to weaned pigs due to their potential benefits on gut function and microbiota. However, young pigs are not efficient at utilizing fibrous coproducts. Exogenous carbohydrases can be used to improve nutrient utilization and growth of pigs fed higher levels of coproducts. Previous results regarding the impact of carbohydrases on performance in pigs have been inconsistent, thus a better understanding of associated mechanisms is needed. Using 460 weaned pigs (6.4 ± 0.1 kg), our first study showed that a carbohydrase enzyme blend (EB) improved ADG of weaned pigs fed higher-fiber diets (with added DDGS and wheat middlings) over a 28-d experimental period (P &lt; 0.05). Pigs fed EB-supplemented diets had lower urinary lactulose:mannitol ratio, decreased plasma IL-8 concentration, and greater ileal CLDN3 (claudin 3) mRNA abundance, compared with those fed diets without EB (P &lt; 0.05). These changes may partly explain the improved growth, providing mode of action evidence for carbohydrase in improving performance of weaned pigs. Carbohydrases may also exert prebiotic effects through release of oligosaccharides from fiber degradation. Thus, carbohydrases and dietary fiber may improve disease resilience of young pigs against bacterial infections, for example, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) induced post-weaning diarrhea. Our second study evaluated the impact of soluble versus insoluble fiber with or without carbohydrases in newly weaned pigs (n = 60; 6.9 ± 0.07 kg) challenged with F18 ETEC. A diet containing a soluble and highly fermentable fiber from sugar beet pulp with added carbohydrases improved (P &lt; 0.05) ADG, tended to increase (P &lt; 0.10) ileal OCLN (occludin) mRNA, increased (P &lt; 0.05) colonic OCLN mRNA, and tended to decrease (P &lt; 0.10) ileal Escherichia-Shigella compared with ETEC-challenged control. Collectively, appropriate use of exogenous carbohydrases in higher-fiber diets (with the right type and amount of enzyme substrate) is promising in improving gut health and growth performance in weaned pigs.

Flaxseed and Carbohydrase Enzyme Supplementation Alters Hepatic n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Molecular Species and Expression of Genes Associated with Lipid Metabolism in Broiler Chickens.

Flaxseed is rich in α-linolenic acid and is used in broiler chicken diets to enrich tissues with n-3 fatty acids (FA). However, non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) in flaxseed decreases nutrient digestibility and limits the availability of n-3 FA. Addition of carbohydrase enzymes to flaxseed-based diets can decrease the anti-nutritive effects of NSP. We hypothesized that flaxseed and enzyme supplementation affect lipid content and alter expression of genes related to lipid metabolism in broiler liver. Five day-old broiler chicks were fed a corn-soybean basal diet with 0% flaxseed, a basal diet with 10% of flaxseed, or 10% flaxseed + 0.05% enzyme diet up to day 42 of growth. Total lipids, including long-chain (≥20C) n-3 FA and monounsaturated FA, were increased in flax-fed broiler livers. Enzyme addition reduced arachidonic acid and total long chain n-6 FA. These changes were similarly reflected in phosphatidylcholine lipid species. Dietary flax and enzyme treatments up-regulated PPARα target genes CPT1A and ACOX1 while reducing expression of de novo FA synthesis-related genes. This study concludes that flaxseed and enzyme supplementation in broiler diets enhances LC n-3 FA species, while reducing n-6 FA species in hepatic phospholipids (PL). Flaxseed-based diets changes the expression of genes involved in FA lipid metabolism without affecting growth or production performance in broilers.

Egg quality, fatty-acid composition and gastrointestinal morphology of layer hens fed whole flaxseed with enzyme supplementation

ABSTRACT1. Flaxseed is a rich source of α-linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3 n–3). Feeding flaxseed to hens can increase n–3 fatty acids (FA) in eggs. However, non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) in flaxseed decrease nutrient digestibility and can have a negative impact on egg n–3 FA incorporation. Addition of carbohydrase enzymes to flaxseed-based diets can decrease the anti-nutritive effects of NSP.2. An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of enzyme supplementation on FA composition and gastrointestinal morphology in hens fed flaxseed. A total of seventy-two, 51-week old brown layer hens were randomly assigned to one of the four dietary treatments (six replicates with three hens per replicate): corn-soybean based diet containing 0% flax (Control), 10% flax (Flax), Flax+0.05% enzyme (Flax+E1), or Flax+0.1% enzyme (Flax+E2) in a 120-day feeding trial.3. Egg weight was highest in hens fed Flax+E1 (P < 0.05). Yolk weight was higher in Flax+E1 compared with the control and Flax+E2 and was not different from Flax treatment. ALA and total n–3 FA was highest in eggs from Flax+E2 hens (P < 0.05). Addition of enzyme has no effect of on docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), total long chain (>20-C FA), or n–6:n–3 FA ratio in eggs from hens fed flaxseed-based diets (P > 0.05). Over nine-fold increase in hepatic ALA was observed in the liver of hens fed flaxseed-based diets when compared with the control diet (P < 0.0001). No effect of enzyme supplementation was observed on liver ALA, DHA or long chain n–3 FA (P > 0.05). Enzyme supplementation reduced arachidonic acid, total n–6 and LC n–6 FA in liver tissue from hens fed flaxseed-based diets (P > 0.05).4. Villi height and width was higher in the duodenum and jejunum of hens fed flax-based diets compared to the control (P < 0.05). Enzyme supplementation led to an increase in villi width in jejunum (P < 0.05) in hens fed Flax+E2 (P < 0.05). No effect of diet was observed in the crypt depth and villi height:crypt depth ratio in the jejunum (P > 0.05).5. It was concluded that enzyme supplementation enhanced total n–3 FA deposition in eggs and liver and influence gastrointestinal morphology in layer hens fed flaxseed.

The effect of carbohydrases or prebiotic oligosaccharides on growth performance, nutrient utilisation and development of small intestine and immune organs in broilers fed nutrient-adequate diets based on either wheat or barley.

BACKGROUNDNon‐starch polysaccharides are large complex molecules and are found in cereal grains. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of carbohydrase enzymes or prebiotic oligosaccharides on growth performance, nutrient utilisation and weight of organs associated with the immune system in broilers fed wheat‐ or barley‐based diets.RESULTSIn wheat‐based diets, feed intake was lower (P < 0.05) following xylo‐oligosaccharide supplementation, whereas in barley‐based diets feed intake was greater (P < 0.05) following β‐glucanase supplementation. Gross energy digestibility was improved (P < 0.01) when either level of xylanase was added to wheat diets. Ileal digestible energy was greater (P < 0.01) in wheat diets including an additive compared with the control diet. In wheat diets, bursa weight was lower (P < 0.05) following xylo‐oligosaccharide supplementation compared with the control treatment.CONCLUSIONSThe current study showed that supplemented carbohydrases or prebiotic oligosaccharides could alter the development of immune organs or small intestine without any significant effect on growth performance in broilers receiving nutrient‐adequate diets. © 2018 The Authors. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.