Car Bumper Research Articles

Simulasi Respon Mekanik Komposit Busa Polimer Diperkuat Serat Tkks Dengan Variasi Konsentrasi Al2O3

Polymer foam composite reinforced by oil palm empty fruit bunches has been developed and with the addition of variations of Al 2 O 3 (alumina) powder as an alternative engineering material on car bumper beams. The purpose of this study is to obtain the results of a comparison of mechanical responses on the two types of bumper beams obtained from experimental results and dynamic simulations using ANSYS Software. The results of the stress distribution that occurs using ANSYS, for bumper-beam type 1 is 0.14122 MPa, 0.1527 MPa, 0.13427 MPa, and 0.1887 MPa for axis x, y, z, and equivalent stress, respectively. Bumper-beam type 2 stresses that occur on the x, y, z, and equivalent stress is 0.011818 MPa, 0.01137 MPa, 0.018746 MPa, and 0.03718 MPa, respectively. The results can be concluded that the addition of Al2O3 (alumina) powder to the bumper beam composition can improve its mechanical response.

Manufacture and Characterization of Pandan Wangi (Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb) Fiber-Based Composite Board with Epoxy Resin

The manufacture and characterization of pandan wangi fiber-based compositeboards with epoxy resin using random fiber orientation method, fiber length 4 cm, withfiber composition in grams (0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5), mechanical and physical testing hasbeen carried out. The results obtained a tensile strength value of 52.26 MPa, flexuralstrength 49.74 MPa, impact strength 30.6 kJ.mm-2, density 1.07 g.cm-3, and moisturecontent 2.05%. The results showed that the mechanical and physical properties that meetthe JIS A5905: 2003 standard are tensile strength > 0.4 MPa, bending strength > 32 MPa,density 0.3-1.3 g.cm-3, and moisture content 5-13 %. Therefore, pandan wangi fibercomposite with epoxy resin can be applied to car bumpers.

Experimental determining the mechanical and stiffness properties of natural rubber FRT triangle elastic joint composite reinforcement by glass fibers and micro/nano particles

Rubber is a type of material widely used in industries for waterproofing, storing and transporting fluids, energy shock dampers, thermal insulation, and corrosion protection. Natural Rubber (NR) polymer is a material that is extensively used in the automotive industries because of its unique properties such as high strength, low weight, and excellent corrosion resistance. In this study, the mechanical properties of NR based car bumpers were investigated by adding reinforcing particles to it. The used reinforcing materials include SiC, MgO, Fe2O3 particles and Glass fibers, which were added to the base material at different sizes and weight percentages including 4% and 8%. Composite samples were made by mixing NR with reinforcement using special rollers and then vulcanized in the furnace at a specific temperature, to achieve standard torque, for each individual sample. To better characterize produced samples and recognizing of elements and their bonds, FT-IR, TGA, and XRD analysis were done. All specimens were subjected to hardness and tensile tests; their axial and radial stiffness, as well as their component durability tests, were investigated and compared with the base material. The maximum results were obtained from the mechanical property tests belonged to the reinforced specimen with 8%w.t. Glass fibers, that the ultimate tensile strength, hardness, and durability were 57%, 32%, and 33% higher than that of the non-reinforced NR sample, respectively. The SEM and SEM-MAP images of the fracture cross-section showed a crack growth inhibition effect in the samples by adding glass fibers.

Assessment of the complications after percutaneous fixation with cannulated cancecellous screws among the cases of tibial plateau fractures in a tertiary healthcare institute: a cross sectional study

<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> Fractures in the tibial plateau were first defined as car bumper fractures. Tibial plateau fractures are a diverse group of fractures that reflect a wide range of intensity, ranging from simple accidents to intricate fracture trends that test even the most qualified surgeons. The present study was conducted to study the result of minimally invasive technique for tibial plateau fractures by percutaneous fixation with cannulated cancellous screws and to study complications associated with it in a tertiary care center.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> It was a cross sectional study conducted among 13 patients with tibial plateau fractures during January 2016 to December 2016 admitted under department of orthopedics in a tertiary healthcare institute in northern Maharashtra. The criteria for selection of a case were a fracture of tibial plateau (Shatzker’s type I to type IV) with displacement or depression more than 8mm.<strong></strong></p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> One patient (7%) had compartment syndrome at the time of presentation. No patient in our series had early postoperative complication. One patient developed knee joint pain 16 months after operation due to early osteo-artgritic changes.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Conclusions:</strong> There was no early complication related to surgery like superficial or deep infection, damage to neurovascular structures, etc. Ten patients (76%) achieved full range of knee motion within 3 months after operation. All the fractures were united within 14 weeks duration.</p>

Parametric study of automotive shape memory alloy bumper beam subjected to low-velocity impacts

The Automobile’s Bumper Beam as an energy absorber has the task of dissipating kinetic energy due to an accident. The necessity of lighter materials with the secure usage of vehicles caused the researchers to consider about the new class of materials for bumper systems. Shape memory alloys have drawn much attention and interest due to their unique properties such as shape memory effect and pseudoelasticity. SMAs are widely being used in a number of applications, however, in this paper, automobile applications are discussed. In this essay, energies such as kinetic energy, internal energy and also the effect of car weight and bumper beam on the mechanical behavior of NiTiNOl are investigated.

Effect of Fiber Loading and Alkali Treatment on Rice Straw Fiber Reinforced Composite for Automotive Bumper Beam Application

Natural fiber-reinforced composites (NFC) comprise the principal subject for the wide-ranging research in the material industries with lower costs. The use of rice straw as the reinforcement material for polymer composites intended for car bumper application is reported. This study was aimed to evaluate the composite mechanical properties of tensile and impact strength, as well as the microscopic structures, under the alkali treatment of NaOH and 10, 20, 30 and 40% (v/v) fiber loading variations. The results showed that the mechanical properties of alkali-treated composites were improved relative to the untreated fiber-reinforced composites. The highest tensile strength was observed at 14.75 MPa together with the highest impact strength at 23.52 J cm-1 for the alkali-treated and 30% fiber loading composites. This makes the rice straw fiber-reinforced composites at 30% fiber loading competitive against the standard commercial bumper with a maximum tensile strength of 8.08 MPa and impact strength of 23.31 J cm-1. The precise claim of alkali conduct with sodium hydroxide indicates the improvement of tensile and impact strength of the RSF-reinforced composites. This study also shows fiber loading provides various mechanical properties of the composites. The rice straw fiber, at 30% fiber loading attached with the alkali treatment comprises an alternative material to reinforce a polymer composite for automotive bumper application with a viable tensile and effect strong point against a marketable bumper.

Crash Analysis On The Automotive Vehicle Bumper

In this article deals the crash investigation of Bumper for different materials using ANSYS Workbench. Bumper is a vital parameter which is used as safety protection for passengers from accidents by means of impact energy absorption from collision environment. The ultimate focus of this work is material optimization for Bumper by performing impact analysis with the help of ANSYS. The entire analysis process comprises of two stages, which are conceptual design of Bumper and preparation of Bumper for numerical analysis. The optimization of this work is based on structural parametric results, in which total deformation, equivalent stress induced are primarily involved. . The reference component’s modeling process is completed by means of CATIA, and then the impact analysis is carried by ANSYS Workbench 16.2, in which the materials used for bumper are Steel and Glass fiber based composite with the constant boundary conditions [speed = 13.3 m sec-1]. Finally suitable material is finalized for car bumper.

Investigation into mechanical properties to use recycled Polypropylene/Talc composites for car bumper application

In today’s modern dynamic world, automobile industry has seen many revolutions and developments over couple of decades to improve the performance and efficiency. One of the major revolutions was to replace metallic components to high performance polymer composites to reduce total weight of automobiles. As a result we can find more than 50% use of polymer composite and other high performance materials in automobiles like passenger car. In addition to this, the present development is towards making low cost models in cars to make it available to middle class families. Many OEM (Original Equipment Manufacturers) are working for different cost cars for same model to sell across the globe based on the economic status of the countries. Also, unlike metals, which are easily recoverable and recyclable, plastic waste increase forces the government to legislate for the limitation of such waste by introducing the concept of recycling. As a result manufacturers are looking for use of virgin polymer (Polypropylene) along with some percentage of recycled one to reduce the total cost of manufacturing.
 The present recycling world uses used materials; reprocess them so that they can be used for further applications. This recycling business emphasizes on quantity rather on quality, so mechanical properties actually changes when product made out of Polypropylene are being recycled. The thing is to see how the mechanical strength changes when Polypropylene is recycled and what are the variations in mechanical properties when unused Polypropylene (PP) is mixed with some percentage of Recycled Polypropylene (RPP) along with some percentage of Impact Modifier and Filler material.

Investigation on Crash Analysis of a Frontal Car Bumper

A new design and development of a bumper are proposed for a Hyundai i10 car. The developed bumper is analysed for crash worthiness. The performance is compared with different bumper materials, such as ABS, E-glass epoxy resin, and polyamide-30% glass fibres. In this work, impact and collision of a car are simulated and analysed using ANSYS explicit dynamics. The car is modelled using Pro-e and exported to ANSYS. The bumper is first analysed using the basic design and material. Thereafter, the analysis is done with the bumper with added reinforcement and change in material. Two cases of impact have been considered: they are full frontal impact barrier and half impact barrier. The purpose of the frontal crash analysis is to understand the impact of the crash. The new bumper design must be versatile enough to reduce the rider injury and keep intact throughout low-speed impact besides being stiff enough to dissipate the K.E. in high-speed impact. The bumper is a key structure for absorbing energy of collisions. The crash analysis simulation and results can be used to assess both the crashworthiness of current bumper and to analyse ways to boost the design.

Robotic Spot Welding of DOCOL 1200M Steel

The paper presents robotic spot resistance welding technologies for DOCOL 1200M steel with a thickness of 1.8 mm. DOCOL 1200M steel with a martensitic structure is intended mainly for the production of car bumpers, side beams and other elements ensuring the safety of the user of motor vehicles. The test joints were made on a robotic station equipped with a KUKA KR180 robot and a welding from ARO. The obtained welded joints were subjected to macro and microscopic metallographic tests, hardness measurement and strength tests. It has been shown that for properly selected resistance spot welding, DOCOL 1200M steel joints with a satisfactory strength level can be obtained.

Relative Differences in Concentration Levels during Sawing and Drilling of Car Bumpers Containing MWCNT and Organic Pigment.

Introduction. Knowledge on the exposure characteristics, including release of nanomaterials, is especially needed in the later stages of nano-enabled products’ life cycles to perform better occupational risk assessments. The objective of this study was to assess the concentrations during sawing and drilling in car bumpers containing multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and nanosized organic pigment (OP) under variable realistic workplace situations related to the ventilation in the room and machine settings. Methods. Twelve different experiments were performed in triplicate (N = 36) using tools powered by induction engines that allow interference-free particle measurements. A DiSCmini was used to measure particle number concentrations, whereas particle size distributions were measured using Aerodynamic Particle Sizer (TSI), Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (TSI), and Electrical Low Pressure Impactor (Dekati). In addition, inhalable particles were sampled using IOM samplers on filters for scanning electron microscope/energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM/EDX) analyses. Data were analysed to estimate the effects of individual exposure determinants, in a two-stage modelling strategy using Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average models (stage 1) and subsequently combining first stage results in simulations using multiple linear regression models (stage 2). Results. In sawing experiments, partly melted carbon-rich particles (mainly ~2 to ~8 µm) were identified with SEM/EDX, whereas drilling experiments revealed no activity-related particles. In addition, no pristine engineered nanoparticles (MWCNTs and OP) were observed to be liberated from the matrix. Statistical analyses showed significant effects of a higher sawing speed, a reduction in air concentration due to mechanical ventilation, and less exposure during sawing of car bumpers containing MWCNTs compared to bumpers containing OP. Conclusion. The experiments in this study give an indication of the effects of different abrasive activities (sawing, drilling), machine settings (sawing speed, drill size), mechanical ventilation, and material characteristics on the manufactured nano-objects, their agglomerates, and aggregates concentration levels.

Impact resistance of composite magnetic metamaterials

In this work, through numerical studies, we show the possibility of designing composites in a form of magneto-mechanical metamaterials which are capable of exhibiting an enhanced impact resistance in comparison to their non-magnetic counterparts. We also show that it is possible to control the impact resistance of the system solely by means of the magnitude of the magnetic moment associated with magnetic inclusions inserted into the system as well as through the way how magnetic inclusions are distributed within the structure. The latter result is particularly interesting as in this work we show that through the appropriate distribution of magnetic inclusions it is possible to minimise the force that is being transferred to an object through the protective mechanical metamaterial. It is also suggested that the concept proposed in this work can be implemented in the case of already existing protective devices such as military-related protective devices and car bumpers in order to increase their efficiency.

Relative Differences in Concentration Levels during Sawing and Drilling of Car Bumpers Containing MWCNT and Organic Pigment

Knowledge on the exposure characteristics, including release of nanomaterials, is especially needed in the later stages of nano-enabled products' life cycles to perform better occupational risk assessments. The objective of this study was to assess the concentrations during sawing and drilling in car bumpers containing multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and nanosized organic pigment (OP) under variable realistic workplace situations related to the ventilation in the room and machine settings. Twelve different experiments were performed in triplicate (N = 36) using tools powered by induction engines that allow interference-free particle measurements. A DiSCmini was used to measure particle number concentrations, whereas particle size distributions were measured using Aerodynamic Particle Sizer (TSI), Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (TSI), and Electrical Low Pressure Impactor (Dekati). In addition, inhalable particles were sampled using IOM samplers on filters for scanning electron microscope/energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM/EDX) analyses. Data were analysed to estimate the effects of individual exposure determinants, in a two-stage modelling strategy using Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average models (stage 1) and subsequently combining first stage results in simulations using multiple linear regression models (stage 2). In sawing experiments, partly melted carbon-rich particles (mainly ~2 to ~8 µm) were identified with SEM/EDX, whereas drilling experiments revealed no activity-related particles. In addition, no pristine engineered nanoparticles (MWCNTs and OP) were observed to be liberated from the matrix. Statistical analyses showed significant effects of a higher sawing speed, a reduction in air concentration due to mechanical ventilation, and less exposure during sawing of car bumpers containing MWCNTs compared to bumpers containing OP. The experiments in this study give an indication of the effects of different abrasive activities (sawing, drilling), machine settings (sawing speed, drill size), mechanical ventilation, and material characteristics on the manufactured nano-objects, their agglomerates, and aggregates concentration levels.

Novel epoxy-carbonized coconut shell nanoparticles composites for car bumper application

The structure and mechanical properties of carbonized coconut shell nanoparticles (CSnp) reinforced epoxy composite have been evaluated to establish the possibility of using the composite as a new material for automobile car bumper application. Epoxy resin of the type LY556 was blended together with CSnp at 5–25 wt%. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), mechanical test, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were examined. SEM morphology reveals adhesion between CSnp and polymer matrix at low wt%CSnp while at higher weight percent of CSnp agglomeration of CSnp was observed. The addition of CSnp at 25 wt% produced the optimal hardness values of 26.35 VHN, tensile stress of 338.75 MPa, and flexural strength of 156 MPa, while at 10 wt% CSnp produced optimal impact energy value of 5.71 J. The developed epoxy composite when compared with two existing Toyota models showed improved impact energy at break of 10.5% over Big Daddy Model and 37.45% over Carina model under the same testing conditions.

PP-CBW/m-LLDPE/micro-CaCO3 composite films manufactured from bumper waste by blown film extrusion

The synthesis of polypropylene-based car bumper waste (PP-CBW)/metallocene linear low-density polyethylene (m-LLDPE)/micro-CaCO3 composite films for agriculture mulch films applications has been thoroughly investigated during this study. The chemical composition of these wastes was determined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Three blends of various compositions were prepared using a twin-screw extruder, the pellets were then blown into films using a single screw extruder. The mechanical properties of the films were then studied and compared with the EN 13655, 2002 standards for agriculture mulch films applications. The results indicated that the use of an anhydride grafted polypropylene (MAH-g-PP) as compatibilizer improves the adherence at the interface between the polar acrylic paints present in the car bumper waste and the polymer matrix. Also, the presence of stearic acid surface treated micro-CaCO3 improves considerably the mechanical properties of the composite when the amount of PP-CBW is less than 13 wt%. Using higher amount of PP-CBW improves the tear resistance properties in TD and MD but fails to increase the impact strength and the tensile properties in MD and TD.

Development and implementation of a multi-scale model for matrix micro-cracking prediction in composite structures subjected to low velocity impact

In this paper, a novel multi-scale damage model has been developed to predict the progression of matrix micro-cracking in a prototype car bumper under low-velocity impact. The methodology is based on FE micro-damage modelling to calibrate the parameters of a Synergistic Damage Mechanics model considering multi-axial loading, combined with a matrix micro-crack multiplication model. Python scripting was used to model a series of micro-mechanical FE models to determine the damage parameters, which were then used to simulate damage evolution at the structural scale, using a VUMAT subroutine. Following validation, the effects of the impactor's initial velocity, stacking sequence, rate-dependency and bumper's cross sectional profile have been evaluated for different material systems. The patterns of damage progression show that the damage model can accurately predict the progression of matrix micro-cracking, paving the way for the utilization of accurate multi-scale analysis tools in composite structures.

TiO2/carbon dots decorated reduced graphene oxide composites from waste car bumper and TiO2 nanoparticles for photocatalytic applications

Upcycling waste car bumper to value added carbon based nanomaterials has been achieved through facile catalytic pyrolysis. As synthesized TiO2 nanoparticles has been used for the first time as catalyst during pyrolysis process of the plastic waste. The quality and the performance of the produced carbon nanomaterials have been evaluated through different characterization techniques. The results show that, while rGO were produced from the thermal pyrolysis of waste car bumper in absence of TiO2 catalyst, rGO decorated with carbon dots have been produced in presence of TiO2 catalyst. Interestingly, simultaneous TiO2 rutile to anatase phase transformation and carbon nanomaterials formation has been occurred upon the catalytic transformation of the waste car bumper, however, an expected anatase to rutile transformation has been observed upon thermal treatment of TiO2 in the absence of the bumper. The photocatalytic performance of the created TiO2/CDs/rGO has been tested for the photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue. This paper provides a first attempt as an innovative approach to the upcycling waste into novel and high performance carbon nanomaterials for the application in photocatalysis. This innovative approach can be utilized to create various carbon nanocomposites utilizing metal oxides as catalyst and different plastic waste system as a carbon resource.

Prospective nanomaterial mass flows to the environment by life cycle stage from five applications containing CuO, DPP, FeOx, CNT and SiO2

Many new nanoapplications containing engineered nanomaterials (ENM) are introduced to the market every year. Because they have the potential to release ENM to the environment during their life cycle, it is desirable to investigate the amounts of ENM that could be emitted to the environment before they occur. In this research, we created ENM mass consumption scenarios and modelled prospectively the ENM mass flows produced at each life cycle stage of five nano-enhanced applications, using a probabilistic material flow analysis method and a bottom-up approach. The nanoapplications are: (i) wood coating containing CuO; (ii) car bumper with DPP (organic pigment) or (iii) Fe2O3 (inorganic pigment); (iv) polymeric car part with CNT; and (v) pancake mixture with SiO2. The simulated flows were used to (a) describe the potential ENM mass flows in Europe and to determine the distribution of the mass at the end of each LC stage among the technical and environmental compartments analyzed; (b) to compare the flows produced by single applications with the total flows from all existing applications; (c) to estimate the release concentrations in environmental compartments; and (d) to evaluate the origin of the flows by LC stage. The total flows were taken from previously published research or newly modelled in the case of CuO and DPP. The results show that most ENM mass flows from each single application occurred during their end-of-life stage and the main receiving compartments were the landfill (except pancake mixture application) or the agricultural soils and sediments (only pancake mixture). In general, a substantial proportion of the ENMs was either eliminated or transferred to recycling facilities, from where the recovered material fractions containing ENMs could be used as secondary raw materials. The comparison with the total flows shows that only the wood coating would result in a considerable increase of the ENM mass flows to the environment, given the market penetration assumed (1%). The use of the pancake mixture would produce the highest flows into the environment among the different ENMs analyzed, as a consequence of the high direct release during its end-of-life. The assessment by LC stage allowed to stress the role of manufacturing in dominating the flows into the environment for some applications. In general, our assessment shows the potential of the existing material flow modeling methods to investigate prospectively the emissions of ENM mass into the environment from specific applications.

Graphene Flagship yields breakthrough in composites technology for structural applications

Professor Ahmed Elmarakbi recently rocked the reinforced plastics world by unveiling the world’s first graphene composite structural, automotive component: a car bumper made of graphene and fiber reinforced plastics. Graphene turns out to be able to enhance the material more than previously expected, but only if you stick to rigorous standards in production and processing. We asked Elmarakbi to gives us some details and a glimpse of what nanocomposites have in store for the future.

Dynamic energy absorption of ultrafine-grained TWIP steel under axial impact loading

This research focuses on studying the dynamic energy absorption property of a micro-alloyed TWIP steel, which was proposed to act as a connection part between car front bumper and chassis in middle-class cars for vehicle safety. The studied TWIP steel was designed based on stacking fault energy of 25mJ/m2. The as-cast steel was deformed in hot and cold rolling to 2 mm thick sheets. Subsequently, recrystallization annealing was applied to the heavily cold-worked steel at different temperatures to obtain different ultrafine grain structures. The mechanical properties were determined using tensile tests. It was observed that at 900°C, the optimal temperature for strengthening by vanadium carbide precipitation, it was too low to complete recrystallization. However, at 1000°C, an ultrafine-grained structure was formed with high yield, tensile strengths and elongation of about 700MPa, 1100MPa and 30% respectively. Accordingly, TWIP steel was used for crash analysis simulation using ANSYS Workbench R14.5. Thin-walled square columns of that steel were employed for energy absorbance during a collision regarding progressive plastic deformation. The crashworthiness criteria were studied under different impact conditions with thicknesses of 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1 mm. Simulation results showed high initial peak force during the impact. Hence, a trigger mechanism of an external tapered plunger was proposed to reduce it. This combination of new material and innovative design promises enhancement car safety.