Region Of Capsule Research Articles

Morphological characteristic of inguinal lymph nodes in HIV infection

Aim. To assess the morphological changes in inguinal lymph nodes among patients with stage 4a HIV infection, who receive antiretroviral therapy.
 Materials and methods. There were examined 12 HIV-infected patients with stage 4a, treated at “Perm Regional Center for Prevention and Fight against AIDS and Infectious Diseases”, who received antiretroviral therapy for 2 years. Two groups of patients were formed: group I – 6 persons, whose CD+ blood lymphocyte number was more than 350 in 1 mcl; group II – 6 persons with CD+ blood lymphocyte number less than 350 in 1 mcl. Inguinal lymph nodes (ILN) were taken under local anesthesia, histological preparations were prepared by traditional scheme, stained with hematoxylin and eosin using Masson three-colour staining. In immunohistochemical reactions expression of Ki-67 and CD+ markers was estimated.
 Results.Histoarchitectonics of lymph nodes was changed as a result of massive development of sclerosis in the region of hilum, capsule and trabecules. Against the background of sclerosis, there occurred lymphocyte depletion, change in structure of stromal cells and neoangiogenesis in all the zones of the lymph node. In the regions of sclerosis, death of lymphocytes was revealed. In patients of the second group, more active development of follicles with the centers of reproduction in the lymph node cortical substance, as well as growth of the number of Ki-67 maker-expressing cells was established
 Conclusions.In the inguinal lymph nodes, the development of sclerotic processes causes the death of T-lymphocytes, which, in their turn, are the source of lymphotoxin-β formation. Loss of CD+-T-lymphocytes is accompanied by deficit of lymphotoxin-β and induces the loss of fibroblastic reticular cells themselves, which through the production of IL-7 support the vital activity of T-cells.

Recognizing diversity in parietal epithelial cells

Parietal epithelial cells comprise a heterogeneous cell population lining Bowman's capsule. The study by Kuppe etal. focused on the peritubular region of Bowman's capsule and explored the cell biology of 2 poorly characterized subtypes-the intermediate and the cuboidal parietal epithelial cells. The early and exuberant proliferative response of these subgroups in murine focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) and human glomerular tip lesions identified a novel hot spot for glomerular lesion formation.

First exploration of radiation temperatures of the laser spot, re-emitting wall and entire hohlraum drive source

This study explores the radiation field temperatures introduced by the laser spot, the re-emitting wall in a hohlraum and the entire hohlraum drive source. This investigation, which is the first of its kind, is based on the radiation fluxes from the laser spot and the re-emitting wall, which have been accurately measured using time- and space-resolving flux detectors in a recent work, and additional flux data. The temperature difference between the laser spot and the entire hohlraum drive source was 6.08–35.35% of the temperature of the latter throughout the entire laser pulse, whilst that for the re-emitting wall was 3.90–12.81%. The radiation temperature of the cooler re-emitting wall had more influence on the temperature increase of the entire hohlraum drive source than the hot laser-spot temperature, which has been quantitatively discussed. Experimentally, we established the average distributions of the temperature fields of all the emitting sources, namely laser spot and re-emitting wall, of the irradiating fluxes on the capsule region in the hohlraum radiation field. This important progress in the exploration of radiation temperature distributions within a hohlraum will provide a foundation for determination of the irradiating radiation on the capsule and evaluation of capsule symmetry.

Open-label trial of anterior limb of internal capsule–nucleus accumbens deep brain stimulation for obsessive-compulsive disorder: insights gained

BackgroundFor more than 15 years, deep brain stimulation (DBS) has served as a last-resort treatment for severe treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).MethodsFrom 2010 to 2016, 20 patients with OCD (10 men/10...

Comparison of brain magnetic resonance imaging between myotonic dystrophy type 1 and cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy.

BackgroundAnterior temporal lobe hyperintensities detected by brain MRI are a recognized imaging hallmark of cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL). Because similar findings may be present in patients with myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1), the brain MRI in these two diseases is often misinterpreted. We compared the MRI findings between the two entities to examine whether they display distinctive characteristics.MethodsThis retrospective, cross-sectional study reviewed medical records of patients with DM1 or CADASIL admitted to Asan Medical Center between September 1999 and September 2017. We compared the frequency and grades of white matter changes in specific spatial regions between the groups according to age-related white matter change scores. We also evaluated the presence of cerebral microbleeds.ResultsA total of 29 patients with DM1 and 68 with CADASIL who had undergone MRI were included in the analysis. The overall prevalence of white matter hyperintensities was 20 (69%) and 66 (97%) in DM1 and CADASIL, respectively (p < 0.001), whereas the frequency of anterior temporal lobe hyperintensities was comparable between the groups (10 [34.5%] in DM1 vs. 35 [51.5%] in CADASIL, p = 0.125). The brain MRI of patients with DM1 revealed more limited involvement of the frontal, parieto-occipital, external capsule and basal ganglia regions compared with imaging in patients with CADASIL. Cerebral microbleeds were not observed in any case of DM1 but were present in 31 of 45 (68.9%) cases of CADASIL.ConclusionsAnterior temporal lobe involvement in DM1 is not infrequent compared with CADASIL. However, because brain MRI in patients with DM1 lacks other distinctive features seen in CADASIL, imaging might assist in differentiating these two conditions.

Diversity and distribution of Klebsiella capsules in Escherichia coli.

E. coli strains responsible for elevated counts (blooms) in freshwater reservoirs in Australia carry a capsule originating from Klebsiella. The occurrence of Klebsiella capsules in E. coli was about 7% overall and 23 different capsule types were detected. Capsules were observed in strains from phylogroups A, B1 and C, but were absent from phylogroup B2, D, E and F strains. In general, few A, B1 or C lineages were capsule-positive, but when a lineage was encapsulated multiple different capsule types were present. All Klebsiella capsule-positive strains were of serogroups O8, O9 and O89. Regardless of the phylogroup, O9 strains were more likely to be capsule-positive than O8 strains. Given the sequence similarity, it appears that both the capsule region and the O-antigen gene region are transferred to E. coli from Klebsiella as a single block via horizontal gene transfer events. Pan genome analysis indicated that there were only modest differences between encapsulated and non-encapsulated strains belonging to phylogroup A. The possession of a Klebsiella capsule, but not the type of capsule, is likely a key determinant of the bloom status of a strain.

Open-source, machine and deep learning-based automated algorithm for gestational age estimation through smartphone lens imaging.

Gestational age estimation at time of birth is critical for determining the degree of prematurity of the infant and for administering appropriate postnatal treatment. We present a fully automated algorithm for estimating gestational age of premature infants through smartphone lens imaging of the anterior lens capsule vasculature (ALCV). Our algorithm uses a fully convolutional network and blind image quality analyzers to segment usable anterior capsule regions. Then, it extracts ALCV features using a residual neural network architecture and trains on these features using a support vector machine-based classifier. The classification algorithm is validated using leave-one-out cross-validation on videos captured from 124 neonates. The algorithm is expected to be an influential tool for remote and point-of-care gestational age estimation of premature neonates in low-income countries. To this end, we have made the software open source.

Effects of Delayed Cord Clamping on 4-Month Ferritin Levels, Brain Myelin Content, and Neurodevelopment: A Randomized Controlled Trial

ObjectiveTo evaluate whether placental transfusion influences brain myelination at 4 months of age.Study designA partially blinded, randomized controlled trial was conducted at a level III maternity hospital in the US. Seventy-three healthy term pregnant women and their singleton fetuses were randomized to either delayed umbilical cord clamping (DCC, >5 minutes) or immediate clamping (ICC, <20 seconds). At 4 months of age, blood was drawn for ferritin levels. Neurodevelopmental testing (Mullen Scales of Early Learning) was administered, and brain myelin content was measured with magnetic resonance imaging. Correlations between myelin content and ferritin levels and group-wise DCC vs ICC brain myelin content were completed.ResultsIn the DCC and ICC groups, clamping time was 172 ± 188 seconds vs 28 ± 76 seconds (P < .002), respectively; the 48-hour hematocrit was 57.6% vs 53.1% (P < .01). At 4 months, infants with DCC had significantly greater ferritin levels (96.4 vs 65.3 ng/dL, P = .03). There was a positive relationship between ferritin and myelin content. Infants randomized to the DCC group had greater myelin content in the internal capsule and other early maturing brain regions associated with motor, visual, and sensory processing/function. No differences were seen between groups in the Mullen testing.ConclusionAt 4 months, infants born at term receiving DCC had greater ferritin levels and increased brain myelin in areas important for early life functional development. Endowment of iron-rich red blood cells obtained through DCC may offer a longitudinal advantage for early white matter development.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01620008.

Characteristic phase distribution in the white matter of infants on phase difference enhanced imaging

Background and purposeThe infantile brain is continuously undergoing development. Non-invasive methods to assess the neurological development of infants are important for the early detection of abnormalities. Some microstructures in the brain have been demonstrated via phase difference-enhanced imaging (PADRE), which may reflect myelin-related microstructures. We aimed to assess the white matter (WM) signal distribution in infants using PADRE and compared it with that using T1-weighted images (T1WI) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Materials and methodThis study included 18 infants (postmenstrual age at MRI, 37–40 weeks) without abnormal findings on MRI. Signal distribution using T1WI, a fractional anisotropy (FA) map and PADRE was assessed regarding the following intraparenchymal structures: the optic radiation (OR), internal capsule (IC), corpus callosum, corticospinal tract (CST), semiovale center and subcortical regions. ResultsWe found that the signal distribution was significantly different (P<0.001) with a relatively large signal change found at the IC and CST across the three imaging methods. Signal changes were also greater at the OR and rolandic subcortical WM on PADRE, whereas these were smaller on T1WI and FA. ConclusionPADRE demonstrated a characteristic phase shift distribution in infantile WM, which was different from that observed on T1WI and FA maps, and may demonstrate the developing myelin-related structures. PADRE can be a unique indicator of infantile brain development.

As-PSOCT: Volumetric microscopic imaging of human brain architecture and connectivity

Polarization sensitive optical coherence tomography (PSOCT) with serial sectioning has enabled the investigation of 3D structures in mouse and human brain tissue samples. By using intrinsic optical properties of back-scattering and birefringence, PSOCT reliably images cytoarchitecture, myeloarchitecture and fiber orientations. In this study, we developed a fully automatic serial sectioning polarization sensitive optical coherence tomography (as-PSOCT) system to enable volumetric reconstruction of human brain samples with unprecedented sample size and resolution. The 3.5 μm in-plane resolution and 50 μm through-plane voxel size allow inspection of cortical layers that are a single-cell in width, as well as small crossing fibers. We show the abilities of as-PSOCT in quantifying layer thicknesses of the cerebellar cortex and creating microscopic tractography of intricate fiber networks in the subcortical nuclei and internal capsule regions, all based on volumetric reconstructions. as-PSOCT provides a viable tool for studying quantitative cytoarchitecture and myeloarchitecture and mapping connectivity with microscopic resolution in the human brain.

M2 macrophages coexist with a Th1-driven profile in periapical cysts.

To evaluate the participation of both Th1 and Th2 responses in periapical cysts by assessing the presence of M2 macrophages, as well as acute IL-1 β, TNF-α and IL-6 cytokines. Twenty-four cases of periapical cysts were selected. Immuno-expressions of IL-1 β, IL-6, TNF-α and CD163 were analysed in the cystic capsules in both superficial and deeper regions. Data were analysed with paired Wilcoxon test and Spearman correlation coefficient (P≤0.05). There was a higher expression of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and M2 macrophages in the superficial region (P<0.001) of cystic capsules. All acute cytokines had significant positive correlations amongst them regardless of the cystic capsule region. Regarding CD163, positive correlations occurred only with TNF-α (P=0.007; r=0.537) and IL-6 (P=0.018; r=0.478) in the superficial regions of the cystic capsule. M2 macrophages participated actively in the inflammatory response of periapical cysts and correlated with the expression of certain acute Th1-related cytokines. This illustrates the coexistence of an acute and chronic Th2-driven immune response in these lesions. Although M2 macrophages favour the healing process, their presence is not sufficient for periapical cyst regression, once an acute active response has occurred due to an infectious stimuli.

Bipolar Radiofrequency Facet Ablation of the Lumbar Facet Capsule: An Adjunct to Conventional Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management.

Radiofrequency facet ablation (RFA) has been performed using the same technique for over 50 years. Except for variations in electrode size, tip shape, and change in radiofrequency (RF) stimulation parameters, using standard, pulsed, and cooled RF wavelengths, the target points have remained absolutely unchanged from the original work describing RFA for lumbar pain control. Degenerative changes in the facet joint and capsule are the primary location for the majority of lumbar segmental pathology and pain. Multiple studies show that the degenerated facet joint is richly innervated as a result of the inflammatory overgrowth of the synovium. The primary provocative clinical test to justify an RFA is to perform an injection with local anesthetic into the facet joint and the posterior capsule and confirm pain relief. However, after a positive response, the radiofrequency lesion is made not to the facet joint but to the more proximal fine nerve branches that innervate the joint. The accepted target points for the recurrent sensory branch ignore the characteristic rich innervation of the pathologic lumbar facet capsule and assume that lesioning of these recurrent branches is sufficient to denervate the painful pathologic facet joint. This report describes the additional targets and technical steps for further coagulation points along the posterior capsule of the lumbar facet joint and the physiologic studies of the advantage of the bipolar radiofrequency current in this location. Bipolar RF to the facet capsule is a simple, extra step that easily creates a large thermo-coagulated lesion in this capsule region of the pathologic facet joint. Early studies demonstrate bipolar RF to the facet capsule can provide long-term pain relief when used alone for specific localized facet joint pain, to coagulate lumbar facet cysts to prevent recurrence, and to get more extensive pain control by combining it with traditional lumbar RFA, especially when RFA is repeated.

In situ force in the anterior cruciate ligament, the lateral collateral ligament, and the anterolateral capsule complex during a simulated pivot shift test.

The role of the anterolateral capsule complex in knee rotatory stability remains controversial. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the in situ forces in the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), the anterolateral capsule, the lateral collateral ligament (LCL), and the forces transmitted between each region of the anterolateral capsule in response to a simulated pivot shift test. A robotic testing system applied a simulated pivot shift test continuously from full extension to 90° of flexion to intact cadaveric knees (n = 7). To determine the magnitude of the in situ forces, kinematics of the intact knee were replayed in position control mode after the following procedures were performed: (i) ACL transection; (ii) capsule separation; (iii) anterolateral capsule transection; and (iii) LCL transection. A repeated measures ANOVA was performed to compare in situ forces between each knee state (*p < 0.05). The in situ force in the ACL was significantly greater than the forces transmitted between each region of the anterolateral capsule at 5° and 15° of flexion but significantly lower at 60°, 75°, and 90° of flexion. This study demonstrated that the ACL is the primary rotatory stabilizer at low flexion angles during a simulated pivot shift test in the intact knee, but the anterolateral capsule plays an important secondary role at flexion angles greater than 60°. Furthermore, the contribution of the "anterolateral ligament" to rotatory knee stability in this study was negligible during a simulated pivot shift test. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:847-853, 2018.

Intrastriatal injection of \u03b1-synuclein can lead to widespread synucleinopathy independent of neuroanatomic connectivity

BackgroundPrionoid transmission of α-synuclein (αSyn) aggregates along neuroanatomically connected projections is posited to underlie disease progression in α-synucleinopathies. Here, we specifically wanted to study whether this prionoid progression occurs via direct inter-neuronal transfer and, if so, would intrastriatal injection of αSyn aggregates lead to nigral degeneration.MethodsTo test prionoid transmission of αSyn aggregates along the nigro-striatal pathway, we injected amyloidogenic αSyn aggregates into two different regions of the striatum of adult human wild type αSyn transgenic mice (Line M20) or non-transgenic (NTG) mice and aged for 4 months.ResultsM20 mice injected in internal capsule (IC) or caudate putamen (CPu) regions of the striatum showed florid αSyn inclusion pathology distributed throughout the neuraxis, irrespective of anatomic connectivity. These αSyn inclusions were found in different cell types including neurons, astrocytes and even ependymal cells. On the other hand, intra-striatal injection of αSyn fibrils into NTG mice resulted in sparse αSyn pathology, mostly localized in the striatum and entorhinal cortex. Interestingly, NTG mice injected with preformed human αSyn fibrils showed no induction of αSyn inclusion pathology, suggesting the presence of a species barrier for αSyn fibrillar seeds. Modest levels of nigral dopaminergic (DA) neuronal loss was observed exclusively in substantia nigra (SN) of M20 cohorts injected in the IC, even in the absence of frank αSyn inclusions in DA neurons. None of the NTG mice or CPu-injected M20 mice showed DA neurodegeneration. Interestingly, the pattern and distribution of induced αSyn pathology corresponded with neuroinflammation especially in the SN of M20 cohorts. Hypermorphic reactive astrocytes laden with αSyn inclusions were abundantly present in the brains of M20 mice.ConclusionsOverall, our findings show that the pattern and extent of dissemination of αSyn pathology does not necessarily follow expected neuroanatomic connectivity. Further, the presence of intra-astrocytic αSyn pathology implies that glial cells participate in αSyn transmission and possibly have a role in non-cell autonomous disease modification.

A combination of computer extracted measurements of prostate capsule shape and tumor texture on MRI to predict biochemical recurrence post treatment.

e16554 Background: Prostate cancer (PCa) biochemical recurrence (BCR) occurs in a significant proportion of men after treatment and is associated with increased mortality. Identifying PCa patients at risk of BCR following definitive therapy may help identify patients who might benefit from adjuvant therapy. Multi-parametric MRI (mpMRI) is being increasingly used in pre-treatment staging and risk stratification of PCa. In this work, we sought to explore whether a combination of computer extracted features relating to prostate capsule shape and tumor texture from pre-treatment mpMRI is predictive of BCR post treatment. Methods: This single center and retrospective study included 80 men with PCa who underwent pre-treatment 3T mpMRI and were followed for &gt; 3 years post treatment. These men were grouped into a training set D1 (N = 50, 25 each of BCR+ and BCR-) and an independent validation set D2 (N = 30, 10 BCR+ and 20 BCR-). The prostate capsule and cancer region of interest (ROI) were annotated on mpMRI by a single experienced radiologist. Shape features (curvature and orientation) were extracted from a surface of interest where statistically significant differences were observed between BCR+ and BCR- patients in the training set. Radiomic features for capturing tumor textural patterns (including 1st and 2nd order statistics, Gabor and Haralick) were extracted from within the radiologist annotated cancer ROIs. Features from D1 were used to train random forest classifiers, one each with shape (Cs) and radiomic (CR) features. A fused Bayesian classifier (CR+S) was created by integrating decisions from both Cs and CR. Results: The classifiers Cs, CR and CR+S were evaluated on independent validation set D2, resulting in area under the curve (AUCs) of 0.71, 0.81 and 0.84 respectively. Cs added value in patients who had extra prostatic spread of PCa, but suffered from mpMRI intensity artefacts that affected performance of CR. Conclusions: Integrating prostate capsule shape and tumor radiomic features from pre-treatment mpMRI enabled prediction of PCa BCR after treatment. Multi-site validation is needed to establish the robustness of the approach.

The effect of cortical and subcortical lesions on spontaneous expression of memory-encoded and emotionally infused information: Evidence for a role of the ventral stream.

The ventral stream of language processing has been implicated in the spontaneous expression of memory-encoded and emotionally infused information. The present study investigated whether left hemispheric lesions in post-stroke right-handed aphasic patients may be selectively associated with specific language functions. Speech rate was assessed with two tasks, one based on autobiographical memory of an emotionally infused event (stroke story narration) and the other based on information that is visually available at the time of speech generation ("cookie theft" picture description). CT and/or MRI scans were obtained for each patient and lesions located in 16 regions of the left hemisphere were identified and coded. The total number of cortical and subcortical areas affected served as a measure of lesion extent. While mean speech rates were similar across conditions, there were different patterns of association between each index and specific lesion sites. Non-parametric quantile regression statistical models constructed to assess dependence of both speech rate indices on each lesion locus indicated that the speech rate in the stroke story had significant inverse associations with total number of lesioned areas, as well as lesions in the inferior frontal gyrus and the external/extreme capsule region. The cookie theft speech rate had significant inverse associations with total number of lesioned areas as well as lesion in the inferior frontal gyrus, but not with the external/extreme capsule region. In sum, integrity of the extreme/external capsule region appears to be important selectively for the Stroke Story task, supporting the hypothesis that the ventral stream plays a central role in spontaneous expression of memory-encoded and emotionally infused information.

Apolipoprotein E ε4: A Possible Risk Factor of Intracranial Pressure and White Matter Perfusion in Good-Grade Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Patients at Early Stage.

Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) is a devastating and complicated disease with significant morbidity and mortality. Previous studies have shown that genetic susceptibility may play an important role in the outcome of a given individual with aSAH. This study evaluates the potential association in effects of the APOE allele on the early brain injury (EBI) in light of elevated intracranial pressure (ICP) and cerebral perfusion disorders in a consecutive series of non-comatose Chinese patients with aSAH. A total of 122 patients with aSAH (54 males and 68 females) were enrolled in this study. Demographic and clinical data were collected. We measured ICP before microsurgical clipping or endovascular coiling during the first 72 h after aneurysm rupture. Computed tomography perfusion (CTP) examination in patients was performed before treatment. The distributions of APOE genotypes and alleles matched Hardy–Weinberg law (p > 0.05). In this study, 68 patients (55.7%) had a normal ICP, whereas 54 (44.3%) had an elevated ICP. Fourteen of 21 patients with APOE ε4 had an elevated ICP, which was significantly different from those without APOE ε4 (p = 0.03). The patients with the ε4 allele had a higher incidence of elevated ICP [p = 0.009, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.481–15.432, odds ratio = 4.780] than those without this allele. For CTP measurements, a lower mean cerebral blood flow (difference, −4.74; 95% CI, 0.53–8.94 s, p = 0.03), longer mean transit time (difference, 0.47; 95% CI, −0.87 to −0.78, p = 0.02), and time-to-peak (difference, 2.29; 95% CI, −3.64 to −0.93 s, p = 0.02) were observed in patients with ε4 allele than in those without in the internal capsule regions. In conclusion, the APOE ε4 allele predisposes patients to elevated ICP and perfusion disorders in white matter regions during the first 72 h after aSAH. The presence of an APOE ε4 allele plays an important role in the EBI response to aSAH.

Mapping the Binding Motifs of Deprotonated Monounsaturated Fatty Acids and Their Corresponding Methyl Esters within Supramolecular Capsules.

A suite of NMR techniques revealed that a cavitand (1) formed 2:1 host-guest complexes with a range of monounsaturated fatty carboxylates and their corresponding methyl esters. All of the carboxylates bound to the capsule in a J-shaped motif with the carboxylate at the equatorial region of the dimeric capsule, and the reverse turn of the chain and the methyl terminal in each polar region of the host. Guest exchange was slow on the NMR time scale, while tumbling was slow or close to the NMR time scale depending on the position and stereochemistry of the double bond. In contrast, the methyl esters were found to bind in three motifs depending on the position and stereochemistry of the double bond. Thus, the esters were observed to bind in a J-shaped, U-shaped (the turn in the guest occupying a polar region and the two termini competing for occupancy of the other pole), or a reverse J-shaped motif (ester moiety and turn each occupying a pole and the methyl terminal located near the equator). Relative binding constant (Krel) determinations revealed that the affinity for the capsule was dependent on the position and stereochemistry of the double bond.

Surgical Approaches to the Temporal Horn: An Anatomic Analysis of White Matter Tract Interruption.

Surgical access to the temporal horn is necessary to treat tumors and vascular lesions, but is used mainly in patients with mediobasal temporal epilepsy. The surgical approaches to this cavity fall into 3 primary categories: lateral, inferior, and transsylvian. The current neurosurgical literature has underestimated the interruption of involved fiber bundles and the correlated clinical manifestations. To delineate the interruption of fiber bundles during the different approaches to the temporal horn. We simulated the lateral (trans-middle temporal gyrus), inferior (transparahippocampal gyrus), and transsylvian approaches in 20 previously frozen, formalin-fixed human brains (40 hemispheres). Fiber dissection was then done along the lateral and inferior aspects under the operating microscope. Each stage of dissection and its respective fiber tract interruption were defined. The lateral (trans-middle temporal gyrus) approach interrupted "U" fibers, the superior longitudinal fasciculus (inferior arm), occipitofrontal fasciculus (ventral segment), uncinate fasciculus (dorsolateral segment), anterior commissure (posterior segment), temporopontine, inferior thalamic peduncle (posterior fibers), posterior thalamic peduncle (anterior portion), and tapetum fibers. The inferior (transparahippocampal gyrus) approach interrupted "U" fibers, the cingulum (inferior arm), and fimbria, and transected the hippocampal formation. The transsylvian approach interrupted "U" fibers (anterobasal region of the extreme capsule), the uncinate fasciculus (ventromedial segment), and anterior commissure (anterior segment), and transected the anterosuperior aspect of the amygdala. White matter dissection improves our knowledge of the complex anatomy surrounding the temporal horn. Identifying the fiber bundles at risk during each surgical approach adds important information for choosing the appropriate surgical strategy.

Nerve distribution and density in the canine hip joint capsule. Comparison of healthy and dysplastic hip joints

The hip-joint capsule is exposed to increased tension forces during canine hip dysplasia, resulting in inflammation of the capsular tissue. It has been postulated that inflammation is associated with an increased nerve-distribution density. Therefore, it could be supposed that the nerve-distribution density in the hip-joint capsule is higher in dogs with dysplastic hip compared to healthy dogs. In 16 Labrador Retriever dogs that had been euthanised due to unrelated reasons, the hip joints were classified as normoplastic (group 1, n=18) or dysplastic (group 2, n=14) based on radiography. Following staining of the capsular nerve fibres by the Sihler method, histological specimens of the hip-joint capsules were scanned. By subdividing each specimen into 10 quadrants numbered from dorsomedial (Q01) to craniodorsolateral (Q10), the ratio of black to white pixels was calculated digitally for each specimen and each quadrant by using a semiautomatic image analysis. Statistical analysis was performed using an independent t-test. Comparison of the mean values of each quadrant showed a significantly higher (p<0.03) nerve distribution density for the craniodorsolateral quadrant (Q10) in group 2 when compared to group 1. Mean nerve-distribution density for all quadrants combined was not significantly different between the two groups. The increase in nerve-distribution density of the craniodorsal region of the hip-joint capsule in dogs with dysplastic hip could be the result of increased tension forces on this area following hip-joint dysplasia. The craniodorsal region of the hip-joint capsule is an important origin of pain and coxarthrosis in canine hip dysplasia. The results provide the pathophysiological basis for the efficacy of hip-joint denervation. Denervation of the cranial region of the acetabular rim is essential to reduce capsular inflammation and joint-related pain in canine hip dysplasia.