Car Seat Research Articles

Study on the effect of human sympathetic nerve cold stimulation to relieve driving fatigue based on order recurrence plot

Driving fatigue is very likely to cause traffic accidents, seriously threatening the lives and properties of drivers. Therefore, accurate detection and effective mitigation of driving fatigue are crucial for ensuring the personal safety of drivers. This study proposes a method to relieve driving fatigue by properly reducing the temperature to stimulate the human sympathetic nerve. The method uses the intelligent cooling and blowing device on the car seat cushion to achieve cold stimulation of the sympathetic nerve of the driver by reducing the temperature of the driver’s hip, back and neck, so as to increase the excitement of the sympathetic nerve, keep the driver alert and achieve the purpose of fighting driving fatigue. In view of the fact that the traditional fatigue detection method is easily affected by environmental factors and individual differences, this study uses the order recurrence plot (ORP) method to detect driving fatigue based on electroencephalogram (EEG) signals. The results show that ORP textures drawn by EEG signals of the two driving conditions (normal driving condition and sensory cold stimulation driving condition) are significantly different, and the quantization parameters determinism (DET) and average diagonal line length (DLL) values are significantly different. Cold stimulation of the subjects’ hips, back and neck to alleviate driving fatigue was the best when the temperature was 21 °C. In addition, compared with the traditional methods of fatigue relief, the sensory cold stimulation method proposed in this study does not easily to produce tolerance and has no damage to the body.

Determination of potential dermal exposure rates of phosphorus flame retardants via the direct contact with a car seat using artificial skin

Dermal exposure to phosphorus flame retardants (PFRs) has received much attention as a major alternative exposure route in recent years. However, the information regarding dermal exposure via direct contact with a product is limited. In addition, in the commonly used dermal permeability test, the target substance is dissolved in a solvent, which is unrealistic. In this study, a dermal permeability test of PFRs in three car seats was performed using artificial skin. The PFR concentrations in the car seats are 0.12 wt% tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), 0.030–0.25 wt% tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCPP), 0.15 wt% triphenyl phosphate (TPhP), 0.89 wt% cresyl diphenyl phosphate (CsDPhP), 0.074 wt% tricresyl phosphate (TCsP), and 0.46–4.7 wt% diethylene glycol bis [di (2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (DEG-BDCIPP). The mean skin permeation rates for a contact time of 24 h are 14 (TCEP), 5.4–160 (TCPP), 0.67 (CsDPhP), 0.38 (TPhP), and 3.3–58 ng cm−2 h−1 (DEG-BDCIPP). The concentrations of TCsP in receptor liquid were lower than the limit of quantification at the contact time of 24 h. The skin permeation rates were significantly affected by the type of car seat (e.g., fabric or non-fabric). The potential dermal TCPP exposure rate for an adult via direct contact with the car seat during the average daily contact time (1.3 h), which was the highest value assessed in this study, was estimated to be 16,000 ng kg−1 day−1, which is higher than that related to inhalation and dust ingestion reported as significant exposure route of PFRs in previous studies. These facts reveal that dermal exposure associated with direct contact with the product might be an important exposure pathway for PFRs.

The influence of seated postures and anthropometry on lap belt fit in vehicle occupants: A 3D computed tomography study

Objective In vehicle frontal collisions, it is crucial that the lap belt is designed to engage with the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) of occupants for a reliable restraint. This study aims to understand the influence of different seated postures on the geometrical relationship of the seat belt and the pelvis for various occupants using 3D upright and supine computed tomography (CT) systems. Methods The 3D shapes of bones and soft tissues around the pelvis were acquired through a CT scan for 30 participants. They were seated in a rigid seat equipped with a lap belt simulating the front seat of a small car, and wore a lap belt in three seated postures: upright, slouched and reclined. Parameters related to the likelihood of submarining occurrences, such as belt-ASIS overlap (an index for assessing the potential engagement of the lap belt with the ASIS) and the belt-pelvis angle (the difference between the belt angle and the normal direction of the anterior edge of the ilium) were compared. Results It was observed that the pelvis angle tilted rearward as the hip point was positioned forward and seatback angle increased. This can be seen in the slouched and reclined posture. The belt-pelvis angle was comparable between the slouched and the reclined postures, and was closer to zero (indicating that the lap belt path is closer to perpendicular to the anterior edge of the ilium) compared to the upright posture. In contrast, the belt-ASIS overlap increased with an increasing flesh margin of the ASIS and shallower belt angle. This suggests that the belt-pelvis angle is influenced by the seated posture whereas the belt-ASIS overlap is dependent more on an individual’s anthropometry. The plot of belt-pelvis angle and belt-ASIS overlap exhibited significant variability among participants. Conclusions The belt-pelvis angle and the belt-ASIS overlap of individuals will provide valuable information for understanding the current belt-fit location and predicting submarining occurrences for individuals in various postures when designing restraint systems.

Plagiocephaly and malocclusion

The term plagiocephaly means oblique head. Most skull deformities are a result of intrapartum or utero molding but can be caused by congenital torticollis and after birth due to persistent head position of newborns staying in one head position for a long time and abusive use of strollers, car seats, car seats, swings. Its prevalence is growing fast, in 30 years it passes from 1 in each 300 babies in early nineties to 16 to 48 % in 2020. The aim of this paper is bringing the light to some serious conditions of treatment protocols in individuals with plagiocephaly. The skull deformity causes facial asymmetry that are not treatable by orthopedic or orthodontic intra or extra oral appliances, nor orthognathic surgery. Well, despite the fact that the patient or the tutors have to be notified of the facial asymmetry that persists, functional limitations will be presented. In more than 30 years of clinical experience treating these patients it was never sought the 4 first permanent molars and the 4 canines in the same Angle’s Class. In one side can be seen Class 1, but on the other it will be finding class 2 or class 3, the case reported exemplifies it, and the worst, mastication guidance will have to be very carefully done since, in most cases if it is tried to adjust the inferior and superior dental midline the vertical asymmetry of the occlusal plane (minimum vertical dimension) will worsen. Really there is no unique treatment protocol and it has to be considered case by case. It is time to deepen the knowledge in this area since the prevalence is growing. Based on the case reported, non-treated plagiocephaly can bring serious limitations to malocclusion treatment results. Further studies are necessary to a better understanding of the situation plagiocephaly versus malocclusion.

Injury Patterns in Vehicle Crashes: The Significance of Occupant Seating Position.

Investigating patterns among the outcomes of patients involved in motor vehicle accidents (MVAs) can provide information necessary to guide targeted interventions to improve road traffic safety. Our purpose is to identify any differences between passenger and driver injury severity and overall clinical course after MVAs. We performed a retrospective review and analysis of 3,693 patients involved in MVAs from 2016 to 2021. We divided the data into two groups, drivers and passengers, and compared the Injury Severity Score (ISS),Revised Trauma Score (RTS) on admission, days in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU), length of hospital stay (LOS), post Emergency Department (ED) disposition, discharge (DC) disposition, and signs of life on arrival (SOLA) to the ED. We compared mean ISS, New Injury Severity Score (NISS), RTS, length in ICU and LOS using a student's T-test and SOLA, post-ED and DC disposition using Chi-squareanalysis. We did not find any statistically significant difference in ISS, RTS, days in ICU, LOS, or SOLA between the drivers and passengers. However, we did find a statistically significant difference in the post-ED (X2= 113.743, p=<0.0001) and DC disposition (X2=41.172, p=<0.0001) of drivers and passengers.After the ED and DC, morepassengers were transferred to a higher level of care than expected, while the inverse was true for drivers. The number of drivers discharged to Skilled Nursing Facilities (SNFs) was also higher than expected, further contributingto the observed difference in DC disposition. Conclusion:Our study found no statistically significant difference between driver and passenger injury severity, length of hospital stay, days in ICU, and SOLA after an MVA. The clinical courses of the two groups were found to be significantly different based on post-ED and DC disposition data. We identified limitations, such as a relatively small sample size and insufficient data on specific car seat locations for passengers, underscoring the need for a more nuanced exploration. Future research must broaden its scope to encompass diverse crash scenarios, vehicle design and safety technologies, seat belt dynamics, and age- and gender-specific vulnerabilities.

A reshaped intelligent autonomous driving by using the influence and progress of human factor engineering concept

In modern society, with the improvement of people's taste of life and the change of people's consumption awareness and lifestyle, cars are no longer just a driving tool or means of transportation. People's requirements for cars are constantly improving, such as the comfort of car seats and the convenience of reversing radar. This paper examines the role of human factor engineering in the intelligent driving and gives some examples of the usage of the human factor engineering, and analyse it by Single-vehicle level analysis and Macro system level analysis. Then, the paper lists different human factor problems affecting intelligent driving. The paper discusses one iHCl system of human factor engineering which based on the Cognitive theory at three levels of perception. The paper analyses two cognizant. For the human users, it has the three-layer scene elements, data-driven, and goal-driven information processing mechanisms utilize dynamic mechanisms for information collection and subsequent response, allowing human users to perceive the updated information obtained in the dynamic environment. For intelligent system, For intelligent systems, it has a "top-down" decision-making processing mechanism. The feedback mechanism is composed of subjects such as goals, plans, and tasks.

Low-Profile Textile Antenna for Bioradar Integration Into Car Seat Upholstery: Wireless acquisition of vital signs while on the road

Recently, radar systems have been widely explored as a remote way to monitor vital signs. The potential of such technology may increase with the ability to be fully embedded in customized applications, providing a low-profile appearance. Thus, it is possible to streamline the industrialization process and simultaneously guarantee the comfort of the subject being monitored. In this work, the ability to fully integrate a bioradar system in a car seat, aiming to monitor the respiratory signal of the driver, is studied. For this purpose, textile antennas were developed to be embedded into the upholstery, using a new approach to wirelessly acquire vital signs by positioning the antennas in the side lumbar support of the car seat. Considering the final aspect of the prototype and its performance, alternative options for the antenna feeding were explored, and an electromagnetic insulation solution was implemented. Finally, the vital signs of six subjects were acquired with the final prototype. The obtained results were compared with certified measuring equipment, demonstrating the prototype effectiveness.

Parents' Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Regarding Baby Walkers, Baby Car Seats, Oral Health, and Child Screen Time in Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Background Awareness of age-appropriate milestones and developmental stages is crucial for parents to identify any potential delays or concerns early on and seek appropriate interventions. This study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of caregivers in Saudi Arabia regarding baby walkers, baby car seats, early dental visits, and screen time for young children. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted among parents in Saudi Arabia using a structured questionnaire. A convenience and snowball sampling method was employed to recruit participants from various regions of the country. The questionnaire aimed to assess parents' knowledge regarding the recommended use of baby walkers and baby car seats, their awareness of the importance of early dental visits, and their understanding of appropriate screen time guidelines. Additionally, the survey explored parents' practices toward these recommendations. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data, and associations between variables were examined using the chi-squared test. Results A total of 1318 participants were included. The analysis revealed that the majority of the participants (n=1066,81.3%) use a baby walker, while only (n=292,22.3%) consider that they should never be used. Overall, (n=388,29.6%) of the participants never used a car seat for their infants or children. In terms of early childhood dental visits, approximately (n=518,39.5%) of the participants reported actually taking their child to the dentist within the recommended timeframe. Regarding screen time for children, (n=148,11.3%) of the participants reported that their children spend >5 hours daily in front of the screen. Conclusions Raising parents' awareness about recent childcare recommendations and safe practices is crucial for promoting optimal child development, preventing health problems, facilitating evidence-based decision-making, reducing risks, enhancing parental confidence and empowerment, and nurturing positive parent-child relationships.

Fatal bleeding following scalp laceration: an uncommon cause of death in adults

ABSTRACT Any wound of the scalp involving the subcutaneous layer may cause profuse bleeding. In such cases, haemorrhage may continue for a while because the natural tension of the scalp inhibits effective haemostasis. In addition, if special conditions coexist, this bleeding may lead to death. We described three cases of haemorrhagic shock by scalp lacerations. An 83-year-old man was found dead in his home lying on a large amount of blood on the floor. He had plenty of comorbidities and a multi-drug therapy, as anticoagulant. A 53-year-old heavy drinker man was found dead in his home with the bathroom and bedroom extensively smeared with blood. A 55-year-old woman with multiple sclerosis was hit in the face by a large stone while she was sitting on her car seat. A toxicological exam on blood revealed benzodiazepines at therapeutic levels. The most relevant conditions that must be present for a scalp laceration to become fatal are unwitnessed head trauma, delayed activation of emergency services, old age, comorbidities, anticoagulant medication, alcohol abuse and significant blood loss from the scalp wound. Other possible causes of death should be excluded. Furthermore, in such cases, the differentiation between homicide and accident can be challenging.

A Study of Seating Suspension System Vibration Isolation Using a Hybrid Method of an Artificial Neural Network and Response Surface Modelling

A reliable prediction model can greatly contribute to the research of car seating system vibration control. The novelty of this paper lies in the development of a hybrid method of an artificial neural network (ANN) and response surface methodology (RSM) to predict the peak seat-to-head transmissibility ratio of a seating suspension system and to evaluate its ride comfort for different seat design parameters. Additionally, this method can remove the experimental design of the RSM model. In this paper, four seat design parameters are selected as input parameters and arranged using the central composite design method. The peak transmissibility ratio from seat to head at 4 Hz is chosen as the response target output value. To illustrate this hybrid method, the response target output value of the peak transmissibility ratio is calculated from the frequency response of a five-degrees-of-freedom (5-DOF) lumped-parameter biodynamic seating suspension model. The input design parameters and the response target output values are used to train an ANN to establish the relationship between the seat design parameters and the peak transmissibility ratio. At the same time, the input design parameters and the response target output values predicted by the ANN are used to develop the relationship between the seat design parameters and the peak transmissibility ratio using the response surface method and linear regression models. The hybrid of the ANN and response surface methods makes the planning or design of experiments not essential. The hybrid model of the ANN and response surface method is more accurate and convenient than a linear regression model for the study of seating system vibration isolation.

A Real-Time Automotive Safety System Based on Advanced AI Facial Detection Algorithms

This research aims to design and implement a complete safety and comfort device that integrates a Driving Monitoring System (DMS) and a car Seat Electronic Control Unit (SECU). The DMS employs a combination of infrared sensors and a pre-trained Artificial Intelligence (AI) algorithm with advanced facial recognition capabilities. It aims to monitor and control the driver's distraction and drowsiness level during daytime and nighttime driving conditions by accurately detecting head pose and eye status. If the system detects the driver is drowsy or distracted from the road, a warning system will be activated by sending an electrical signal to the aforementioned car SECU. The designed SECU initiates a car seat vibration and triggers an audible signal to alert the driver of a dangerous situation by managing the seat movement process and protection features. It provides the basic drive and control of the seat motor drivers and position sensors. The most important consideration of this SECU is meeting the following requirements: real-time control of various motors, fast processing speed, low power, low heat dissipation, low quiescent current, and low Electromagnetic Interference (EMI). The two systems were integrated into a single compact device that includes a night vision camera mounted on the steering column to record data without obstructing the driver's view. The system has high precision at a maximum detection rate of 45 Frames Per Second (FPS) in real-time. Furthermore, the system is robust under actual driving conditions without being affected by the time of day, facial expressions, or eye occlusions.

Parent&amp;apos;s knowledge, attitude, and practice of children car seats in Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study

Objective: This study aimed to examine parents&amp;apos; awareness of car seats in Saudi Arabia. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study. Data for this study were collected through a structured self-administered questionnaire distributed among parents with children aged less than seven years in various areas of Saudi Arabia. The survey was conducted from June to September 2023. The questionnaire was developed in english and translated into Arabic, and the parents took 3-5 minutes to complete the questionnaire. Results: A total of 767 parents took part in the study, and it was discovered that 60.4% used child car seats and a high willingness (93.8%) to use care seats in response to legal violations. The findings discovered significant discrepancies in parental beliefs and behaviors in Saudi Arabia. Conclusion: Saudi Arabia needs targeted educational programs and interventions to improve parental awareness of using child safety seats and encourage healthy attitudes and behavior.

Partial auxetic behavior of 3D mesh fabric under compression

The 3D mesh fabric is a key component of automotive seat ventilation systems as it has good compression resistance and creates channels to provide effective circulating airflow. The dimensional inconsistency of fabric sheets by laser cutting to be integrated into car seats and their unrecoverable dimension changes in subsequent cushioning applications are challenging problems. A typical commercialized 3D mesh fabric was observed to shorten and widen under compression, showing an auxetic behavior in the length–thickness section. This counterintuitive partial auxetic behavior accounts for the dimensional variation. A full-size finite element (FE) model of the fabric was established to simulate the complex fabric deformation based on the precise geometry of a unit cell obtained by X-ray micro-computed tomography (μCT) scanning. The FE simulation reproduced the planar dimension change process of the fabric. The underlying mechanism of partial auxeticity was revealed from the global to local analysis, including fabric global deformation, unit meshes deformation and unit cell geometric structure change. It was shown that buckling of initially post-buckled spacer monofilaments drives in-plane movements of monofilament loops to cause partial auxetic behavior. The partial auxeticity weakens in the compression process due to the gradual intercontact and densification of spacer monofilaments. Different constraints on monofilament loops from adjacent unit cells and multifilament inlays make the deformation uneven in the plane of fabric. It is important to fully analyze the dimensional change, especially the partial auxetic deformation, of the 3D mesh fabric under compression for its practical applications.

ANALYSIS OF AIRFLOW RESISTIVITY AND ACOUSTIC ABSORPTION OF FIBRE-REINFORCED PLASTIC COMPOSITES MADE OF POLYLACTIC ACID AND NATURAL FIBRES

This study compares the airflow resistivity and acoustic properties of fibre-reinforced plastic composites (NFRP) with different mixing ratios of polylactic acid (PLA) and the natural fibres flax and cotton for the application in construction as lightweight structures, car door linings or seat pans. The composites are made from the binder fibre PLA, the bast fibre flax and two different kinds of cotton. Nonwovens are consolidated with a thermoforming process to manufacture the NFRP. The addition of cotton improves the absorption by increasing the number of air pockets (pores) and reducing their shape due to the fineness of the cotton. The airflow resistivity of samples with different mixing ratios were analysed and compared. The airflow resistivity is modelled with different calculation models that use distinct material parameters and the transferability is assessed. Further, the absorption coefficient is analysed and compared to the airflow resistivity. The study shows that there is a dependency of the two parameters.

基于JACK的汽车座椅的舒适度仿真分析与调整建议

基于JACK的汽车座椅的舒适度仿真分析与调整建议

Semi-active control for the seat car suspension system using MR elastomer isolator

The suspension system for the car seat is an important part of the vehicle that helps to increase comfort and reduce fatigue. The study of suspension systems using magnetorheological elastomer (MRE) has attracted researchers in recent years. MRE is an elastomer material such as rubber. The modulus of the material can change when a magnetic field is applied. In this study, an MRE-based isolator is first developed for a seat car suspension system. The characteristics of the isolator are investigated under the strength of the magnetic field. Based on Lyapunov theory and constraint force, the semi-active controller is then designed. Numerical simulations for the car seat dynamics system show that the developed isolator can reduce vibrations more when compared with the passive approach in the case of bump and random excitations. The results show significant potential for its application in vehicle seat vibration control.

Analysis of Car Vehicle Seat Noise Under Different Forces

The noise and rattling have been a problem constantly due to how it disturbs customers' comfort while driving. The objective of this project was to conduct the analysis for seat noise and to analyse the effect of different force and material for car seat. The main purpose of this study is to analyse the effect of different force and material for car seat. Seat model design was generated by using Computer-Aided Design (CAD) software which is SolidWorks 2020. Seat model was then analysed using Computer-Aided Engineering (CAE) which is ANSYS 2022 R1. This inquiry focuses on the data and graphs collected during the simulation, which was performed using the ANSYS. The data is then uploaded to Microsoft Excel, to be utilised to create graphs illustrating the PSD of displacement and acceleration of the vehicle seat when loads are applied to it. A simulation was run to analyse the noise on car seat. The characteristics of vibration of car seat for different type of material and different force was visualized. The comparison of different type of material and force has been investigated in the present study. Static structural analysis on car seat has been performed on different types of material and force by using ANSYS software to analyse total deformation, stress, and strain.

Development of a Restraint System for Rear-Facing Car Seats

In self-driving vehicles, passengers can set their seats in an unconventional seating position, such as rear-facing. Sitting in such an orientation can increase the risk of whiplash in the head-and-neck system in a frontal impact, as frontal crashes usually have higher severities compared with rear-end crashes. This paper shows that a forward-facing front seat optimised for rear-impact protection needs to be redesigned to be used as a rear-facing seat. In the second and main part of this paper, a restraint system for rear-facing car seats is developed, and frontal impact simulations with 64 km/h of delta-V are used to evaluate its performance. The designed seating system comprises two rigid torso plates, a fixed recliner and an energy absorber under the seat pan. Without using the developed restraint system, the 50th percentile male human model is exposed to neck shear forces exceeding 600 N. With the developed restraint system, neck shear forces are less than 350 N in frontal impacts with 64 km/h of delta-V. Apart from whiplash, the risk of head, chest, lower extremity and lower back injuries are also evaluated. The results confirm that the developed restraint system successfully protects the occupant since all assessment criteria values are lower than the injury assessment reference values.

Equation Modelling of Automotive Textiles for Car Seat Covers in the Ghanaian Upholstery Industry

Among the many materials utilized in the production of automotive components are textile materials. Long-term use of vehicle seats causes the textile material used to cover the seats to degrade. Because of this, drivers and vehicle owners critically inspect such deteriorated car seat covers before getting a new one. This study is aimed at identifying the various factors that influence drivers and vehicle owners’ decisions about the choice of seat covers. In addition, to determine the factors that influence customers’ perception of locally manufactured seat covers by upholstery artisans. Structured questionnaire and online google form were used to collect data from 1042 respondents across the 16 regions of Ghana. The five main factors that customers focused on were identified using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) with Varimax rotation. Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) was used to predict the perception factors of local upholstery artisans and customers using the Smart PLS software. Textile resistance and accessibility, durability, quality, perception and aesthetics were the selection factors. The findings showed that consumers of automotive textile materials take into account the aforementioned aspects before making purchases, therefore manufacturers should pay attention to these factors to increase efficiency. The study concludes that local upholstery artisans need to concentrate on these factors in their operations.

Investigation of the Impact of in Utero Thirdhand E-Cigarette Exposure on Platelet Function

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death worldwide, with many deaths being due to heart attacks and stroke. To this end, platelets are key players in maintaining and regulating “hemostasis” in the cardiovascular system. However, a disruption in the platelet function (hyperactivity) can promote the genesis of occlusive (thrombosis-based) CVD. Though there are many known risk factors for CVD, the number one preventable risk factor is exposure to tobacco or tobacco related products. Interestingly, the use of emerging tobacco products, specifically e-cigarettes (e-cigs) has been on the rise, achieving unprecedented levels, due to the misconception that they are a safe(r) alternative to traditional cigarette smoking, especially amongst pregnant women or women of childbearing age. Therefore, there has been efforts- including by our laboratory- to characterize the negative effects of smoking on the CV system. To this end, we have previously shown that direct exposure to e-cigs increases the risk of occlusive CVD. However, the effects of indirect exposure to e-cigs, namely thirdhand exposure, which is formed from toxicants “produced” by e-cig vapor that accumulate on surfaces such as upholstery, curtains, car seats, carpet etc., are still unknown, including under in utero settings. To this end, the present studies aim to characterize the impact that in utero thirdhand e-cig (IUTHEC) exposure exerts on platelet function and the CV system and examine the mechanism of these effects. Utilizing a custom e-cig vape system mice were housed with clean air or e-cig-exposed material for one week prior to mating and for the duration of their pregnancy. Using this approach to mimic a real life exposure scenario, our preliminary results indicate that IUTHEC exposed pups exhibited a shortened bleeding and thrombus occlusion times, in two widely used hemostasis and thrombosis models. In terms of the mechanism of this prothrombotic phenotype, it was found that platelet aggregation, as well as dense and alpha granule secretion were potentiated in the IUTHEC exposed mice in response to agonist stimulation. Furthermore, integrin activation and phosphatidylserine exposure, additional markers of platelet function, were also found to be enhanced. These data together demonstrate for the first time that IUTHEC increases the risk of thrombotic CVD in part via modulation of platelet activation. Moreover, our findings highlight the negative health effects of exposure to IUTHEC, which is an underappreciated threat to human health.