Car Competition Research Articles

Impact of Injection Duration and Injection Timing Variations on Torque and Power Output of the Ken Arok Urban Car Utilizing E100 Ethanol

State Polytechnic of Malang (Polinema) actively participated in the energy-efficient car competition. The Polinema team has developed an energy-efficient car called Ken Arok, which competes in the urban ethanol class (Internal Combustion Engine) concept. This class emphasizes using internal combustion engines as the driving force and ethanol as the fuel. Ken Arok won fifth place in the competition due to obstacles in the programmed ECU program, especially in the injection duration. This study examines the effect of the interaction between injection duration and injection time variations on the torque and power output of the Ken Arok urban car fueled by E100 ethanol. An experimental approach was used in this study. A modified motor, converted into an energy-efficient urban car, was tested. The injection duration mapping was varied in multiples of 2 ms, with values ​​ranging from 2 ms less than the standard to 2 ms more than the standard. Likewise, the injection time was varied in multiples of 2 degrees, including 2 degrees less than the standard and 2 degrees more than the standard. The dyno tester measured the torque and power generated under these conditions. The main objective of this study was to identify the optimal torque and power settings for the Ken Arok energy-efficient engine. The highest torque value recorded was 10.13 N.m, achieved at 6000 rpm when using an injection duration of 2 ms more than the standard (9.06 ms) and an injection timing advanced by 2 degrees (3580). The peak power output reached 8.7 HP at 6000 rpm under compression injection duration plus 2 ms (9.06 ms), and when the injection was advanced by 20 (3580).

Airfoil Design and Aerodynamics Characteristics of Energy-Efficient Race Car: CFD Analysis

The use of land transportation, primarily cars, is increasing annually. The energy required will increase along with the number of vehicles. Thus far, car manufacturers are required to improve car designs and propose fuel-efficient and environmentally friendly cars. The energy-efficient car competition, namely, Kontes Mobil Hemat Energi Indonesia, is organised for mechanical engineering students to contribute directly to research related to energy-efficient cars in Indonesia. One of the ways to save fuel is to reduce the aerodynamic force drag on the vehicle. This study aims to optimize the prototype vehicle airfoil design in producing the smallest possible coefficient of drag (Cd) and lift (Cl). A Taguchi design of experimental (DoE) is applied to set the 9 designs for this study, with three different values considered for each design parameters: Defiant Canard BL110, Clark YM15, Gottingen 256 for side airfoil shapes and Gottingen 410, Gottingen 460, and Boeing 737 Root for top airfoil shapes. This aerodynamic analysis uses the ANSYS 2020 R1 software, which is carried out at a speed of 30 km/h. Then the Cd and Cl values obtained will be analyzed. The results obtained for the optimal design of the Cd with variations in the side airfoil design Defiant Canard BL110 and top airfoil is Gottingen 410 with a Cd value of 0,1119. As for the optimal design of the Cl with variations in the side airfoil design Gottingen 256 and top airfoil is Gottingen 460 with a Cl value of 0,0250.

Development and Modification in IC Engine for Supra Kart (Review Paper)

Abstract: The design of the transmission system for a student formula styled racecar using a KTM RC 390 bike engine is one of the best choice for the engineering students who design the motorsport vehicles for all the student race car competitions. As there are many rules and restrictions on engine usage such as capacity, type of fuel usage permitted, maximum power allowed of engine and many more. In addition, this report emphasize on the suitable type of drivetrain system, type of transmission and diffrential drivetrain. The present report shows the analysis and various parametric data’s of stock KTM RC 390 Engine and the drivetrain of the car

Analisa Aerodinamika Body Mobil Listrik Dengan Metode Compputational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) pada Variasi Frontal Area dan Kecepatan Aliran Udara Menggunakan Software Ansys Fluent

Currently the government is working to achieve a Golden Indonesia 2045 and Indonesia Net Zero Emissions (NZE) 2060. In an effort to reduce carbon emissions, one of the government's efforts is to use electric vehicles in the transportation sector and create an Energy Saving Car (KMHE) competition organized by Ministry of Education, Culture, Research and Technology (Kemendikbudristek). This research was conducted to determine the aerodynamic values and their influence on variations in the frontal area and leading edge of the Pase Team Electric car body at Malikussaleh University. This simulation analysis was carried out using the computational fluid dynamic (CFD) method using Ansys Fluent software as a simulation tool. With variations in air flow speed of 2.7 m/s, 5.5 m/s, 8.3 m/s and 11.1 m/s, the aerodynamic values and influences on each body variation are obtained. For the drag coefficient on a body with a frontal area A=0.48m2, the average value obtained from the three leading edge angles 36ᵒ, 15ᵒ and 0ᵒ is 0.151. Then for the lift coefficient, an average value of -0.255 is obtained, which means the body produces a relatively low CD but produces large downforce. For the drag coefficient on a body with a frontal area A=0.39m2, the average value obtained from the three leading edge angles 36ᵒ, 15ᵒ and 0ᵒ is 0.134. Then for the lift coefficient, the average value was -0.138. So it can be concluded that by reducing the frontal area on the body and the leading edge angle, the Cd value can be reduced by 11.34% and CL by -46%.

Problems and prospects of decarbonization of road transport in the Russian Federation

On the way of decarbonization of certain sectors of the economy, new types of climate risks arise, and associated losses as a result of actions by the public and private sectors aimed at containing these changes, and not at adapting industries to climate change. Measures for decarbonization of motor transport are considered. The most effective of them in the medium term are measures to diversify the use of natural gas, traction electric drive and hydrogen fuel cells as energy sources. The key organizational, technological and economic problems that hinder the widespread use of these alternative energy sources in road transport are highlighted. The requirements for achieving the competitiveness of cars with traction electric drive and hydrogen fuel cells in comparison with oil-fueled cars are formulated.It has been established that the total gross GHG emissions of the Russian vehicle fleet in 2050, the expected number of which will decrease from 59.8 to 51.7 million units compared to 2021, may amount to 126.8 million tons of CO2 equivalent, which is 28.5 % less than in 2021. Compared to previous projections, the value of total GHG emissions from the vehicle fleet in 2050 will lag behind by about 5 years. At the same time, the vehicle fleet in 2050 will be dominated by automatic telephone exchanges with internal combustion engines on hydrocarbon fuels (liquid, gaseous). Only after 2045, the share of sales of electric vehicles of all types can exceed the share of sales of these types of automatic telephone exchanges with internal combustion engines [1].

Fiscal Policies on New Passenger Cars in Europe: Implications for the Competitiveness of Electric Cars

The objective of this article is to review the fiscal policies applied to new passenger cars in 30 European countries. The fiscal policies considered include the value added tax, the vehicle registration tax, the purchase subsidy, the ownership tax, and the tax on fuels/electricity. The article illustrates their properties and their implementation in each country. In order to appreciate how the different national approaches translate into financial incentives/disincentives in relation to electric cars, each country’s fiscal policies were applied to the Tesla Model 3 and the Toyota Corolla. The resulting acquisition costs and fiscal burden were then calculated and compared with reference to the year 2023. The results indicate that in some countries the Tesla Model 3 is cost competitive already in the acquisition phase (up to EUR 8524 cheaper), while in others is much more expensive (up to EUR 6590). The difference in the fiscal burden between the two car models ranges from EUR 448 to EUR 16,022, depending on the country. These findings have strong implications for social welfare, state budgets sustainability, and the need for car fiscal policy adjustments in the European countries.

The Teaching Application of the Backward Design Method in Chinese National Undergraduate Engineering Training Integration Ability Competition: Take the Double 8 Carbon-Free Car as an Example

National Undergraduate Engineering Training Integration Ability Competition is essential in Chinese engineering colleges. Among these items, the carbon-free car competition is popular among college students because of its flexible track, challenging design tasks, and fair judging criteria. In this study, to design a reasonable carbon-free car structure according to the track given by the competition, a reverse analysis method was proposed for the double 8-shaped carbon-free car trajectory based on the space cam mechanism. First, the carbon-free car’s structure was designed, and its stress state was analyzed, with the results indicating that the driving force should be reduced as much as possible under the premise of satisfying the starting requirements to increase the travel distance of the carbon-free car with no slipping. Then, the function between the car track and the front wheel swing angle was established, and the displacement law of the push rod of the cam mechanism was calculated through the swing angle of the front wheel. Finally, the cam profile was got based on the operating law of the push rod. Research has shown that compared with the traditional forward design, this method was more accurate with strong feasibility and operability, which provided good technical support for designing the subsequent carbon-free car competition.

Assessment of competitiveness of a Russian electric car as a substantiation of the need to stimulate electric cars market in Russia

Objective: to assess the competitiveness of a Russian electric car and an ICE car, taking into account the external costs associated with emissions of the main greenhouse gas – CO2.Methods: the article uses comparative and quantitative methods, the method of analysis and synthesis, the method of estimating the total cost of ownership (TCO), justifies the use of the avoidance cost approach as an optimal approach to assessing the external costs associated with climate change.Results: modern efficient economic development is inextricably linked with the organization of a low-carbon transport system. The green transition to electric vehicles makes it possible to solve the problem of externalities associated with the increased public costs due to greenhouse gas emissions. The paper examines the prospects for the transition to electric cars from the viewpoint of reducing the external costs of cars. The article assesses the current state and key barriers to the development of electric transport production. A comparative assessment of the competitiveness of Russian electric vehicles and ICE cars is given, taking into account the external costs associated with carbon emissions. The comparison was carried out based on an estimate of the total cost of ownership, taking into account the external costs associated with greenhouse gas emissions. As a result of the comparative analysis, it was determined that the total cost of five-year ownership of the Evolute i-Pro car, taking into account support measures, is even lower than that of the Lada Vesta Sport ICE sedan, which is close to it in terms of technical characteristics, by 342.7 thousand rubles. Without subsidies, Evolute i-Pro does not yet achieve parity in the cost of ownership with an ICE car, despite low operating costs, free parking and exemption from paying transport tax. Based on the conducted research, conclusions are made about the measures necessary to increase the gap between the total costs of ownership in ICE cars and electric cars to increase the competitiveness of the latter.Scientific novelty: the author’s approach was used to compare the competitiveness of the new Russian electric car Evolute i-Pro and Lada Vesta Sport ICE car, which, in addition to support measures, includes external costs associated with carbon emissions.Practical significance: the results obtained may be useful to developers of state support measures in assessing the effectiveness of the current subsidy mechanism and making decisions on further stimulating the development of the electric cars market in Russia. The results of the study will also be especially useful to residents of Moscow who are thinking of buying a Russian electric car.

Comparative assessment of competitiveness and external costs of electric car and car with internal combustion engine (on the example of Moscow)

Aim. To carry out a comparative evaluation of the competitiveness of electric car and car with internal combustion engine (ICE) of the middle price segment and their external costs on the example of Moscow.Tasks. To describe the methodology and estimate the total cost of ownership of an electric car “Moskvich 3e” and its gasoline counterpart “Moskvich 3”; calculate the external costs of an electric car and a gasoline-powered car related to greenhouse gas emissions and air pollutants; estimate the total cost for society.Methods. In order to compare the competitiveness of cars with different types of engines, the method of total cost of ownership was used; in the aspect of obtaining the total cost for society by economic evaluation of emissions, the external costs associated with climate change and air pollution were calculated.Results. Currently, the total cost of five-year ownership of electric car “Moskvich 3e” is higher in comparison with the car “Moskvich 3” practically by 461 thousand rubles, even taking into account the existing support measures in Moscow. The difference in external costs due to greenhouse gas emissions and air pollutants is about 68.3 thousand rubles. The electric car is more environmentally friendly and contributes less to climate change. The difference in the total cost of five-year ownership of an electric car “Moskvich 3e” and its gasoline analogue, taking into account the external costs (total cost for society) is 392 thousand rubles. This means that the internalization of external costs may slightly increase the competitiveness of the electric car.Conclusions. The study will allow potential buyers to assess the real affordability of vehicles of interest to them, in particular vehicles “Moskvich 3” and “Moskvich 3e”. The obtained results may serve as a basis for further development of support measures for electric motor vehicles in Moscow, for example, when calculating the amount of subsidy necessary to ensure the competitiveness of electric cars of the medium price segment.

Design and Fabrication of Composite Monocoque Chassis for Formula Student Racing Car

This study uses a combination of analytical, simulation, and experimental methods in the design process of a sandwich-structured composite monocoque chassis. The analytical method, which determines the stiffness value of the composite, depends on the number of layers and the orientation of the fiber angle. The simulation method, which is based on the finite-element method, is used to validate the stiffness value. The experimental method involves a 3-point bending test used to verify the effectiveness of the design produced by analytical and simulation methods. After all model designs were validated through simulation and experimental methods, the next stage is fabrication. The stiffness and strength are achieved with variations, which have combined layup orientation angles of 0° and 45°. This can be applied to all panels, regardless of the number of layers. Based on the design results, the processes involved in fabricating the monocoque chassis begin with the manufacture of molds and the lay-up of carbon fiber. The process is continued by inserting the prototype into the oven, after which the final product then undergoes finishing to prepare it for use. The fabricated monocoque chassis has been used in 2 events in Japan’s annual Formula SAE student racing car competition.

Performance Analysis and Lightweight Design of Steering Knuckle of Formula Student Racing

In this paper, the FSC Formula car ELSA of Wuhan University of Technology in 2020 is taken as the research object. On the premise of complying with the requirements of 2021 China Formula Student Car Competition Rules, CATIA modeling software is used to complete the model establishment and overall assembly of the steering knucle. It is imported into the finite element analysis software Ansys for grid division and static analysis, analysis of the stress and strain of the steering knuckle, and based on this, the structure design of the steering knuckle. In order to meet the performance requirements of the competition, lightweight design should be carried out as far as possible.

Desain dan analisis chassis tipe tubular space frame

Automotive is one of the mainstay products in the world today, especially in 4-wheeled vehicles and 2-wheeled vehicles. One of them is electric cars whose main driving force uses electric power. Some of the advantages possessed by electric vehicles with oil-fueled vehicles include free air police from exhaust fumes, no odor and a smoother motor sound. The development of electric cars in Indonesia, which is now growing rapidly, especially among university students, is being held with competitions to make electric cars that are worthy of being marketed. For that we need an energy-efficient car chassis design that is in accordance with the regulations of the Indonesian Electric Car Competition (KMLI). Research on the design chassis in previous studies has been done with different dimensions, materials, and types of chassis used. The purpose of this research is to design and analyze chassis type Tubular Space Frame using Solidworks 2019 Software in the hope of producing a chassis that is strong, lightweight and has flexibility properties while still paying attention to the Factor of Safety (FOS) when used. The chassis designed using Solidwork 2019 software has dimensions, including: Length = 1883.40 mm, Height = 1033.40 mm, Width = 721.34 mm. The results of the analysis and determination of the material between Aluminum 6061-T6 and Aluminum 6063-T6 used with a comparison of the values ​​of stress, displacement, and safety of factors that occur in the frame, it can be concluded that the chassis is a tubular type with the use of pipes 34.4 x 26.64 3.38 mm thick and 21.36 x 15.50 mm thick 2.77 mm is the most secure chassis and the weight is quite light.

Optimization Design of Suspension and Steering System for FSAE Racing Car

The China Formula Student Car Competition has been growing in recent years. In order to improve the steering lightness and body stability of FSAE cars when driving under high-speed and multi-curve conditions. This paper constructs a three-dimensional model of suspension and steering system through CATIA according to the requirements of race rules, applies ADAMS/Car module to simulate the suspension system with two-wheel isotropic excitation, obtains the change curve of suspension performance parameters, and uses ADAMS/Insight module to optimize the unreasonable parameters through the analysis results. Based on the preliminary optimized suspension system, MATLAB is used to optimize the steering trapezoidal mechanism to make the wheel steering on both sides of the race car more closely match the ideal Ackerman geometry relationship. Finally, ANSYS is applied to finite element analysis of the important parts of the suspension and steering system to ensure that their structure and materials can meet the requirements of the whole car design.

ANALYSIS OF THE MARKET OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF ELECTRIC CARS BY TESLA

Investigate the current state of development of electric cars, especially Tesla company and outline the prospects for its further development. Analyzed the task of the scientific work consider the role and place of electric cars in the transport system; to analyze the technical and economic features of electric cars; analysis of global and Ukrainian production of electric cars and to analyze the potential and competitiveness of electric cars in comparison with cars with internal combustion engines; program development prospects of electric cars based on methods of stimulating electric car markets in different countries of the world.

INTEGRAL ASSESSMENT OF THE COMPETITIVENESS OF UKRAINIAN-MADE CARS (COMPARED WITH THE DIRECT COMPETITORS ON THE AUTOMOBILE MARKET)

The article provides an integral assessment of the competitiveness of Ukrainian-made cars (compared with the direct competitors on the automobile market). An integral assessment of the competitiveness of Ukrainian-made cars compared with the direct competitors on the automobile market (for ZAZ Lanos – Hyundai Accent and Kia Rio; for ZAZ Lanos Cargo – Bohdan-2310 pickup and IZH 27175; for ZAZ Sens – Geely CK and Bohdan-2110; for ZAZ Forza − Chevrolet Aveo and Hyundai Accent; for ZAZ Vida – Fiat Albea and Bohdan-2111; for Bohdan-2110 – Geely CK and ZAZ Sens; for Bohdan-2111 – Fiat Albea and ZAZ Vida; for Bohdan-2310 pickup – ZAZ Lanos Cargo and IZH 27175; for Bohdan 2312 – ZAZ Lanos Cargo and IZH 27175) is based on an expert method. The ranks (I; II; III) provided by 15 experts are subjected to the normalization procedure, and a single synthetic rank is formed from the normalized ranks according to a certain comparative criterion. Comprehensive indicator of the competitiveness of cars in terms of non-price parameters is formed from the obtained synthetic ranks according to the comparative criteria “quality”, “assortment (modifications)” and “service maintenance”. The integral indicator of the competitiveness of cars is obtained by synthesizing the values of complex indicators according to the price parameter and non-price parameters. The medium level of competitiveness of Ukrainian-made cars (an exception is ZAZ Lanos, which demonstrates a high level of competitiveness) on the automobile market is determined by: mostly constructive influence of the “Price” and “Service maintenance” parameters; mostly destructive influence of the “Quality” and “Assortment (modifications)” parameters. The prospects for increasing the competitiveness of Ukrainian-made cars are: maintaining of the competitive positions by the “Price” and “Service maintenance” parameters; improvement of competitive positions by the “Quality” and “Assortment (modifications)” parameters.

일본 수출규제 이후 자동차 산업의 무역경쟁력 변화에 관한 연구

Purpose This study analyzed how Japan’s export regulations affected the imports and exports of the automobile industry, and examined whether there was a change in the trade competitiveness of the automobile industry. Design/Methodology/Approach In order to examine the degree of improvement in the automobile industry’s imports, exports, and trade competitiveness with Japan in Korea, the world and Japanese import and export statistical data of the automobile industry were aggregated for five periods. In addition, the change trend in the dependence on imports and exports of automobiles and parts to Japan was examined. In addition, the change in competitiveness of the Korean automobile and parts industry to Japan was examined using the trade specialization index. Findings As a result of the analysis, it was found that the trade deficit of automobiles and parts with Japan in 2021 fell compared to 2017 and 2019. In the case of import and export dependence, there was little change in export dependence, but it was confirmed that there was a significant decrease in import dependence. Korea’s dependence on exports of automobiles and parts to Japan has decreased slightly, but its dependence on imports has decreased by 10 times, which can be interpreted as Japan receiving more trade losses in the automobile industry due to the Korea-Japan trade dispute. Research Implications In the passenger car sector, it can be evaluated that there has been a result of the boycott of Japanese products, and efforts to strengthen the competitiveness of domestic cars and diversify import lines should continue to continue this in the future. In addition, in order to continue this performance in automobile parts, efforts should be made to improve product competitiveness and import dependence in more diverse item groups in the parts.

PERAKITAN CHASSIS DAN POWERTRAIN KENDARAAN URBAN CONCEPT HEMAT ENERGI UNTUK KONTES MOBIL HEMAT ENERGI DI SMK N 1 SAMBI

The Energy Efficient Car Contest - Kontes Mobil Hemat Energi (KMHE) is an annual national level fuel efficient car competition organized by the National Achievement Center - Pusat Prestasi Nasional (Pusprenas) of the Indonesian Ministry of Education, Culture, Research and Technology in collaboration with one of the universities in Indonesia as the host. One of the categories of competition in KMHE is the Urban Concept type, which is a four-wheeled vehicle that looks like a car in general and is suitable for driving on the road with an internal combustion motor driven with alcohol as an alternative fuel. Vehicle weight is a major obstacle in efforts to save fuel. Vehicles must be designed in such a way that they are light in weight but without compromising their ability to drive. The weight of the Urban Concept vehicle is contributed by the engine, powertrain, body, chassis and driver's weight. The engine used must use an engine on the market (using premium/pertalite/pertamax fuel), so that weight reduction can only be done in other components. On this occasion, the students of SMK Negeri 1 Sambi, Boyolali, Central Java were given the concept of how to design a chassis and powertrain that meets the needs of a vehicle but is light in weight.

Design of Self-Balancing Tracing Bicycle for Smart Car Competition Case Under Engineering Education

Smart car is an academic competition held for cultivating college students' engineering ability in China for 16 years. To improve the performance of smart cars, this study integrates engineering education topics by introducing a smart car system with regard to the selection of key components, design of hardware and circuit boards, processing of sensor signals, as well as assembly, algorithms, and control. After completing this engineering education, students could achieve better results in the academic competition. According to the K model rules of the 16th smart car competition, a self-balancing autonomous tracking bicycle based on steering gear control is designed and developed. A gyroscope is used to detect the posture of the bicycle. It inductively receives the centerline of the track and then combined with the PID control algorithm realizes the autonomous tracking. The whole process from mechanical structure optimization and electronic circuit design to algorithm design, debugging, and competition runs through the CDIO of engineering education, realizing the cultivation of compound engineering innovative abilities.

Optimal prices for ridesourcing in the presence of taxi, public transport and car competition

Ridesourcing platforms have acquired an important role as an alternative travel mode in almost all major cities in the world. These new mobility applications offer benefits for users over traditional taxi and public transport alternatives. However, there is mounting evidence that ridesourcing worsens traffic congestion. Given this potential negative impact and the complicated relationship between travel modes, it is unclear how policymakers should respond to the appearance of this new transport option. In this paper, we present a social welfare maximization model with four modes (automobile, taxi, buses and ridesourcing services) to derive the optimal first-best and second-best fares, considering the congestion externality generated by each mode. We apply this model to Santiago, Chile, using available parameter estimates to derive optimal fares with a novel inverse demand system (Inverse Product Differentiation Logit model). The results indicate that ridesourcing fares should be 29% higher per ride in the first-best scenario and 59% higher in the second-best scenario compared to current levels. However, our second-best scenario (in which buses and taxis have fares given by current levels and there is no congestion pricing for cars) reaches only 18% of the welfare gains from a first-best scenario. Sensitivity analysis shows that these results are not sensitive to several key assumptions, however they are sensitive to the parametrization of the flow-delay function in the second-best scenario. Our simulations also show that the optimal surcharge should be slightly higher if the average occupancy rate for ridesourcing services increases. This result is due to the higher overall use of this service, as the average fare per passenger decreases when more passengers ride together.

A Weighted Statistical Network Modeling Approach to Product Competition Analysis

Statistical network models have been used to study the competition among different products and how product attributes influence customer decisions. However, in existing research using network-based approaches, product competition has been viewed as binary (i.e., whether a relationship exists or not), while in reality, the competition strength may vary among products. In this paper, we model the strength of the product competition by employing a statistical network model, with an emphasis on how product attributes affect which products are considered together and which products are ultimately purchased by customers. We first demonstrate how customers’ considerations and choices can be aggregated as weighted networks. Then, we propose a weighted network modeling approach by extending the valued exponential random graph model to investigate the effects of product features and network structures on product competition relations. The approach that consists of model construction, interpretation, and validation is presented in a step-by-step procedure. Our findings suggest that the weighted network model outperforms commonly used binary network baselines in predicting product competition as well as market share. Also, traditionally when using binary network models to study product competitions and depending on the cutoff values chosen to binarize a network, the resulting estimated customer preferences can be inconsistent. Such inconsistency in interpreting customer preferences is a downside of binary network models but can be well addressed by the proposed weighted network model. Lastly, this paper is the first attempt to study customers’ purchase preferences (i.e., aggregated choice decisions) and car competition (i.e., customers’ co-consideration decisions) together using weighted directed networks.