Car Ownership Research Articles

Modeling of Applying Road Pricing to Airport Highway Using VISUM Software in Jordan

Road congestion in Amman City has been increasing yearly, due to the increase in private car ownership and traffic volumes. This study aims to (a) evaluate the toll road’s effects on society and the economy in Amman, Jordan, through a survey questionnaire using statistical software (SPSS), (b) assess the impact of the toll road on reducing congestion and delays using micro-simulation (VISUM), (c) identify the optimal toll price for a selected road using VISUM and (d) validate the simulated models with the optimal revenue. Traffic, geometric, and cost data about the toll technique of two sections on the Airport Highway (from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to the Madaba Interchange; and from the Madaba Interchange to the Queen Alia International Airport (QAIA) Interchange) were used for simulation purposes. The toll road (across seven different scenarios at different prices) was evaluated for optimal revenue. The survey questionnaire was made based on all scenarios, including the AM peak hour. The operation cost for the toll road was determined based on the Greater Amman Municipality (GAM). The best scenario was determined based on the value of revenue (JOD). The results indicate that higher acceptance is achieved when applying road pricing during the AM peak hour and that users prefer the charging method based on travelled distance (54.02%). Additionally, the total cost of the manual toll collection (MTC) method is 126,935 JOD. Road pricing can reduce traffic delay (or speed up traffic flow) by 4.61 min in the southbound direction and by 9.52 min in the northbound direction. The optimal toll value is 0.25 JOD (34.08%), with revenues of 1089.6 JOD for 2024 and 1122.6 JOD for 2025. Eventually, applying road pricing on the airport road is shown to be effective and economically feasible only when using the manual method.

Smart Transportation Systems: IOT-enabled Traffic Management & Vehicle-to-infrastructure Communication

Recently, there has been a substantial increase in the number of cars on the road. Escalating traffic congestion is a widespread problem that folks face on a daily basis. The manual control of traffic-by-traffic police has shown to be ineffective. “Furthermore, the signal's set duration has failed to effectively address this issue, regardless of the level of traffic congestion. This research presents a communication system called Vehicle-to-Blockchain (V2B), which utilizes blockchain technology to enable transparent and decentralized communications. The aim is to optimize the incorporation of blockchain technology into V2X (Vehicle-to-Everything) and IoT (Internet of Things) systems, therefore enhancing the efficiency and effectiveness of future transportation systems. We present a range of advanced applications for blockchain technology, such as a car ownership system that utilizes the multi-token standard, a vehicle grading system, the integration of blockchain with the Internet of Things (IoT), and a decentralized ticket administration system for transportation services. The design places a high emphasis on essential elements such as the seamless integration of data, precise precision, and the establishment of secure connections. Furthermore, it includes a decentralized payment system and marketplace for transportation inside smart cities. Our main focus is on the technical execution of smart contracts in these particular scenarios, highlighting their importance in guaranteeing strong and dependable interactions. Our decentralized approach creates a transportation ecosystem that has the ability to adjust and fulfill the evolving requirements of intelligent urban areas. It is groundbreaking, durable, and capable

Accessibility, (dis)advantage and everyday mobility practices and experiences: the cases of Maputo and Freetown

ABSTRACT This paper deconstructs everyday mobility practices from a perspective of accessibility and social and transport (dis)advantage in two capital port cities in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) – Freetown, Sierra Leone and Maputo, Mozambique. The paper proposes a novel framework that interprets social and transport (dis)advantage conditions as critical drivers of mobility behaviours and the resulting (in)accessibility that circumscribes individuals’ experience. Building on its framework, the paper raises unique empirical qualitative evidence from eight neighbourhoods about mobility practices across populations facing different degrees of social and transport (dis)advantage. The study’s design is grounded in the in-depth understanding of accessibility using qualitative methods as a counterpoint to predominant quantitative and spatial approaches, filling critical data gaps in cities in SSA. The findings reveal a deep-seated aspiration for car ownership, tempered by the urgency of other immediate material needs, as well as the dynamic nature of travel behaviour due to changing conditions during the day and throughout the year. The findings also indicate informality plays a significant role in enabling access to critical opportunities and the need to strengthen trust in popular transport systems.

Earmarking Taxation and Compliance: Some Evidence from Car Ownership in Italy

Earmarking Taxation and Compliance: Some Evidence from Car Ownership in Italy

Putting Automobile Debt on the Map: Race and the Geography of Automobile Debt in California

Most U.S. metropolitan areas developed alongside the automobile, producing neighborhoods of relatively low density. Consequently, access to opportunities in these neighborhoods is predicated on having an automobile, yet many households do not have the resources to purchase one outright, relying on automobile loans to spread out the purchase price. While automobile loans can enable automobile ownership, they also significantly increase the vehicle purchase price, particularly for non-white consumers subject to discriminatory lending practices.In this study, we rely on data from the University of California Consumer Credit Panel from Experian to examine the determinants and geography of automobile debt and its consequences in California, testing whether various automobile debt measures disproportionately affect non-white neighborhoods.We find that, controlling for other factors associated with automobile lending including income, Black and Latino/a neighborhoods have higher total automobile debt, debt burdens (debt relative to income), and automobile loan delinquency rates. In particular, Latino/a neighborhoods shoulder significant automobile debt, while borrowers in Black neighborhoods have the highest delinquency rates. Factors associated with lower total automobile debt and automobile debt burden include better credit ratings, higher residential densities, urban locations, and proximity to rail stations.The findings underscore the importance of policies to offset the costs of automobile ownership and access. As part of this, policymakers should adopt and enforce fair lending rules to combat discriminatory and predatory practices and facilitate access to high-quality financial institutions and products in communities of color.

Assessment and Modelling of Walk Trips in Akure, Nigeria

The study examined and modeled the walking behavior patterns of residents in Akure, Nigeria. A multi-stage sampling approach was used to collect relevant data for assessing and modeling the walking trip patterns. The questionnaires were administered to 300 participants between May to November 2019 (6 months) across three primary residential neighborhoods in the city; high-density, medium-density, and low-density areas. The obtained data were analyzed using SPSS software and subsequently modeled using multi-variable regression techniques. The study found that 48.7% of the sampled population preferred to walk, and 49.7% perceived walking as an alternative to motorized trips. Significant differences were observed in the socioeconomic characteristics of residents, such as age and income, across the residential zones (F = 54.731, p<0.001; F = 68.278, p<0.001). The key factors that greatly influenced decision of respondents to walk included socioeconomic factors, such as income, personal car ownership, educational qualifications, and employment status, with age and sex being the least significant socioeconomic determinants. Generally, the factors that motivated respondents to choose walking as a travel mode included its relative affordability, the lack of personal vehicles, awareness of health benefits, safety and security concerns, avoidance of motorized traffic congestion, and favorable weather conditions. The findings of this study have important implications for transportation planning. The paper recommends the need to incorporate non-motorized spaces and walkways into various levels of urban planning and implementation to foster a more walkable environment and encourage active transportation in the city.

Association of transit-oriented development with transit use: Effects of gentrification and spatial autocorrelation

The empirical evidence in the existing literature primarily supports the positive association of transit-oriented development (TOD) with transit use. However, indirect relationships between TOD and transit use may be observed due to TOD-induced gentrification and spatial autocorrelation. This research examined the relationships between TOD, gentrification, and transit use with the consideration of spatial autocorrelation. The study observations were from the gentrifiable neighborhoods in Taipei City, Taiwan, and were analyzed using simultaneous equation models and spatial regression methods. Empirical results reveal three major findings: 1) A positive and direct association of TOD-ness with the modal share of transit substantially occurs and confirms the findings in the existing literature. 2) A negative and indirect association of TOD with transit use mediated by gentrification may occur under the moderation of rising car ownership. 3) A positive spatial autocorrelation of transit use substantially occurs between adjacent neighborhoods. These findings prompt local administrations to implement TOD policies containing or being accompanied by instruments inhibiting car ownership throughout urban areas rather than just along major transit corridors.

Invisible Rides: How Car-Less Americans Access Cars

How and why do zero-car households seek car access? We used a national online survey of 830 American adults and interviews with twenty-nine low- and moderate-income travelers about their car access behaviors to answer this question. We validated our findings with the 2017 National Household Travel Survey. Respondents got rides, borrowed cars, and used ride-hail to access grocery trips, social/recreational activities, and medical care. While most interviewees intend to purchase a vehicle in the future, they also desire better transit, suggesting that households without cars do not necessarily prefer car ownership.

Enhancement of the impacts 2050 model to enable a whole system sustainability assessment of rideshare

Emerging concepts, such as Mobility as a Service (MaaS), could evolve to provide sustainable mobility, especially in densely populated urban areas. However, recent studies highlight the challenge of evaluating how the complex interactions of user demographics, mode choice, vehicle automation, governance, and efficiency will impact the sustainability of future mobility. Given this challenge, this research identifies a whole system (STEEP - social, technical, economic, environmental, and political) framework as essential to assess the overall sustainability of emergent urban mobility systems such as rideshare. The need is a single tool that can rapidly explore the long-range sustainability impact of such alternative future mobility scenarios for a given city region. This paper documents enhancements made to Impacts 2050, a strategic-level model of urban mobility, to address this need, including updates to the statistical travel behavior model and the addition of rideshare including trip occupancy. Results obtained with the enhanced Impacts 2050 showed that, while rideshare use increased significantly for some scenarios, its overall mode share remained limited. In addition, though rideshare enabled users to shed car ownership, the overall percentage increase of “no car ownership” was low. An urban mobility sustainability scorecard based on STEEP and generated by output from the enhanced Impacts 2050 is presented.

Evaluation of Traffic Congestion in an Urban Roads: A Review

Abstract: Urban traffic congestion significantly impacts economic productivity, environmental health, and residents' quality of life. This study provides a comprehensive evaluation of traffic congestion in urban areas, focusing on recent innovations in traffic management, urban planning, public transportation, and technological advancements. Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS), incorporating real-time data and adaptive signal controls, have proven effective in reducing delays and improving traffic flow. The study underscores the importance of mixed-use urban planning in minimizing travel distances and traffic volumes. Expanding public transportation networks is highlighted as a critical strategy for alleviating congestion, with evidence indicating that cities with extensive transit systems experience lower congestion levels. Additionally, the environmental and health implications of traffic congestion are considered, linking high congestion levels to increased pollution and negative health outcomes. . Road construction as a policy intervention to reduce congestion is debated, with the understanding that road widening may sometimes increase traffic. Evaluating the technologies contributing to congestion is crucial for devising effective solutions. Urban transport is central to economic activity and the well-being of urban residents. The rising population and car ownership rates, coupled with unchanged natural land areas, exacerbate traffic issues, leading to accidents and increased carbon dioxide emissions. The article explores the complexities of urban road traffic, addressing transport infrastructure, organization, and the high share of car traffic. It discusses theoretical and practical aspects of traffic flow and design, as well as the role of driver behavior in traffic jams.

Optimization of reverse logistics network for end-of-life vehicles: A Shanghai case study

With the surge in car ownership, the end-of-life vehicles recycling market has shown enormous development potential. As the reverse logistics network for recycling end-of-life vehicles suffers from high operating costs and low recycling rates, there is an urgent need to upgrade the actual recycling measures for end-of-life vehicles to an operable level. This article first uses the OGM (1, N) model to predict the number of end-of-life vehicles in the coming years. At the same time, a reverse logistics network model with the second-hand car market as the recycling centre was constructed with the goal of minimizing the total cost of the end-of-life vehicles reverse logistics network. The network model was simulated using mixed integer programming (MILP), and the optimal solution was solved through LINGO 12 programming. Through an example analysis of Shanghai, it is found that the market of end-of-life vehicles will embrace growth, and it is verified that the optimized reverse logistics network can effectively reduce the operation cost and logistics cost of recycling centres, and can effectively improve the actual recycling rate of end-of-life vehicles. Finally, the optimized site selection results are obtained, and a specific traffic distribution scheme is proposed, which is crucial for promoting cars that meet scrap standards to be recycled through formal channels and reducing logistics costs for recycling enterprises.

Договор поминутной аренды транспортных средств (каршеринг)

The transformation of public relations under the influence of digitalization, as well as the intensification of property turnover, contributed to the formation of an economic model of sharing, which is often referred to through the prism of the English term "sharing". A striking example of such a model is carsharing, based on the idea of "mobility on demand" and being a predictable alternative to personal transport in the future. It is assumed that in the future, car owners, giving priority to car-sharing services, will give up ownership of a car, which will significantly accelerate urban traffic, free up parking spaces, and reduce the anthropogenic burden on the environment. Despite the prevalence of carsharing, especially in large and resort cities of Russia, its federal legal regulation has not yet been presented: to date, only regional experience of such regulation is known. At the same time, there are many issues in this subject area, some of which are solved by law enforcement practice. The key issue discussed in this scientific article is the choice of a contractual structure that could become an adequate model of carsharing relations.

An Investigation of factors Influencing electric vehicles charging Needs: Machine learning approach

Decarbonization of the world is greatly contributed to by the recent technological advancements that have fostered the development of electric vehicles (EVs). The EVs relieve transportation dependence on natural fossil fuels as an energy source. More than 50 % of the petroleum products produced worldwide are estimated to be used in the transportation sector, accounting for more than 90 % of all transportation energy sources. Consequently, studies estimate thatthe transportation sector produces about 22 % of global carbon dioxide emissions, posingsignificant environmental issues. Thus,using EVs, particularly on road transport, is expected to reduce environmental pollution. To accelerate EV development and deployment, governments worldwide invest in EV development through various initiatives to make them more affordable. This research aims to investigate the changing needs of EV users to establish factors to be considered in the selection of charging demands using machine learning, usingan extreme gradient boosting model. The model reached high accuracy, with an R2-Score of 0.964 to 1.000 across all predicted needs. The model performance is greatly affected by age, median income, education, and car ownership. High values of people with high income, high education, and age between 35–54 years show a positive contribution to the model’s performance, contrary to those with 65+, low income, and low education attainment. The outcomes of this research document factors that influence EV charging needs; therefore, it provides a basis for decision-makers and all stakeholders to decide where to locate EV charging stations for usability, efficiency, sustainability, and social welfare.

Environmental Awareness and Walking Behavior to the Grocery Store

The relationship between environmental awareness and actionable change is complex. While extensive literature examines the links between green ideology and eco-friendly behavior, few studies focus on how green ideology influences transportation choices and the built environment. This study investigates the relationship between environmental awareness and walking behavior, addressing three research questions aimed at: identifying socio-demographic characteristics linked to a high level of environmental awareness; exploring how environmental awareness affects perceptions of walkability; and determining whether individuals committed to community environmentalism are more likely to walk to the grocery store. The findings reveal that higher income is associated with considerations of local air quality, noise, and the importance of positive environmental transportation choices. Car ownership negatively impacts the willingness to adjust routes or travel time to minimize environmental impact. Environmentally aware individuals perceive the grocery store as closer, feel safer walking, view sidewalks as more available and in a better condition, and notice more tree shading. Those who consider air quality and noise levels in their walking decisions are more likely to notice tree shading. Individuals committed to community environmentalism are significantly more likely to walk to the grocery store, underscoring the crucial role of environmental values in shaping transportation behaviors and walkability perceptions.

Investigation of Perception Differences in Shared Mobility between Driver’s License Holders and Nonholders: A Case Study of Seoul, Gyeonggi, and Incheon in South Korea

Shared mobility (SM) services are transitioning from the introduction stage to the growth stage, driven by the growth of the sharing economy, the promotion of smart cities, the diverse personal transportation modes, and the development of autonomous driving technologies. SM services, such as car sharing, car-hailing, shared bikes, and e-scooters, have emerged as solutions to address issues related to carbon neutrality and traffic congestion in densely populated areas. The purpose of this study is to investigate potential disparities in user perception and satisfaction among groups with or without driving experience when using SM services—through hypothesis testing using the two-proportion Z-test. Subsequently, a satisfaction analysis is conducted. This research creates foundational data for future SM services. The survey targeted 1041 residents living in Seoul, Gyeonggi Province, and Incheon, and was conducted over two weeks in March 2020. This study aims to derive associations between two groups using SM—those with and without driving experience. The results indicate that car sharing and bike sharing showed significant differences in user patterns based on driving experience, whereas e-scooters and car-hailing did not exhibit significant differences. This contradicts the assumption that people without a driver’s license would use SM more frequently. Moreover, the results of each SM’s analysis show different usage patterns and satisfaction between driver’s license holders and nonholders. This study will serve as foundational data for researching strategies to reduce personal car ownership through the promotion of public transportation and SM services. Furthermore, it can be a basis for suggesting policy recommendations to facilitate future mobility systems.

Assessing Road Users’ Preferences for Various Travel Demand Management Strategies for Adoption in Accra, Ghana

The rise in population density, vehicle ownership, and urban development has significantly influenced travel demand and altered travel patterns, leading to traffic congestion in rapidly growing urban centers such as Accra, Ghana. The traditional approach of expanding roadways to accommodate rising traffic is no longer environmentally sustainable. Instead, the emphasis has shifted toward travel demand management (TDM) strategies as a more sustainable solution. This study aimed to investigate a range of TDM strategies that can be adopted in Accra to improve traffic flow through the lenses of everyday road users. The study employed a questionnaire survey and a stratified sampling technique to gather data from 615 respondents for relative importance index (RII) ranking and Chi-square statistical analysis. The findings revealed that the topmost preferred strategies were mass transit improvements, walking and cycling improvements, and alternative work schedules. Notably, mass transit improvements emerged as the most preferred strategy. Conversely, strategies like efficient parking pricing, congestion pricing, and higher fuel and road taxes for private vehicles ranked lowest, garnering minimal preference. The study also revealed a statistically significant correlation between variables such as age, education level, marital status, income level, and mode of transportation and all the selected TDM preferences. However, no significant relationship was found between gender or car ownership and any of the selected TDM preferences. The study provides valuable insights into road users’ preferences for TDM strategies that can aid in planning future urban mobility systems to proactively manage travel demand, alleviate congestion, and promote sustainable transportation options for the city’s residents.

Is It Necessarily Better for More Commuters to Share a Vehicle?

Increasing private car ownership has congested urban roads and made parking more difficult, especially during the morning commute. Carpooling offers a new way to address these problems. This paper studies the dynamic departure patterns for both regular and carpooling vehicles with parking space constraints in the morning commute without the carpool lane. The results suggest that as the parking fee of the central cluster increases, the earliest time for the two types of vehicles to enter the central cluster is delayed. The increase in the proportion of regular vehicles delays the earliest time for carpooling vehicles to enter the central cluster. More commuters sharing a vehicle in the morning commute is not necessarily better. Only a reasonable level of carpooling can reduce the peak time and unnecessary time consumption on the road and effectively promote the reduction in parking fees, commuters’ travel costs, and other societal transportation costs. This research gives practical guidance and suggestions on formulating a reasonable parking fee and controlling a reasonable carpooling level.

Mobility practices in a changing climate: Understanding shifts in car ownership and use across the life course

Mobility practices in everyday life are often highly routinised and resistant to change. But they can also change significantly over the life course, reflecting sudden ruptures linked to incisive life events and more gradual shifts related to changing societal and environmental conditions. Combining insights from practice-theoretical mobility studies and mobility biographies research, this paper critically examines the role of material, social and cultural elements in transforming routine mobility practices, focusing on car ownership and use across the life course. Drawing on mobility-biographical interviews with people who live in Munich (Germany) and who do not own a car, it reveals the complexity of both one-off and daily decisions that help to establish and routinise carless mobility practices, linking them to social and material conditions past and present. The paper also documents the role of environmental and climate-related arguments in the transition towards carlessness, alongside shifts in infrastructure, social and economic circumstances and mobility-related skills and meanings. It concludes with some recommendations for sustainable mobility policy that works with the dynamics of car ownership and use across the life course and that incorporates both social and material aspects underpinning people’s decision to give up their private car.

Disparities in public transport accessibility in London from 2011 to 2021

Addressing urban inequalities has become a pressing concern on both the global sustainable development agenda and for local policy. Improving public transport services is seen as an important area where local governments can exert influence and potentially help reduce inequalities. Existing measures of accessibility used to inform decision-making for public transport infrastructure in London show spatial disparities, yet there is a gap in understanding how these disparities vary across demographic groups and how they evolve over time—whether they are improving or worsening. In this study, we investigate the distribution of public transport accessibility based on ethnicity and income deprivation in London over the past decade. We used data from the Census 2011 and 2021 for area-level ethnicity characteristics, English Indices of Deprivation for income deprivation in 2011 and 2019, and public transport accessibility metrics from Transport for London for 2010 and 2023, all at the small area level using lower super output areas (LSOAs) in Greater London. We found that, on average, public transport accessibility in London has increased over the past decade, with 78% of LSOAs experiencing improvements. Public transport accessibility in London showed an unequal distribution in cross-sectional analyses. Lower income neighbourhoods had poorer accessibility to public transportation in 2011 and 2023 after controlling for car-ownership and population density. These disparities were particularly pronounced for underground accessibility. Temporal analyses revealed that existing inequalities with respect to income deprivation and ethnicity are generally not improving. While wealthier groups benefited most from London Underground service improvements; lower income groups benefited more from bus service improvements. We also found that car ownership levels declined in areas with substantial increases to public transport accessibility and major housing developments, but not in those with moderate improvements.

Logit and Probit Models Explaining Mode Choice and Frequency of Public Transit Ridership among University Students in Krakow, Poland

The predictors of urban trip mode choice and one of its important components, public transit ridership, have still not been thoroughly investigated using case studies in Central Europe. Therefore, this study attempts to clarify the correlates of mode choices for commute travel and shopping, and entertainment travel to distant places, as well as the frequencies of public transit use of university students, using a wide range of explanatory variables covering individual, household, and socio-economic attributes as well as their perceptions, mobility, and the nearby built environment. The correlation hypothesis of these factors, especially the role of the street network, was tested by collecting the data from 1288 university students in Krakow and developing Binary Logistic and Ordinal Probit models. The results show that gender, age, car ownership, main daily activity, possession of a driving license, gross monthly income, duration of living in the current home, daily shopping area, sense of belonging to the neighborhood, quality of social/recreational facilities of the neighborhood, and commuting distance can predict commute and non-commute mode choices, while gender, daily activity, financial dependence from the family, entertainment place, quality of social/recreational facilities, residential self-selection, number of commute trips, time living in the current home, and street connectivity around home are significantly correlated with public transit use. Some of these findings are somewhat different from those regarding university students in Western Europe or other high-income countries. These results can be used for policy making to reduce students’ personal and household car use and increase sustainable modal share in Poland and similar neighboring countries.