Automobile Industry Research Articles

Use of New and Light Materials in Automotive Engineering for Towing System

Towing systems are an important component in the automobile industry, having to meet specific quality and resistance conditions. In most cases, the towbar is made of steel. Decreases in vehicle weight and manufacturing price mean that, in this field, research is also being conducted in order to replace the materials that make up the towbar and replace the steel with composite materials or aluminum alloys. In this paper, research was performed on towing systems built from other materials, and the obtained results were compared with those of steel systems. Theoretical calculations and experimental results made it possible to obtain a database and recommendations for the use of new and composite materials. The experimental tests validated the theoretical results obtained. Five towing systems made of different materials were studied. The results of the research are emphasized through recommendations regarding the manufacturing of towing systems.

Research on the Social Development of New Energy Vehicles based on XGBoost-SHAP and GA-biLSTM Models

China deeply promotes the implementation of new energy gas vehicle national strategy, new energy automobile industry continues to develop healthily, and gradually become an important force to promote the transformation and upgrading of the global automobile industry. In order to understand the impact of various domestic factors on the development of new energy vehicles, this paper firstly adopts the Delphi method to establish the index system of new energy vehicle development, and establishes the XGBoost-SHAP evaluation model to explore the development of China's new energy vehicles; secondly, it adopts the GA-biLSTM prediction model to forecast the time sequence of the comprehensive development indexes of new energy vehicle industry. Finally, through the social impact analysis of new energy vehicles, a simulation model is established to explore the impact of new energy vehicles on the ecological environment.

Automated Driver Health Monitoring System in Automobile Industry Using WOA-DBN Using ECG Waveform

Automated Driver Health Monitoring System in Automobile Industry Using WOA-DBN Using ECG Waveform

Design of a test rig for the characterization of friction and wear in hot-metal gas-forming of AA 5083 aluminium sheets

Advanced aluminium sheet-forming processes such as the hot-metal gas-forming represent a challenging solution for producing small lots in the high-end car bodies industry, and the adoption of single cavity moulds made from low-cost, easily machinable materials such as cast iron reduces the overall sheet-forming costs. The tribological properties of the mould-sheet tribopair are of great interest for optimizing the sheet forming obtaining an acceptable esthetic surface finishing. This study presents the design and construction of a lab-scale experimental test rig for the tribological characterization at high temperatures of the mould-sheet tribopair. The proposed test method reproduces the sliding at the mould-sheet interface with contemporary sheet straining up to ε = 0.8 at strain rates in the 1.2*10-3 to 2*10-2 s-1 range. A series of experiments were carried out in dry and lubricated conditions for a ductile iron EN-GJS grade sliding against a AA 5083 aluminium alloy while straining. After comparing the experimental results with the literature data from other test rigs, comparable results were obtained as COF regards, ranging between 1.2 to 2.5 in dry sliding and between 0.05 to 0.2 in lubricated sliding. The morphological characterization of the sliding surfaces and cross-sections highlights the strong tendency to galling in dry sliding conditions expecially for low strain rates.

Research on the Investment Value of BYD based on Financial Analysis and Valuation Analysis

With the promotion of China's dual-carbon strategic policy and the development of the new energy automobile industry in recent years, the new energy automobile industry has been widely concerned by the academic community and the industry, especially the fluctuation of BYD's stock price has also been widely discussed. This paper uses financial analysis and valuation analysis to study the investment value of BYD. The research results show that in terms of finance, BYD's profitability and operating capacity have shown a good upward trend, but BYD's liquidity and solvency have shown a downward trend year by year. In terms of valuation, by comparing BYD's EPS and P/E ratio with Tesla, it is found that BYD has more long-term investment value than Tesla. The research in this paper provides guidance for investors to make investment decisions, and contributes support and foundation for the future advancement of BYD and the entirety of the new energy vehicle industry.

Estimating Direct and Indirect Damage to Industrial Facilities from Coastal Flooding: Case of Ulsan, Korea

As climate change accelerates, the damage caused by natural disasters to logistics and industrial facilities near coastal areas is expected to increase. This study estimates the economic damage caused by coastal inundation in Ulsan Metropolitan City in detail, based on the frequency of inundation and building types. An object-based analysis is conducted to calculate the damage by building type, and the results show that the ripple effect of the disaster accounted for the majority of the total damage. Ulsan's major industrial clusters are concentrated along the coastline, with factories accounting for 92% of the total direct damage. The results of an input-output analysis based on industry linkage tables showed that the indirect damages were 22.1, 8.6, and 3.8 times greater than the direct damages for petrochemicals, automobiles, and shipbuilding, respectively, which represent the main industries in Ulsan. The automobile industry has a large impact on employment, with ripple effects on both directly related industries and other industries. Unlike residential assets, industrial assets exhibit different damage characteristics, depending on whether coastal inundation affects a specific industry or the entire sector. Coastal areas are densely populated with multiple industries. Hence, the ripple effects on assets and employment are significant. Therefore, it is important to accurately identify industries that are highly interdependent with others in the development of effective disaster preparedness and recovery policies. The results of this study can be used as a basis for cost–benefit analyses of climate change disaster measures and policies in coastal cities.

Synergetic control analysis of CO2 and air pollutants in the automobile manufacturing industry in Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay area: The supply chain perspective

The pollution reduction and carbon-cutting measures of Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA) set a benchmark for sustainable development in China's urban agglomerations. While the automobile manufacturing industry significantly boosts the GBA's economic growth, its extensive cross-regional and cross-sector supply chains pose challenges for CO2 and pollution emission control. Analyzing emissions characteristics and transfer paths can clarify the GBA's role and guide targeted reduction measures. According to the multi-region input-output (MRIO) model and structural path analysis (SPA), this study clarifies that the automobile manufacturing industry in Guangdong, Hong Kong and Macao causes more than 72% of the CO2 and air pollutant (SO2, NOX, PM10) spillover to other regions, where the energy-resource-dominant upstream regions of Hebei, Shandong, and Henan emit high levels of CO2 and air pollutants, according for 19% of indirect supply chain emissions; the energy sector, non-metals sector, and metals sector are the key upstream, according for 59% of indirect supply chain emissions. Furthermore, our study identifies the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and neighboring regions, parts of the western region, and the GBA region and the metal products industry, automobile manufacturing industry, and water, electricity, and gas supply industry sector as the core area and key sector with significant synergistic effects on CO2 and air pollutant emissions. Therefore, implementing emission reduction measures in the identified core areas and sectors will contribute to the achievement of synergistic enhancement. These findings can inform decision-makers to promote sustainable development in the region. Furthermore, the research perspective based on the industrial chain offers new insights into defining regional responsibility for CO2 emissions and enhancing regional cooperation.

철도산업과 기후변화대응

The railroad industry is the best means of transportation to respond to climate change, as it is more energy efficient than the automobile and aircraft industries and emits about six times less greenhouse gases. As of 2018, the transportation sector of railroads emits 2.6% of greenhouse gases, but greenhouse gases should be reduced by converting diesel locomotives to new and renewable energy locomotives and electric locomotives. However, the Framework Act on the Railway Industry, the Railroad Safety Act, the Railroad Construction Act, and the Railroad Business Act do not have legal and institutional mechanisms to respond to climate change or adapt to the climate crisis. Review the legislation and precedents of France and the United States to seek implications for Korea. The Framework Act on the Railway Industry shall establish and implement the national freight and passenger transport sharing rate and the greenhouse gas reduction target, and shall be improved to include matters on climate change and response to the climate crisis in the national policies and basic plans. The Railway Construction Act should also monitor the effects of climate change, such as extreme heat waves, extreme cold waves, extreme strong winds (types), extreme floods, and extreme wildfires, analyze the cost-benefit analysis of adverse effects on railway infrastructure to build them in advance, and maintain them to improve the quality of railway infrastructure, and include climate change response and adaptation to the climate crisis in the railway network plan. The Railway Business Act and the Railroad Safety Act should be revised to ban the operation of diesel locomotives in stages, such as California and the United Kingdom, to raise funds for the conversion of diesel locomotives to environment-friendly locomotives, report their status to the Minister of Land, Infrastructure and Transport, and stipulate that diesel locomotives cannot be idled for more than 30 minutes. Finally, railway stations and structures should be installed with geothermal power plants and solar power plants, and certified as carbon-zero buildings.

주요 수입원으로 부동산 의존 여부에 따른 서비스업의 재무비율과 재무성과 간의 영향관계에 관한 연구

[Purpose] This paper analyzes the impact of financial ratios on the financial performance of two different types of service industries, called Group 1 and Group 2. Group 1 consists of maritime transport, air transport, hotel and car rental industries, which depend on real estate as a major source of income, while Group 2 consists of travel agencies, trading companies and information service industries, which do not depend on real estate as a major source of income. [Methodology] This study primarily analyzed 12 representative financial ratios, divided into four categories：profitability ratios, stability ratios, growth ratios, and activity ratios. Secondary data based on the Value Search from 2015 to 2019, was analyzed, and a multiple regression model was employed using SPSS 26.0. [Findings] The analysis showed that for Group 1, focusing on increasing low asset turnover with a relatively low debt ratio is a good way to improve a company’s profitability；for Group 2, focusing on relatively high asset turnover with relatively high debt ratio can improve a company’s profitability. [Implications] The financial performance of service industry was impacted by different types of financial ratios according to real estate dependence as major source of income.

Analysis of Cobalt Distribution and Co-Ni Correlation in Nickel Laterite Zonation in Tropical Region

Cobalt is a key metallic element required in the manufacture of lithium-ion batteries in the electric car industry, which has led to increased demand for cobalt globally. Cobalt is found associated with laterite nickel deposits but generally at lower levels. This study aims to analyze the distribution of cobalt in the laterite zone, determine cobalt-rich zones, determine cobalt-forming minerals in the limonite, saprolite and bedrock zones. As well as determining the average cobalt content in each nickel laterite zone, and determining the correlation between Co and Ni in the laterite zone. The research methodology was carried out by conducting petrographic analysis on bedrock samples to determine cobalt-forming minerals. Furthermore, X-Ray Diffraction analysis was carried out on limonite and saprolite zone samples to determine the mineral content and cobalt-forming minerals. Furthermore, conduct X-Ray Fluorescence analysis at 12 drill points to determine the percentage of cobalt elements in each laterite zone. Based on the research results, it is known that the distribution of cobalt at 12 drill points has levels in the limonite zone ranging from 0.05-0.12% Co, saprolite zone 0.02-0.05% Co, and the bedrock zone ranges from 0.01-0.04% Co. So it can be concluded that the highest cobalt distribution is in the limonite zone and the average cobalt content in the limonite zone is 0.082%; saprolite zone is 0.029%; and bedrock zone is 0.02%. The mineral identified as the cobalt-forming mineral in the bedrock samples in the study area is the mineral antigorite. The Co-Ni correlation coefficient values range from 0.01 to 0.22.

A Study on Latest trends in Automobile Industries with Reference to Electric Vehicles and Smart Grids

A Study on Latest trends in Automobile Industries with Reference to Electric Vehicles and Smart Grids

Vehicle modeling and state estimation for autonomous driving in terrain

The automobile industry usually ignores the height of the path and uses planar vehicle models to implement automatic vehicle control. In addition, existing literature mostly concerns level terrain or homogeneous road surfaces for estimating vehicle dynamics. However, ground vehicles utilized in forestry, such as forwarders, operate on uneven terrain. The vehicle models built on level terrain assumptions are inadequate to capture the rolling or pitching dynamics of such machines as rollover of such vehicles is a potential risk. Therefore, knowledge about the height profile of the path is crucial for automating such off-road operations and avoiding rollover. We propose the use of a six-degrees-of-freedom (6-DOF) dynamic vehicle model to solve the autonomous forwarder problem. An adaptive linear tire model is used in the 6-DOF model assuming the vehicle operates in a primary handling regime. The force models are modified to include the three-dimensional (3D) map information. The calibration procedures, identifying actuator dynamics, and quantifying sensor delays are also represented.The proposed vehicle modeling contributed to realizing the continuous-discrete extended Kalman filter (CDEKF), which takes into account the 3D path during filtering and fixed-lag smoothing. Polaris (an all-terrain electric car) is used as a case study to experimentally validate the vehicle modeling and performance of the state estimator. Three types of grounds are selected — an asphalt track, a concrete track with a high elevation gradient, and a gravel track inside a forest. Stable state estimates are obtained using CDEKF and sparse 3D maps of terrains despite discontinuities in satellite navigation data inside the forest. The height estimation results are obtained with sufficient accuracy when compared to ground truth obtained by aerial 3D mapping. Finally, the proposed model’s applicability for predictive control is demonstrated by utilizing the state estimates to predict future states considering (3D) terrain.

Research on the Subjective and Objective Evaluation Strategy of the Intelligent Vehicle Cockpit Based on the User Experience

The trend of intelligent networking in automobile industry is developing in full swing, with more and more functions. But feature richness does not necessarily reflect user needs. In order to perfect the evaluation system in the field of automobile intelligent cockpit, this paper constructs the subjective and objective evaluation strategy and tests the function of automobile intelligent cockpit. By building evaluation strategy, standardizing the tester, testing process pole test dimension, combining with subjective evaluation and eye movement, EEG device objective data, clear model and algorithm. Finally, the feasibility of the modified strategy is verified by a practical case.

Clarifying the Impact of Electrode Material Heterogeneity on the Thermal Runaway Characteristics of Lithium‐Ion Batteries

The safety and efficiency of lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) suggest a promising future for this technology, particularly in the automobile industry. However, thermal runaway—wherein a LIB undergoes an uncontrollable increase in temperature that may result in smoke, fire, or explosion—represents an important and widely studied failure type. Since the electrodes of LIBs are manufactured from porous composite materials, their heterogeneity can significantly influence the effective material characteristics and microscale behaviors of LIBs during operation. Microstructure geometric and electrochemical–thermal models are typically used to investigate these impacts. Herein, a microstructure geometric model is constructed of LIB's electrodes. A virtual multiphysics model is used to simulate the overcharging thermal runaway condition. The model's accuracy is validated through real‐world experiments. The model shows greater accuracy compared to the result from a conventional homogeneous geometric model and better reflects the heterogeneous internal phenomenon. The model is applied to a variable analysis in order to investigate how the varying heterogeneity of the cathode's porosity impacts the cell during overcharging thermal runaway behavior. Our results indicate that decreasing porosity heterogeneity at the cathode may delay thermal runaway, owing to the heterogeneous impact on particle diffusion behaviors and the side reaction rate.

Analysis of Financial Performance for Tesla: Based on Comparison with General Motors, Ford, and Toyota

As a matter of fact, the emergence of electric cars and new state-of-the-art technologies is changing the face of the automobile industry. This study compares the financial performance of Tesla with that of Toyota, General as well as Ford. To be specific, the critical financial variables compared are revenue, profitability, and market share over five years: 20192023. According to the numbers, Tesla revenues increased by 18.8% yearly, from $24.58 billion in 2019 to $96.77 billion in 2023. However, also in this very regard, Tesla appears to have way higher volatility in profitability than rivals, showing net income that is highly variable. General Motors and Ford both showed slower growth but are accompanied by Toyota, which still indicates good free cash flow margins and less overall volatility in results. This report highlights top automakers' competitive dynamics and strategic positioning, which benefit industry stakeholders and investors. Indeed, with an understanding of these financial trajectories, one can make wise investment decisions and spot future market trends.

From Trends to Drivers: Key Factors Propelling Electric Vehicle Sales

With the rapid advancement of human economic levels and modern civilization, the automobile manufacturing industry is increasingly confronted with challenges related to energy scarcity and environmental pollution. Low carbon emissions and energy savings have become the main focus of automotive development. Under the influence of government incentives, the sales of household electric vehicles (EVs) have increased significantly, although they still represent a small share of the overall car market. To examine the factors influencing consumer purchases of household EVs, this report integrates both qualitative and quantitative analyses, controlling for single variables. Using linear regression, an empirical analysis was conducted on 18 BYD models with varying ranges and prices. The results indicate a strong positive correlation between driving range, selling price, and EV sales. Looking ahead, the development of new energy vehicles should prioritize longer ranges, high-quality features, and cost-effective performance.

Remote Sensing Analysis of Smog-Inducing Aerosol Optical Depth: An Integrated Approach for Air Pollution Mitigation

Aerosol aggravation poses a significant challenge in the administrative Lahore Division of Punjab, Pakistan and contributes greatly to the persistent issue of smog. Since 2017, the division has experienced recurrent episodes of smog pollution, most notably in the months of October and November. In the present study, aerosol optical depth (AOD) has been analyzed alongside three metrological parameters: temperature, humidity and rainfall. These were tracked in October and November of 2018, 2020, and 2022 using remote sensing data and satellite imaging. Additionally, anthropogenic emissions data from automobile exhaust, industries and stubble burning were derived from secondary sources. Ultimately, the study helped piece together the complex environmental picture in Lahore Division in October and November. The results showed that AOD levels not only increased during this time, they were significantly influenced by a full range of metrological variables such as low temperature, high relative humidity, lack of rainfall and emissions from a variety of human activities. It was found that trucks, tractors and buses were among the worst contributors, alongside industry and stubble burning. Therefore, the present study suggests multi sectoral plans to mitigate aerosol levels and combat the smog menace, promoting environmental sustainability in the Lahore Division. A full set of recommendation is included, divided into three categories: industry, transport and agriculture. These are focused on technology, control systems, disposal, incentives, green solutions and more. At all levels, commitment, collaboration, and coordination are absolutely vital.

Adaptive remanufacturing for freeform surface parts based on linear laser scanner and robotic laser cladding

Freeform surface parts play a significant role in the aerospace industry, the mold- manufacturing industry and the automobile industry, and it is energy-saving, material-saving, time-saving and environmentally beneficial to remanufacture the damaged components to restore their functionality and performance. Due to the complex geometry of the freeform surface wear, the adaptive remanufacturing of freeform surface parts is confronted with challenges. In this paper, an adaptive remanufacturing method for freeform surface parts based on linear laser scanner and robotic laser cladding is proposed to realize the precise freeform surface measurement and optimized remanufacturing path generation. On the one hand, a systematic wear measurement and assessment method is proposed to precisely locate and quantify the wear. With the noncontact calibration of the laser scanner and industrial robot, the contour of the target surface is real-timely measured and the reverse model is efficiently constructed, which provides detailed 3D morphological information of the worn freeform surface for the latter wear analysis. Next, considering the considerable difference between the reverse model and the nominal model, a refined model aligning method weighted by surface wear segmentation is proposed to minimize the alignment error and, further, the difference entity to be additively manufactured is obtained by discrete model comparison. On the other hand, to cope with the unsatisfactory binding strength over the freeform surface basis and small fragments of the working path for the traditional plane or cylinder slicing method, a novel remanufacturing path generation method is proposed. Considering the curvature distribution of the freeform surface, an optimized equidistant freeform surface slicing method is especially proposed for the difference entity to realize the adaptive fitting to the freeform basin. Furthermore, based on the equivalent volume overlapping model of laser cladding, the cladding track filling method for the freeform surface slicing is designed with the optimized track-to-track distance, which can reduce surface waviness and improve remanufacturing efficiency. Finally, simulations and experiments for the remanufacturing scenario of the steam turbine blade are conducted to verify the validity and feasibility of the proposed adaptive remanufacturing method for freeform surface parts based on linear laser scanner and robotic laser cladding.

Observation and modeling of dynamic fracture behaviors of battery cell under impact loading using enhanced representative volume element concept

The burgeoning electric automobile industry has increased interest in battery safety. Battery cells experience significant mechanical stress during operation, including the impact of accidents and vibrations from driving. The potential for thermal runaway reactions in battery cells raises safety concerns. Although numerous researchers have defined the dynamic behavior of battery cells and proposed numerical models to describe it, few studies have focused on the high-strain rate mechanical impact phase correlated with the onset of fracture. In this study, we describe the dynamic behavior of pouch battery cells and propose a modeling method to study their mechanical failure under impact situations. Impact tests are conducted at various velocities and heights. To overcome numerical issues commonly encountered under rapid deformation scenarios, a new finite element model is developed based on the representative volume element model. The proposed approach efficiently simulates continuous crack propagation and brittleness behavior during impact by permitting the individual behavior of the cell components. Therefore, engineers can reliably design safer electric vehicle battery cells by measuring the properties of the cell components.

Electrocoagulation and Electrooxidation of Automobile Industry Wastewater

Electrocoagulation and Electrooxidation of Automobile Industry Wastewater